Distribution and diversity patterns of Triassic cynodonts (Therapsida, Cynodontia) in Gondwana

Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology

Volumn 286, Issue 3-4, 2010, Pages 202-217

  Abdala, Fernando ^a   Ribeiro, Ana Maria ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF THE WITWATERSRAND   (South Africa)

^b Fundaçãdo Zoobotânica do Rio Grande do Sul   (Brazil)

Author keywords

Cynodonts; Distribution; Diversity; Gondwana; Triassic

Indexed keywords

FOSSIL RECORD; GENETIC VARIATION; POPULATION DISTRIBUTION; REPTILE; SPECIES DIVERSITY; TRIASSIC;

AFRICA; INDIA; SOUTH AMERICA;

ANISIA; BUCCO; CYNODONTIA; CYNOGNATHUS; TETRAPODA; THERAPSIDA;

EID: 75849151989     PISSN: 00310182     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.01.011     Document Type: Article

References (186)

1. Abdala F. Redescripción del cráneo y reconsideración de la validez de Cynognathus minor (Eucynodontia-Cynognathidae) del Triásico Inferior de Mendoza. Ameghiniana 33 (1996) 115-126
2. Abdala F. Catalogue of non-mammalian cynodonts in the Vertebrate Paleontology Collection of the Instituto Miguel Lillo, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, with comments on species. Ameghiniana 37 (2000) 463-475
3. Abdala F. Galesaurid cynodonts from the Early Triassic of South Africa: another example of conflicting distribution of characters in non-mammalian cynodonts. South African Journal of Science 99 (2003) 95-96
4. Abdala, F., 2004. Abundance and diversity of non-mammaliaform cynodonts in the South African Karoo. Geosciences Africa 2004, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Abstract volume 1, 1.
5. Abdala F. Redescription of Platycraniellus elegans (Therapsida, Cynodontia) from the Lower Triassic of South Africa, and the cladistic relationships of eutheriodonts. Palaeontology 50 (2007) 591-618
6. Abdala F., and Allinson M. The taxonomic status of Parathrinaxodon proops (Therapsida: Cynodontia), with comments on the morphology of the palate in basal cynodonts. Palaeontologia Africana 41 (2005) 45-52
7. Abdala F., and Giannini N.P. Gomphodont cynodonts of the Chañares Formation: the analysis of an ontogenetic sequence. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 20 (2000) 501-506
8. Abdala F., and Giannini N.P. Chiniquodontid cynodonts: systematic and morphometric considerations. Palaeontology 45 (2002) 51-1170
9. Abdala F., and Ribeiro A.M. A new therioherpetid cynodont from the Santa Maria Formation (middle Late Triassic), southern Brazil. Geodiversitas 22 (2000) 589-596
10. Abdala F., and Ribeiro A.M. A new traversodontid cynodont from the Santa Maria Formation (Ladinian-Carnian) of southern Brazil, with a phylogenetic analysis of Gondwanan traversodontids. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 139 (2003) 529-545
11. Abdala F., and Smith R.M.H. A middle Triassic cynodont fauna from Namibia and its implications for the biogeography of Gondwana. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 29 (2009) 837-851
12. Abdala F., and Teixeira A.M.S. A traversodontid cynodont of African affinity in the South American Triassic. Palaeontologia Africana 40 (2004) 11-22
13. Abdala F., Ribeiro A.M., and Schultz C.L. A rich cynodont fauna of Santa Cruz do Sul, Santa Maria Formation (Middle-Late Triassic), southern Brazil. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Monatshefte 2001 (2001) 669-687
14. Abdala F., Barberena M.C., and Dornelles J. A new species of the traversodontid cynodont Exaeretodon from the Santa Maria Formation (Middle/Late Triassic) of southern Brazil. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 22 (2002) 313-325
15. Abdala F., Dias-da-Silva S., and Cisneros J.C. First record of nonmammalian cynodonts (Therapsida) in the Sanga do Cabral Formation (Early Triassic) of southern Brazil. Palaeontologia Africana 38 (2002) 93-98
