Methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity: The road to Parkinson's disease

Pharmacological Reports

Volumn 61, Issue 6, 2009, Pages 966-977

  Thrash, Bessy ^a   Thiruchelvan, Kariharan ^a   Ahuja, Manuj ^a   Suppiramaniam, Vishnu ^a   Dhanasekaran, Muralikrishnan ^a  

^a AUBURN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Drug abuse; Methamphetamine; Neuroprotection; Neurotoxin; Parkinson disease

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; AMANTADINE; DOPAMINE; ESZOPICLONE; IBUPROFEN; MELATONIN; MELATONIN 1 RECEPTOR; MELATONIN 2 RECEPTOR; METHAMPHETAMINE; PRAMIPEXOLE; RAMELTEON; SELENIUM; UBIDECARENONE; ZALEPLON; ZOLPIDEM;

AGGRESSION; AGITATION; AMNESIA; ANHEDONIA; APOPTOSIS; BEHAVIOR DISORDER; BODY POSTURE; BRADYKINESIA; BRAIN DAMAGE; COMA; CONFUSION; CONVULSION; CORPUS STRIATUM; COST EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS; DELUSION; DISEASE MODEL; DRUG RECEPTOR BINDING; DYSPHORIA; EXCITOTOXICITY; GAIT; HEADACHE; HEART INJURY; HUMAN; INFLAMMATION; INSOMNIA; IRRITABILITY; MUSCLE RIGIDITY; NERVE DEGENERATION; NEUROPROTECTION; NEUROTOXICITY; NIGRONEOSTRIATAL SYSTEM; NONHUMAN; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PANIC; PARANOIA; PARKINSON DISEASE; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PATIENT CARE; PSYCHOSIS; RESTLESSNESS; REVIEW; SOMNOLENCE; STRIATONIGRAL DEGENERATION; TREMOR; WAKEFULNESS; WITHDRAWAL SYNDROME;

EID: 76049120240     PISSN: 22995684     EISSN: 22995684     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S1734-1140(09)70158-6     Document Type: Review

References (118)

1. Aguirre JA, Andbjer B, Gonzalez-Baron S, Hansson A, Stromberg I, Agnati LF, Fuxe K: Group I mGluR antagonist AIDA protects nigral DA cells from MPTP-induced injury. NeuroReport, 2001, 12, 2615-2617.
2. + neurotoxicity against rat dopaminergic neurons in culture. Neurosci Lett, 1995, 193, 53-56.
3. Asanuma M, Tsuji T, Miyazaki I, Miyoshi K, Ogawa N: Methamphetamine- induced neurotoxicity in mouse brain is attenuated by ketoprofen, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Neurosci Lett, 2003, 352, 13-16.
4. Balogh S, Hendricks SE, Kang J: Treatment of fluoxetine-induced anorgasmia with amantadine. J Clin Psychiatry, 1992, 53, 212-213.
5. Beal MF: Does impairment of energy metabolism result in excitotoxic neuronal death in neurodegenerative illnesses? Ann Neurol, 1992, 31, 119-130.
6. Blandini F, Porter RH, Greenamyre JT: Glutamate and Parkinson's disease. Mol Neurobiol, 1996, 12, 73-94.
7. Blanpied TA, Clarke RJ, Johnson JW: Amantadine inhibits NMDA receptors by accelerating channel closure during channel block. J Neurosci, 2005, 25, 3312-3322.
8. Bondy SC, Ali SF, Kleinman MT: Exposure of mice to tobacco smoke attenuates the toxic effect of methamphetamine on dopamine systems. Toxicol Lett, 2000, 118, 43-46.
9. Budavari S: The Merck Index: an encyclopedia of chemicals, drugs, and biologicals, 12th edn., Merck and Co., New Jersey, 1996.
10. Burns RS, Markey SP, Phillips JM, Chiueh CC: The neurotoxicity of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine in the monkey and man. Can J Neurol Sci, 1984, 11, 166-168.
