Analysis of the neurotoxin complex genes in Clostridium botulinum A1-A4 and B1 strains: BoNT/A3, /Ba4 and /B1 clusters are located within plasmids

PLoS ONE

Volumn 2, Issue 12, 2007, Pages

  Smith, Theresa J ^a   Hill, Karen K ^b   Foley, Brian T ^c   Detter, John C ^b   Munk, A Christine ^b   Bruce, David C ^b   Doggett, Norman A ^b   Smith, Leonard A ^a   Marks, James D ^d   Xie, Gary ^b   Brettin, Thomas S ^b  

^a UNITED STATES ARMY MEDICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES   (United States)

^b LOS ALAMOS NATIONAL LABORATORY   (United States)

^c LOS ALAMOS NATIONAL LABORATORY   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BOTULINUM TOXIN A; BOTULINUM TOXIN;

ARTICLE; BACTERIAL GENETICS; BACTERIAL VIRULENCE; CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM TYPE A; CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM TYPE B; CLUSTER ANALYSIS; CONTROLLED STUDY; GENE CLUSTER; GENE DUPLICATION; GENE IDENTIFICATION; GENE INSERTION SEQUENCE; GENE LOCATION; GENE SEQUENCE; GENETIC RECOMBINATION; GENETIC VARIABILITY; NONHUMAN; PLASMID; SEQUENCE HOMOLOGY; STRAIN DIFFERENCE; STRAIN IDENTIFICATION; CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM; GENETICS; MOLECULAR CLONING; MULTIGENE FAMILY;

CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM; MAMMALIA;

BOTULINUM TOXINS; CLONING, MOLECULAR; CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM; MULTIGENE FAMILY; PLASMIDS;

EID: 43049146299     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19326203     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001271     Document Type: Article

References (62)