16. Abdala F., Hancox P.J., and Neveling J. Cynodonts from the uppermost Burgersdorp Formation, South Africa, and their bearing on the biostratigraphy and correlation of the Triassic Cynognathus Assemblage Zone. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 25 (2005) 192-199
17. Abdala, F., Neveling, J. and Rubidge, B.S., 2005b. A new cynodont from the base of the Cynognathus Assemblage Zone (Lower Triassic) of the Karoo Basin: wrong teeth or wrong skull? In: Pankhurst, R.J. and Veiga, G.D. (eds.) Gondwana 12: Geological and biological heritage of Gondwana, Abstracts, Academia Nacional de Ciencias, Cordoba, Argentina, p. 31.
18. Abdala F., Cisneros J.C., and Smith R.M.H. Faunal aggregation in the Early Triassic Karoo Basin: earliest evidence of shelter-sharing among tetrapods?. Palaios 21 (2006) 507-512
19. Abdala F., Neveling J., and Welman J. A new trirachodontid cynodont from the lower levels of the Burgersdorp Formation (Lower Triassic) of the Beaufort Group, South Africa and the cladistic relationships of Gondwanan gomphodonts. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 147 (2006) 383-413
20. Abdala F., Damiani R., Yates A., and Neveling J. A non-mammaliaform cynodont from the Upper Triassic of South Africa: a therapsid Lazarus taxon?. Palaeontologia Africana 42 (2007) 17-23
21. Abdala F., Mocke H., and Hancox P.J. Lower Triassic postcanine teeth with allotherian-like crowns. South African Journal of Science 103 (2007) 245-247
22. Abdala F., Rubidge B.S., and van den Heever J. The oldest therocephalians (Therapsida, Eutheriodontia) and the early diversification of Therapsida. Palaeontology 51 (2008) 1011-1024
23. Abdala F., Martinelli A.G., Soares M.B., de la Fuente M., and Ribeiro A.M. South American Middle Triassic continental faunas with amniotes: biostratigraphy and correlation. Palaeontologia Africana 44 (2009) 83-87
24. Anderson J.M., and Anderson H.M. The fossil content of the Upper Triassic Molteno Formation, South Africa. Palaeontologia Africana 25 (1984) 39-59
25. Anderson J.M., Anderson H.M., and Cruickshank A.R.I. Late Triassic ecosystem of the Molteno/Elliot biome of southern Africa. Palaeontology 41 (1998) 387-421
26. Bandyopadhyay S., and Sengupta D.P. Middle Triassic vertebrates of India. Journal of African Earth Sciences 29 (1999) 233-241
27. Bandyopadhyay S., and Sengupta D.P. Vertebral faunal turnover during the Triassic-Jurassic transition: and Indian scenario. In: Harris J.D., Lucas S.G., Spielman J.A., Lockley M.G., Milner A.R.C., and Kirkland J.I. (Eds). The Triassic-Jurassic Terrestrial Transition. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science, Bulletin vol. 37 (2006) 77-85
28. Bandyopadhyay S., RoyChowdhury T.K., and Sengupta D.P. Taphonomy of some Gondwana vertebrate assemblages of India. Sedimentary Geology 147 (2002) 219-245
29. Barberena M.C. Contribuição ao conhecimento dos cinodontes gonfodontes (Cynodontia, Tritylodontoidea) do Brasil. Tese para obtenção do título de Livre Docente inédita. Ministério de Educação e Cultura, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. 194 pp (1974)
30. Barberena M.C. Novos materiais de Traversodon stahleckeri da Formação Santa Maria (Triássico do Rio Grande do Sul). Pesquisas 14 (1981) 149-162
31. Barberena M.C., Bonaparte J.F., and Teixeira A.M.S. Thrinaxodon brasiliensis sp. nov., a primeira ocorrencia de cinodontes galessauros para o Triássico do Rio Grande do Sul. Anais do X Congresso Brasileiro de Paleontología. Rio de Janeiro 1 (1987) 67-74
32. Barret P.M., McGowan A.J., and Page V. Dinosaur diversity and the rock record. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 276 (2009) 2667-2674
33. Battail B. Late Triassic traversodontids (Synapsida: Cynodontia) in southern Africa. Palaeontologia Africana 41 (2005) 67-80
34. Benton M.J. Diversification and extinction in the history of life. Science 268 (1995) 52-58