11. Bus JS, Gibson JE: Paraquat: model for oxidant-initiated toxicity. Environ Health Perspect, 1984, 55, 37-46.
12. Cadet JL, Jayanthi S, Deng X: Speed kills: cellular and molecular basis of methamphetamine-induced nerve terminal degeneration and neuronal apoptosis. FASEB J, 2003, 17, 1775-1788.
13. Caine DB, Langston JW: Aetiology of Parkinson's disease. Lancet, 1983, 2, 1457-1459.
14. Carboni S, Melis F, Pani L, Hadjiconstantinou M, Rossett ZL: The non-competitive NMDA-receptor antagonist MK-801 prevents the massive release of glutamate and aspartate from rat striatum induced by 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP ). Neurosci Lett, 1990, 117, 129-133.
15. Chan P, Di Monte DA, Luo JJ, DeLanney LE, Irwin I, Langston JW: Rapid ATP loss caused by methamphetamine in the mouse striatum: relationship between energy impairment and dopaminergic neurotoxicity. J Neurochem, 1994, 62, 2484-2487.
16. Chance B, Williams GR: The respiratory chain and oxidative phosphorylation. Adv Enzymol, 1956, 17, 65.
17. Choi DW: Glutamate neurotoxicity and diseases of the nervous system. Neuron, 1988, 1, 623-634.
18. Cohen RA, Fisher M: Amantadine treatment of fatigue associated with multiple sclerosis. Arch Neurol, 1989, 46, 676-680.
19. Davidson C, Gow AJ, Lee TH, Ellinwood EH: Methamphetamine neurotoxicity: necrotic and apoptotic mechanisms and relevance to human abuse and treatment. Brain Res Rev, 2001, 36, 1-22.
20. Davis GC, Williams AC, Markey SP, Ebert MH, Caine ED, Reichert CM, Kopin IJ: Chronic parkinsonism secondary to intravenous injection of meperidine analogues. Psychiat Res, 1979, 1, 249-254.
21. Dawson TM, Dawson VL: Molecular pathways of neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease. Science, 2003, 302, 819-822.
22. Dawson VL, Dawson TM, London ED, Bredt DS, Snyder SH: Nitric oxide mediates glutamate neurotoxicity in primary cortical cultures. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 1991, 88, 6368-6371.
23. Di Monte DA, Lavasani M, Manning-Bog AB: Environmental factors in Parkinson's disease. Neurotoxicology, 2002, 23, 487-502.
24. Dluzen DE, McDermott JL, Anderson LI: Tamoxifen diminishes methamphetamine-induced striatal dopamine depletion in intact female and male mice. J Neuroendocrinol, 2001, 13, 618-624.
25. Doble A: The role of excitotoxicity in neurodegenerative disease: implications for therapy. Pharmacol Ther, 1999, 81, 163-221.
26. Doraiswamy PM: Non-cholinergic strategies for treating and preventing Alzheimer's disease. CNS Drugs, 2002, 16, 811-824.
27. Doyle D: Hitler's Medical Care. J R Coll Physicians Edinb, 2005, 35, 75-82.
28. Erman M, Seiden D, Zammit G, Sainati S, Zhang J: An efficacy, safety, and dose-response study of Ramelteon in patients with chronic primary insomnia. Sleep Med, 2006, 7, 17-24.
29. Escubedo E, Guitart L, Sureda FX, Jimenez A, Pubill D, Pallas M, Camins A, Camarasa J: Microgliosis and down-regulation of adenosine transporter induced by methamphetamine in rats. Brain Res, 1998, 814, 120-126.
30. Fahn S, Cohen G: The oxidant stress hypothesis in Parkinson's disease: evidence supporting it. Ann Neurol, 1992, 32, 804-812.
31. Fariello RG, Ghilardi O, Peschechera A, Ramacci MT, Angelucci L: Regional distribution of ubiquinones and tocopherols in the mouse brain: lowest content of ubiquinols in the substantia nigra. Neuropharmacology, 1988, 27, 1077-1080.
32. Fibiger HC, Mogeer EG: Effect of acute and chronic methamphetamine treatment on tyrosine hydroxylase activity in brain and adrenal medulla. Eur J Pharmacol, 1971, 16, 176-180.