1. Gill DM (1982) Bacterial toxins: a table of lethal amounts. Microbiol Rev 46: 86-94.
2. Lindstrom M, Korkeala H (2006) Laboratory diagnostics of botulism. Clin Microbiol Rev 19: 298-314.
3. Collin MD, East AK (1998) Phylogeny and taxonomy of the food-borne pathogen Clostridium botulinum and its neurotoxins. J Appl Microbiol 84: 5-17.
4. Sebaihia M, Peck MW, Minton NP, Thomson NR, Holden MT, et al. (2007) Genome sequence of a proteolytic (Group I) Clostridium botulinum strain Hall A and comparative analysis of die clostridial genomes. Genome Res 17: 1082-1092.
5. Centers for Disease Control (1998) Botulism in the United States, 1899-1998. Handbook for epidemiologists, clinicians, and laboratory workers. Atlanta: Public Health Service, (downloadable at http://www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/botulism/index.asp).
6. Amon SA, Schecter R, Inglesby TV, Henderson DA, Bartlett JG, et al. (2001) Botulinum toxin as a biological weapon. JAMA 285: 1059-1070.
7. Rotz LD, Khan AS, Lillibridge SR, Ostroff SM, Hughes JM (2002) Public health assessment of potential biological terrorism agents. Emerg Infect Dis 8: 225-230.
8. Aoki KR (2004) Botulinum. toxin: a successful therapeutic protein. Curr Med Chem 11: 3085-3092.
9. Smith TS, Lou J, Geren IN, Forsyth CM, Tsai R, et al. (2005) Sequence variation within botulinum nemotoxin serotypes impacts antibody binding and neutralization. Infect Inumun 73: 5450-5457.
10. Webb RP, Smith TJ, Wright PM, Montgomery VA, Meagher MM, et al. (2007) Protection with recombinant Clostridiurn botulinum C1 and D binding domain subunit (Hc) vaccines against C and D neurotoxins. Vaccine 25: 4273-4282.
11. Gimenez DF, Gimenez JA (1993) Serological subtypes of botulinal toxins. In: DasGupta BR, ed. Botulinum and tetanus neurotoxins. New York: Plenum Press. pp 421-431.
12. Rodriguez Jovita M, Collins MD, East AK (1998) Gene organization and sequence determination of the two botulinum neurotoxin gene clusters in Clostridium botulinum type A(B) strain NCTC 2916. Curr Microbiol 36: 226-31.
13. Raffestin S, Marvaud J-C, Cerrato R, Dupuy B, Popoff MR (2004) Organization and regulation of the neurotoxin genes in Clostridium botulinum and Clostridium letani. Anaerobe 10: 93-100.
14. Maksymowych AB, Reinhard M, Malizio CJ, Goodnough MC, Johnson EA, et al. (1999) Pure botulinum neurotoxin is absorbed from the stomach and small intestine and produces peripheral neuromuscular blockade. Infect Immun 67: 4708-4712.
15. Dineen SS, Bradshaw M, Johnson EA (2003) Neurotoxin gene clusters in Clostridium botulinum type A strains: sequence comparison and evolutionary implications, Curr Microbiol 46: 345-52.
16. Lee JC, Yokota K, Arimitsu H, Hwang HJ, Sakaguchi Y, et al. (2005) Production of anti-neurotoxin antibody is enhanced by two subcomponents, HA1 and HA3b, of Clostridium botulinum type B 16S toxin-haemagglutinin. Microbiol 151: 3739-3747.
17. Santos-Buelga JA, Collins MD, East AK (1998) Characterization of the genes encoding the botulinum neurotoxin complex in a strain of Clostridium botulinum producing type B and F neurotoxins. Curr Microbiol 37: 312-8.
18. Bhandari M, Campbell KD, Collins MD, East AK (1997) Molecular characterization of the clusters of genes encoding the botulinum neurotoxin complex in Clostridium botulinum (Clostridium argentinense) type G and nonproteolytic Clustridium botulinum type B. Curr Microbiol 35: 207-214.
19. Hauser D, Eklund MW, Bouquet P, Popoff MR (1994) Organization of the botulinum neurotoxin C1 gene and its associated non-toxic protein genes in Clostridium botulinum C 468. Mol Gen Genet 243: 631-40.
20. Nakajima H, Inoue K, Ikeda T, Fujinaga Y, Sunagawa JJ, et al. (1998) Molecular composition of the 16s toxin produced by a Clostridium batulinium types D straon, 1873. Mircrobiol Immunol 42: 599-605.
21. Dineen SS, Bradshaw M, Karasek CE, Johnson EA (2004) Nucleotide sequence and transicriptional anslysis of the type A2 neurotoxin gene cluster in Clostridium botulinum. FEMS Microbiol Lett 235: 9-16.
22. East AK, Bhandari M., Hielm S, Collins MD (1998) Analysis of the botulinum neurotoxin type F gene clusters in proteolytic and nonproteolytic Clostridium botulinum and Clostridium baratu. Curr Microbiol 37: 262-8.
23. Kubota T, Yonekura N, Hariya Y, Isogai, E, Isogai H, et al. (1998) Gene. arrangement the upstream region-of Clostridium botulinum type E and Clostrodium butyricum BL6340 progenitor toxin genes is different from that of other types. FEMS Microbiol Lett 158: 215-221.
24. Popoff M, Marvaud J-C (1999 Structural and genomic features of clostridial neurotoxins, In: Alouf JE, Freer JH, eds. The Comprehensive Sourcebook of Bacterial Protein Toxins. London: Academic Press. pp 202-228.
25. Franciosa G, Maugliani A, Floridi F, Aureli P (2006) A novel type A2 neurotoxin gene cluster, in Clostridium botulinum strain Mascarpone. FEMS Microbiol Lett 261: 88-94.
26. Lamanna C, Glassman HN (1947) The isolation of type B botulinum toxin. J Bacteriol 54: 575-584.
27. Takahashi M, Shimizu T, Ooi K, Noda H, Nasu T, et al. (1988) Quantification of Clostridium botulinum type A toxin and organisms in the feces of a case of infant botulism and examination of other related specimens. Jpn J Med Sci Biol 41: 21-26.
28. Leighton G (1923) Botulism and food preservation (The Loch Maree Tragedy). Glasgow: Collins & Sons.
29. Edmond BJ, Guerra FA, Blake J, Hempler S (1977) Case of infant botulism in Texas. Tex Med 73: 85-88.
30. Hill KK, Smith TJ, Helma CH, Ticknor LO, Foley BT, et al. (2007) Genetic diversity among botulinum neurotoxin-producing clostridial stains. J Bacteriol 189: 818-832.