35. Bonaparte J.F. Descripción del cráneo y mandíbula de Exaeretodon frenguellii, Cabrera, y su comparación con Diademodontidae, Tritylodontidae y los cinodontes sudamericanos. Publicaciones del Museo Municipal de Ciencias Naturales y Tradición Mar del Plata 1 (1962) 135-202
36. Bonaparte J.F. Descripción de Ischignathus sudamericanus n. gen. n. sp., nuevo cinodonte gonfodonte del Triásico Medio superior de San Juan, Argentina. Acta Geologica Lilloana 4 (1963) 111-118
37. Bonaparte J.F. New vertebrate evidence for a southern transatlantic connection during the Lower or Middle Triassic. Palaeontology 10 (1967) 554-563
38. Bonaparte J.F. Cynognathus minor n. sp. (Therapsida-Cynodontia). Nueva evidencia de vinculación faunística Afro-Sudamericana a principios del Triásico. Gondwana Stratigraphy, I.U.G.S. Coloquio Mar del Plata 1967 (1969) 273-281
39. Bonaparte J.F. Dos nuevas "faunas" de reptiles triásicos de Argentina. Gondwana Stratigraphy, I.U.G.S. Coloquio Mar del Plata 1967 (1969) 283-302
40. Bonaparte J.F. Los tetrápodos del sector superior de la Formación Los Colorados, La Rioja, Argentina (Triásico Superior). I Parte. Opera Lilloana 22 (1971) 1-183
41. Bonaparte J.F. Cromptodon mamiferoides, Galesauridae de la Formación Río Mendoza, Mendoza, Argentina (Therapsida-Cynodontia). Ameghiniana 9 (1972) 343-353
42. Bonaparte J.F. El primer ictidosaurio (Reptilia-Therapsida) de América del Sur, Chaliminia musteloides, del Triásico Superior de La Rioja, República Argentina. Actas II Congreso Argentino de Paleontologia y Bioestratigrafia y I Congreso Latinoamericano de Paleontologia. Buenos Aires Tomo 1 (1980) 123-133
43. Bonaparte J.F. Faunal replacement in the Triassic of South America. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 2 (1982) 362-371
44. Bonaparte J.F., and Barberena M.C. A possible mammalian ancestor from the Middle Triassic of Brazil (Therapsida-Cynodontia). Journal of Paleontology 49 (1975) 931-936
45. Bonaparte J.F., and Barberena M.C. On two advanced carnivorous cynodonts from the Late Triassic of southern Brazil. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 156 (2001) 59-80
46. Bonaparte J.F., and Crompton A.W. A juvenile probainognathid cynodont skull from the Ischigualasto Formation and the origin of mammals. Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales Bernardino Rivadavia 5 (1994) 1-12
47. Bonaparte J.F., and Sues H.-D. A new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia) from the Upper Triassic of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Palaeontology 49 (2006) 917-923
48. Bonaparte J.F., Ferigolo J., and Ribeiro A.M. A primitive Late Triassic 'ictidosaur' from Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Palaeontology 44 (2001) 623-635
49. Bonaparte J.F., Martinelli A.G., Schultz C.L., and Rubert R. The sister group of mammals: small cynodonts from the Late Triassic of southern Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia 5 (2003) 5-27
50. Bonaparte J.F., Martinelli A.G., and Schultz C.L. New information on Brasilodon and Brasilitherium (Cynodontia, Probainognathia) from the Late Triassic of southern Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia 8 (2005) 25-46
51. Bonaparte J.F., Schultz C.L., and Soares M.B. A new non-mammalian cynodont from the Middle Triassic of southern Brazil and its implications for the ancestry of mammals. Bulletin of the New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science 37 (2006) 599-607
52. Botha J., and Chinsamy A. Growth patterns deduced from the bone histology of the cynodonts Diademodon and Cynognathus. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 20 (2000) 705-711
53. Botha J., and Chinsamy A. Growth and life habits of the Triassic cynodont Trirachodon, inferred from bone histology. Acta Paleontologica Polonica (2004) 619-627
54. Botha J., and Chinsamy A. Growth patterns of Thrinaxodon liorhinus, a non-mammalian cynodont from the Lower Triassic of South Africa. Palaeontology 48 (2005) 385-394