33. Fornai F, Battaglia G, Gesi M, Orzi F, Nicoletti F, Ruggieri S: Dose-dependent protective effects of apomorphine against methamphetamine-induced nigrostriatal damage. Brain Res, 2001, 898, 27-35.
34. Gluck MR, Moy LY, Jayatilleke E, Hogan KA, Manzino L, Sonsalla PK: Parallel increases in lipid and protein oxidative markers in several mouse brain regions after methamphetamine treatment. J Neurochem, 2001, 79, 152-160.
35. Gołembiowska K, Konieczny J, Wolfarth S, Ossowska K: Neuroprotective action of MPEP, a selective mGluR5 antagonist, in methamphetamine-induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity is associated with a decrease in dopamine outflow and inhibition of hyperthermia in rats. Neuropharmacology, 2003, 45, 484-492.
36. 3 agonist pramipexole against postischemic or methamphetamine-induced degeneration of nigrostriatal neurons. Brain Res, 1996, 742, 80-88.
37. Halliwell B: Free radicals, reactive oxygen species and human disease: a critical evaluation with special reference to atherosclerosis. Br J Exp Pathol, 1989, 70, 737-757.
38. Hallowell EM, Ratey JJ: Delivered from Distraction: Getting the Most out of Life with Attention Deficit Disorder. Ballantine, New York, 2005.
39. Hardeland R: Antioxidative protection by melatonin: multiplicity of mechanisms from radical detoxification to radical avoidance. Endocrine, 2005, 27, 119-130.
40. Hardman JG, Limbard LE, Molinoff PB, Rudden RW, Gilman RG: Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th edn., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1996.
41. Hashimoto K, Tsukada H, Nishiyama S, Fukumoto D, Kakiuchi T, Shimizu E: Protective effects on N-acetyl-L-cysteine on the reduction of dopamine transporters in the striatum of monkeys treated with methamphetamine. Neuropsychopharmacology, 2004, 29, 2018-2023.
42. 5) enkephalin causes a near complete blockade of the neuronal damage caused by a single high dose of methamphetamine: examining the role of p53. Synapse, 2001, 39, 305-312.
43. Hirata H, Cadet JL: Methamphetamine-induced serotonin neurotoxicity is attenuated in p53-knockout mice. Brain Res, 1997, 768, 345-348.
44. Hornykiewicz O: Parkinson's disease: from brain homogenate to treatment. Fed Proc, 1973, 32, 183-190.
45. Imam SZ, el-Yazal J, Newport GD, Itzhak Y, Cadet JL, Slikker W, Ali SF: Methamphetamine-induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity: role of peroxynitrite and neuroprotective role of antioxidants and peroxynitrite decomposition catalysts. Ann NY Acad Sci, 2001, 939, 366-380.
46. Imberti R, Nieminen AL, Herman B, Lemasters JJ: Mitochondrial and glycolytic dysfunction in lethal injury to hepatocytes by t-butylhydroperoxide: protection by fructose, cyclosporin A and trifluoperazine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 1993, 265, 392-400.
47. Itzhak Y, Martin J, Ali S: Methamphetamine-induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity in mice: long-lasting sensitization to the locomotor stimulation and desensitization to the rewarding effects of methamphetamine. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry, 2002, 26, 1177-1183.
48. Jenner P: Oxidative mechanisms in nigral cell death in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord, 1998, 13, 24-34.
49. Jenner P: Oxidative stress in Parkinson's disease. Ann Neurol, 2003, 53, S26-S361.
50. Jenner P, Schapira AHV, Marsden CD: New insights into the cause of Parkinson's disease. Neurology, 1992, 42, 2241-2250.
51. Jones GM, Vale JA: Mechanisms of toxicity, clinical features, and management of diquat poisoning: a review. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol, 2000, 38, 123-128.
52. Karbownik M, Reiter R, Cabrera J, Garcia J: Comparison of the protective effect of melatonin with other antioxidants in the hamster kidney model of estradiol-induced DNA damage. Mutat Res, 2001, 474, 87-92.