31. Han C, Chain P (2006) Finishing Repeat Regions Automatically with Dupfinisher. In: Arabnia HR, Valafar H, eds. Proceedings of the 2006 International Conference on Bioinformatics & Computational Biology. Las Vegas: CSREA Press. pp 141-146.
32. Edgar RC (2004) MUSCLE: multiple sequence alignment with high accuracy and high throughput, Nucl Acids Res 32: 1792-97.
33. Lole KS, Bollinger RC, Paranjape RS, Gadkari D, Kulkarni SS, et al. (1999) Full-length human immunodeficiency virus type 1 genomes from subtype C-infected seroconverters in India, with evidence of intersubtype recombination. J Virol 73: 152-60.
34. Meyer F, Goesmann A, McHardy AC, Bartels D, Bekel T, et al. (2003) GenDB- an open source genome annotation system for prokaryote genomes. Nucleic Acids Res 31: 2187-2195.
35. McHardy AC, Goesmann A, Pühler A, Meyer F (2004) Development of joint application strategies for two microbial gene finders. Bioinformatics 20: 1622-1631.
36. Suzek BE, Ermolaeva MD, Schreiber M, Salzberg SL (2001) A probabilistic method for identifying start codons in bacterial genomes. Bioinformatics 17: 1123-1130.
37. Lowe TM, Eddy SR (1997) - tRN Ascan-SE: a program for improved detection of transfer RNA genes in genomic sequence. Nucleic Acids Res 25: 955-964.
38. Boeckmann B, Bairoch A, Apweiler R, Blatter M-C, Estreicher A, et al. (2003) The SWISS-PROT protein knowledgebase and its supplement TrEMBL in 2003. Nucleic Acids Res 31: 365-370.
39. Bateman A, Birney E, Cerruti L, Durbin R, Etwiller L, et al. (2002) The Pfum protein families database. Nucleic Acids Res 30: 276-280.
40. Haft DH, Loftus BJ, Richardson DJ, Yang F, Eisen JA (2001) TIGRFAMs: a protein family resource for the functional identification of proteins. Nucleic Acids Res 29: 41-43.
41. Mulder NJ, Apweiler R, Attwood TK, Bairoch A, Barrell D, et al. (2003) The InterPro database, 2003 brings increased coverage and new features. Nucleic Acids Res 31: 315-318.
42. Kanehisa M, Goto MS (2000) KEGG: Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes. Nucleic Acids Res 28: 27-30.
43. Nielsen H, Krogh A (1998) Prediction of signal peptides and signal anchors by a hidden Markov model. In: Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Intelligent Systems for Molecular Biology (ISMB 6). Menlo Park: AAAI Press. pp 122-130.
44. Dodd IB, Egan JB (1990) Improved detection of helix-turn- helix DNA-binding motifs in protein sequences. Nucleic Acids Res 18: 5019-5026.
45. Krogh A, Larsson B, von Heijne G, Sonnhammer EL (2001) Predicting transmembrane protein topology with a hidden Markov model: application to complete genomes. J Mol Biol 305: 567-580.
46. Tatusov RL, Galperin MY, Natale DA, Koonin EV (2000) The COG database: a tool for genome-scale analysis of protein functions and evolution. Nucleic Acids Res 28: 33-36.
47. Harris MA, Clark J, Ireland A, Lomax J, Ashburner M, et al. (2004) The gene ontology (GO) database and informatics resource. Nucleic Acids Res 32: 258-261.
48. Altschul SF, Madden TL, Schaffer AA, Zhang J, Zhang Z, et al. (1997) Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST: a new generation of protein database search programs. Nucleic Acids Res 25: 3389-3402.
49. Delcher AL, Phillippy A, Carlton J, Salzberg SL (2002) Fast algorithms for largescale genome alignment and comparison. Nucleic Acids Res 30: 2478-2483.
50. Kurtz S, Phillippy A, Delcher A, Smoot M, Shumway M, et al. (2004) Versatile and open software for comparing large genomes. Genome Biology 5: R12.
51. Carver TJ, Rutherford KM, Berriman M, Rajandream MA, Barrell BG, et al. (2005) ACT: the Arternis Comparison Tool. Bioinformatics 21: 3422-3423.
52. Siguier P, Perochon J, Lestrade L, Mahillon J, Chandler M (2006) ISfinder: the reference centre for bacterial insertion sequences. Nucleic Acids Res 34: D32-6.
53. MacDonald TE, Helma CH, Shaw KA, Ticknor LO, Jackson PJ, et al. (2007) Differentiation of Clostridium botulinum BoNT/AI-Strains Using Multiple-Locus Variable-Number Tandem Repeat Analysis. Appl Environ Microbiol.
54. East AK, Bhandari M, Stacey JM, Campbell KD, Collins MD (1996) Organization and phylogenetic interrelationships of genes encoding components of the botulinum toxin complex in proteolytic Clostridium botulinum types A, B, and F: evidence of chimeric sequences in the gene encoding the nontoxic nonhemagglutinin component. Int J Syst Bacteriol 46: 1105-12.
55. Mahillon J, Chandler M (1998) Insertion sequences. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 62: 725-774.
56. Bruggemann H, Gottschalk G (2004) Insights in metabolism and toxin production from the complete genome sequence of Clostridium tetani. Anaerobe 10: 53-68.
57. Thomas CM, Nielson KM (2005) Mechanisms of and barriers to horizontal gene transfer between bacteria. Nature Reviews 3: 711-721.
58. Strom MS, Eklund MW, Poysky FT (1984) Plasmids in Clostridium botulinum and related Clostridium species. Appl Environ Microbiol 48: 956-963.
59. Marshall KM, Bradshaw M, Pellett S, Johnson EA (2007) Plasmid encoded neurotoxin genes in serotype A subtypes. Biochem Biophys Res Comm 361: 49-54.
60. Miyamoto K, Fisher DJ, Li J, Sayced S, Akimoto S, et al. (2006) Complete sequencing and diversity analysis of the entertoxin encoding plasmids in clostridium perfringens type A non-foodborne human gastrointestinal disease isolates. J Bacteriol 188: 1535-1598.
61. Sakaguchi Y, Hayashi T, Kurokawa K, Nakayama K, Oshima K, et al. (2005) The genome sequence of Clostridium botulinum type C neurotoxin-coaverting phage and the molecular mechanisms of unstable lysogeny. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 102: 17472-17477.
62. Zhou Y, Sugiyama H, Nakano H, Johnson EA (1995) The genes for the Clostridium botulinum type G toxin complex are on is plasmid. Infect Immun 63: 2087-2091.