55. Botha J., and Smith R.M.H. Rapid vertebrate recuperation in the Karoo Basin of South Africa following the End-Permian extinction. Journal of African Earth Sciences 45 (2006) 502-514
56. Botha J., Abdala F., and Smith R. The oldest cynodont: new clues on the origin and diversification of the Cynodontia. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 149 (2007) 477-492
57. Brink A.S. Two cynodonts from the Ntawere Formation in the Luangwa valley of Northern Rhodesia. Palaeontologia Africana 8 (1963) 77-96
58. Brink A.S., and Kitching J.W. On some new Cynognathus Zone specimens. Palaeontologia Africana 1 (1953) 29-48
59. Caselli A.T., Marsicano C.A., and Arcucci A.B. Sedimentología y paleontología de la Formación Los Colorados, Triásico Superior (provincias de La Rioja y San Juan, Argentina). Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina 56 (2001) 173-188
60. Chatterjee S. A new cynodont reptile from the Triassic of India. Journal of Paleontology 56 (1982) 203-214
61. Chinsamy A., and Abdala F. Palaeobiological implications of the bone microstructure of South American traversodontids (Therapsida: Cynodontia). South African Journal of Science 104 (2008) 225-230
62. Cisneros J.C. Phylogenetic relationships of procolophonid parareptiles with remarks on their geological record. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 6 (2008) 345-366
63. Cisneros J.C. Taxonomic status of the reptile genus Procolophon from the Gondwanan Triassic. Palaeontologia Africana 43 (2008) 7-17
64. Clark J.M., Xu X., Forster C.A., and Wang Y. A Middle Jurassic 'sphenosuchian' from China and the origin of the crocodylian skull. Nature 430 (2004) 1021-1024
65. Colbert E.H., and Kitching J.W. Triassic cynodont reptiles from Antarctica. American Museum Novitates 2611 (1977) 1-30
66. Crompton A.W. On some Triassic cynodonts from Tanganyika. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 125 (1955) 617-669
67. Crompton A.W. Postcanine occlusion in cynodonts and tritylodonts. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Geology 21 (1972) 29-71
68. Crompton A.W., and Ellenberger F. On a new cynodont from the Molteno Beds and the origin of the tritylodontids. Annals of the South African Museum 44 (1957) 1-13
69. Currie B.S., Colombi C.E., Tabor N.J., Shipman T.C., and Montañez I.P. Stratigraphy and architecture of the Upper Triassic Ischigualasto Formation, Ischigualasto Provincial Park, San Juan, Argentina. Journal of South American Earth Sciences 27 (2009) 74-87
70. Da Silva L.R., and Cabreira S.F. Novo achado de Luangwa sudamericana Abdala & Teixeira, 2004 do Triássico Médio da Formação Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Palaeontologia em Destaque 24 (2009) 23-24
71. Damiani R., Modesto S., Yates A., and Neveling J. Earliest evidence of cynodont burrowing. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 270 (2003) 1747-1751
72. Datta P.M. Earliest mammal with transversely expanded upper molar from the Late Triassic (Carnian) Tiki Formation, South Rewa Gondwana Basin, India. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 25 (2005) 200-207
73. Datta P.M., and Das D.P. Indozostrodon simpsoni, Gen. et sp. nov., an early Jurassic megazostrodontid mammal from India. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 21 (2001) 528-534
74. Datta P.M., Das D.P., and Luo Z. A Late Triassic dromatheriid (Synapsida: Cynodontia) from India. Annals of Carnegie Museum 73 (2004) 72-84
75. Drysdall A.R., and Kitching J.W. A re-examination of the Karroo succession and fossil localities of part of the Upper Luangwa Valley. Memoire of the Geological Survey of Northern Rhodesia 1 (1963) 1-62
76. Erwin D.H. The Permo-Triassic extinction. Nature 367 (1994) 231-236
77. Flynn J.J., and Wyss A.R. Madagascar's Mesozoic secrets. Scientific American February (2002) 42-51