53. Kataoka M, Tonooka K, Ando T, Imai K, Almato T: Hydroxyl radicals scavenging activity of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Free Radic Res, 1997, 27, 419-427.
54. 2 receptor agonist. Neuropharmacology, 2005, 48, 301-305.
55. Keller AA, Hamer R, Rosen RC: Serotonin reuptake inhibitor-induced sexual dysfunction and its treatment: a large-scale retrospective study of 596 psychiatric outpatients. J Sex Marital Ther, 1997, 23, 165-175.
56. Kim H, Jhoo W, Choi D, Im D, Shin E, Suh J, Floyd RA, Bing G: Protection of methamphetamine nigrostriatal toxicity by dietary selenium. Brain Res, 1999, 851, 76-86.
57. Kita T, Wagner GC, Nakashima T: Current research on methamphetamine- induced oxidative stress in cultured mouse astrocytes. J Pharmacol Sci, 2003, 92, 178-195.
58. Kopin IJ: Parkinson's disease: past, present and future. Neuropsychopharmacol, 1992, 9, 1-12.
59. Landrigan PJ, Sonawane B, Butler RN, Trasande L, Callan R, Droller D: Early environmental origins of neurodegenerative disease in later life. Environ Health Perspect, 2005, 113, 1230-1233.
60. Lange KW, Loschmann P, Sofic E, Burg M, Horowski R, Kalveram KT, Wachtel H, Riederer P: The competitive NMDA antagonist CPP protects substantia nigra neurons from MPTP-induced degeneration in primates. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol, 1993, 348, 586-592.
61. Langston JW, Ballard P, Tetrud JW, Irwin I: Chronic parkinsonism in humans due to a produce of meperidine-analog synthesis. Science, 1983, 219, 979-980.
62. Lau JW, Senok S, Stadlin A: Methamphetamine-induced oxidative stress in cultured mouse astrocytes. Ann NY Acad Sci, 2000, 914, 146-156.
63. LaVoie MJ, Card JP, Hastings TG: Microglial activation precedes dopamine terminal pathology in methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity. Exp Neurol, 2004, 187, 47-57.
64. Liu B, Gao H, Hong J: Parkinson's disease and exposure to infectious agents and pesticides and the occurrence of brain injuries: role of neuroinflammation. Environ Health Perspect, 2003, 111, 1065-1073.
65. Maas AI: Neuroprotective agents in traumatic brain injury. Expert Opin Inv Drug, 2001, 10, 753-767.
66. Manning-Bog AB, McCormack AL, Li J, Uversky VN, Fink AL, Di Monte DA: The herbicide paraquat causes up-regulation and aggregation of α-synuclein in mice: paraquat and α-synuclein. J Biol Chem, 2002, 277, 1641-1644.
67. Marsden CD: Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psych, 1994, 57, 672-681.
68. Maugh TH: Amantadine: an alternative for prevention of influenza. Science, 1976, 192, 130-131.
69. Maugh TH: Panel urges wide use of antiviral drug. Science, 1979, 206, 1058-1060.
70. McGeer PL, Itagaki S, Boyes BE, McGeer EG: Reactive microglia are positive for HLA-DR in the substantia nigra of Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease brains. Neurology, 1988, 38, 1285-1291.
71. McGregor C, Srisurapanont M, Jittiwutikarn J, Laobhripatr S, Wongtan T, White J: The nature, time course and severity of methamphetamine withdrawal. Addiction, 2005, 100, 1320-1329.
72. Miyamoto M, Nishikawa H, Doken Y, Hirai K, Uchikawa O, Ohkawa S: The sleep-promoting action of ramelteon (TAK-375) in freely moving cats. Sleep, 2004, 27, 1319-1325.
73. Mohanakumar KP, Muralikrishnan D, Thomas B: Neuroprotection by sodium salicylate against 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced neurotoxicity. Brain Res, 2000, 864, 281-290.
74. Nam E, Lee SM, Koh SE, Joo WS, Maeng S, Im HI, Kim YS: Melatonin protects against neuronal damage induced by 3-nitropropionic acid in rat striatum. Brain Res, 2005, 1046, 90-96.
75. Nash JE, Fox SH, Henry B, Hill MP, Peggs D, McGuire S, Maneuf Y et al.: Antiparkinsonian actions of ifenprodil in the MPTP-lesioned marmoset model of Parkinson's disease. Exp Neurol, 2000, 165, 136-142.
76. NIDA Research Report. Methamphetamine abuse and addiction. NIDA, USA, 2002.
77. Oaknin-Bendahan S, Anis Y, Nir I, Zisapel N: Effects of long-term administration of melatonin and a putative antagonist on the ageing rat. Neuroreport, 1995, 6, 785-788.
78. O'Callaghan JP, Miller DB: Neurotoxicity profiles of substituted amphetamines in the C57BL/6J mouse. J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 1994, 270, 741-751.
79. Owen RT: Ramelteon: profile of a new sleep-promoting medication. Drugs Today, 2006, 42, 255-263.
80. Patel S, Singh V, Kumar A, Gupta YK, Singh MP: Status of antioxidant defense system and expression of toxicant responsive genes in striatum of maneb- and paraquat-induced Parkinson's disease phenotype in mouse: Mechanism of neurodegeneration. Brain Res, 2006, 1081, 9-18.
81. Poeggeler B, Saarela S, Reiter RJ: Melatonin - a highly potent endogenous radical scavenger and electron donor: new aspects of the oxidation chemistry of this indole accessed in vitro. Ann NY Acad Sci, 1994, 738, 419-420.
82. Pubill D, Chipana C, Camins A, Pallas M, Camarasa J, Escubedo E: Free radical production induced by methamphetamine in rat striatal synaptosomes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 2005, 204, 57-68.
83. Reiter RJ, Acuna-Castroviejo D, Tan DX, Burkhardt S: Free radical-mediated molecular damage. Mechanisms for the protective actions of melatonin in the central nervous system. Ann NY Acad Sci, 2001, 939, 200-215.
84. Remington JP: Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 17th edn., Mack Pub. Co., Easton, 1985.
85. Reynolds J: The extra pharmacopoeia, 31st edn., Pharmaceutical Press, London, 1996.
86. Riddle EL, Fleckenstein AE, Hanson GR: Mechanisms of methamphetamine- induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity. AAPS J, 2006, 8, E413-E418.
87. Rothman RB, Baumann MH, Dersch CM, Romero DV, Rice KC, Carroll FI, Partilla JS: Amphetamine-type central nervous system stimulants release norepinephrine more potently than they release dopamine and serotonin. Synapse, 2001, 39, 32-41.
88. Sandoz: Amantadine hydrochloride drug information sheet. Sandoz Inc., USA, 2008.
89. Savitt JM, Dawson VL, Dawson TM: Diagnosis and treatment of Parkinson disease: molecules to medicine. J Clin Invest, 2006, 116, 1744-1754.
90. Schwarcz R, Meldrum B: Excitatory amino acid antagonists provide a therapeutic approach to neurological disorders. Lancet, 1985, 2, 140-143.
91. Sethy VH, Ellerbrock BR, Wu H: U-95666E: A potential anti-parkinsonian drug with anxiolytic activity. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry, 1997, 21, 873-883.
92. Sherer TB, Betarbet R, Greenamyre JT: Environment, mitochondria, and Parkinson's disease. Neuroscientist, 2002, 8, 192-197.
93. Sherer TB, Kim JH, Betarbet R, Greenamyre JT: Subcutaneous rotenone exposure causes highly selective dopaminergic degeneration and α-synuclein aggregation. Exp Neurol, 2003, 179, 9-16.
94. Shrivastava RK, Shrivastava S, Overweg N, Schmitt M: Amantadine in the treatment of sexual dysfunction associated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. J Clin Psychopharm, 1995, 15, 83-84.
95. Shults CW: Therapeutic role of coenzyme Q10 in Parkinson's disease. Pharmacol Ther, 2005, 107, 120-130.
96. Siderowf A, Stern M: Update on Parkinson disease. Ann Intern Med, 2003, 138, 651-658.
97. Sonsalla PK, Heikkila RE: Neurotoxic effects of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) and methamphetamine in several strains of mice. Prog Neuropsycopharmacol Biol Psychiatry, 1988, 12, 345-354.
98. Sonsalla PK, Jochnowitz MD, Zeevalk GD, Oostveen JA, Hall ED: Treatment of mice with methamphetamine produces cell loss in the substantia nigra. Brain Res, 1996, 738, 172-175.
99. Stokes AH, Hastings TG, Vrana KE: Cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of dopamine. J Neurosci Res, 1999, 55, 659-665.
100. Takeda: Ramelteon drug information sheet. Takeda Pharmaceuticals, North America, 2008.
101. Takeda: ROZEREM® (ramelteon) tablets highlights of prescribing information. Takeda Pharmaceuticals, North America, 2008.
102. Tan D, Manchester L, Reiter R, Qi W, Karbownik M, Calvo J: Significance of melatonin in anti oxidative defense system: reactions and products. Biol Signals Recept, 2000, 9, 137-159.
103. Tan D, Manchester LC, Terron MP, Flores LJ, Reiter RJ: One molecule, many derivatives: a never-ending interaction of melatonin with reactive oxygen and nitrogen species? J Pineal Res, 2007, 42, 28-42.
104. Thiruchelvam M, Richfield EK, Baggs RB, Tank AW, Cory-Slechta DA: The nigrostriatal dopaminergic system as a preferential target of repeated exposures to combined paraquat and maneb: implications for Parkinson's disease. J Neuroscience, 2000, 20, 9207-9214.
105. Thomas DM, Walker PD, Benjamins JA, Geddes TJ, Kuhn DM: Methamphetamine neurotoxicity in dopamine nerve endings of the striatum is associated with microglial activation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 2004, 311, 1-7.
106. Turski L, Bressler K, Rettig K J, Loschmann PA: Protection of substantia nigra from MPP1 neurotoxicity by N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonists. Nature, 1991, 349, 414-418.
107. Tutunculer F, Eskiocak S, Basaran UN, Ekuklu G, Ayvaz S, Vatansever U: The protective role of melatonin in experimental hypoxic brain damage. Pediatr Int, 2005, 47, 434-439.
108. Vane JR: Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis as a mechanism of action for aspirin-like drugs. Nat New Biol, 1971, 231, 232-235.
109. Vane JR, Botting RM: The mechanism of action of aspirin. Thromb Res, 2003, 110, 255-258.
110. Ungerstedt U: Postsynaptic supersensitivity after 6-hydroxydopamine induced degeneration of the nigro striatal dopamine system. Acta Physiol Scand, 1971, 82, 69-93.
111. A receptor mediates the hypnotic activity of melatonin in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav, 2003, 74, 573-578.
112. Warner TD, Mitchell JA: Cyclooxygenase-3 (COX-3): filling in the gaps toward a COX continuum? Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2002, 99, 13371-13373.
113. Wilson JM, Kalasinsky KS, Levey AI, Bergeron C, Reiber G, Anthony RM: Striatal dopamine nerve terminal markers in human, chronic methamphetamine users. Nature Med, 1996, 2, 699-703.
114. Yamamoto B, Zhu W: The effects of methamphetamine on the production of free radicals and oxidative stress. J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 1998, 287, 107-114.
115. Zammit G, Erman M, Wang-Weigand S, Sainati S, Zhang J, Roth T: Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of ramelteon in subjects with chronic insomnia. J Clin Sleep Med, 2007, 3, 495-504.
116. Zhang L, Kitaichi K, Fujimoto Y, Nakayama H, Shimizu E, Iyo M, Hashimoto K: Protective effects of mino-cycline on behavioral changes and neurotoxicity in mice after administration of methamphetamine. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry, 2006, 30, 1381-1393.
117. Zhang X, Dong F, Mayer GE, Bruch DC, Ren J, Culver B: Selective inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 exacerbates methamphetamine-induced dopamine depletion in the striatum in rats. J Neurosci, 2007, 150, 950-958.
118. Zhu JPQ, Xu W, Angulo JA: Methamphetamine induced cell death: selective vulnerability in neuronal subpopulations of the striatum in mice. Neuropharmacology, 2006, 140, 607-622.