78. Flynn J.J., Parrish J.M., Rakotosamimanana B., Simpson W.F., Whatley R.L., and Wyss A.R. A Triassic fauna from Madagascar, including early dinosaurs. Science 286 (1999) 763-765
79. Flynn J.J., Parrish J.M., Rakotosamimanana B., Ranivoharimanana L., Simpson W.F., and Wyss A.R. New traversodontids (Synapsida: Eucynodontia) from the Triassic of Madagascar. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 20 (2000) 422-427
80. Frakes L.A., Francis J.E., and Syktus J.I. Climate Models of the Phanerozoic (1992), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 274 pp.
81. Fröbisch J. Global taxonomic diversity of anomodonts (Tetrapoda, Therapsida) and the terrestrial rock record across the Permian-Triassic boundary. PLoS ONE 3 11 (2008) e3733 10.1371/journal.pone.0003733
82. Fröbisch J. Composition and similarity of global anomodont-bearing tetrapod faunas. Earth-Science Reviews (2009) 10.1016/j.earscirev.2009.04.001
83. Furin S., Preto N., Rigo M., Roghi G., Gianolla P., Crowley J.L., and Bowring S.A. High-precision U-Pb zircon age from the Triassic of Italy: implications for the Triassic time scale and the Carnian origin of calcareous nannoplankton and dinosaurs. Geology 34 (2006) 1009-1012
84. Gallet Y., Krystyn L., Besse J., and Marcoux J. Improving the Upper Triassic numerical time scale from cross-correlation between Tethyan marine sections and the continental Newark basin sequence. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 212 (2003) 255-261
85. Gow C.E. The advent of herbivory in certain reptilian lineages during the Triassic. Palaeontologia Africana (1978) 133-141
86. Gower D.J. Osteology of the early archosaurian reptile Erythrosuchus africanus Broom. Annals of the South African Museum 110 (2003) 1-84
87. Gradstein F.M., and Ogg J.G. Geologic Time Scale 2004 - why, how, and where next!. Lethaia 37 (2004) 175-181
88. Groenewald G.H., and Kitching J.W. Biostratigraphy of the Lystrosaurus Assemblage Zone. In: Rubidge B.S. (Ed). Biostratigraphy of the Beaufort Group (Karoo Supergroup). Biostratigraphic Series 1, South African Committee for Stratigraphy, Pretoria (1995) 35-39
89. Groenewald G.H., Welman J., and MacEachern J.A. Vertebrate burrow complexes from the Early Triassic Cynognathus Zone (Driekoppen Formation, Beaufort Group) of the Karoo Basin, South Africa. Palaios 16 (2001) 148-160
90. Hammer W.R. New therapsids from the upper Fremouw Formation (Triassic) of Antarctica. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 15 (1995) 105-112
91. Hancox P.J. The Continental Triassic of South Africa. Zentralblatt für Geologie und Paläontologie Teil I, Heft 11-12, 1998, 1285-1324 (2000)
92. Hancox P.J., Shishkin M.A., Rubidge B.S., and Kitching J.W. A threefold subdivision of the Cynognathus Assemblage Zone (Beaufort Group, South Africa) and its palaeogeographic implications. South African Journal of Science 91 (1995) 143-144
93. Haughton S.H. On Cynodontia from the middle Beaufort beds of Harrismith, Orange Free State. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 11 (1924) 74-92
94. Holz, M. and Scherer, C.M.S., 2000. Sedimentological and paleontological evidence of paleoclimatic change during the South Brazilian Triassic: the register of a global trend towards humid paleoclimate. Zentralblatt fur Geologie und Paläontologie Teil 1. 1998, Heft 11-12, 1589-1609.
95. Hopson J.A. Morphology and relationships of Gomphodontosuchus brasiliensis von Huene (Synapsida, Cynodontia, Tritylodontoidea) from the Triassic of Brazil. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Monatshefte 1985 (1985) 285-299
96. Hopson J.A. A juvenile gomphodont cynodont specimen from the Cynognathus Assemblage Zone of South Africa: implications for the origin of gomphodont postcanine morphology. Palaeontologia Africana 41 (2005) 53-66
97. Hopson J.A., and Kitching J.W. A probainognathian cynodont from South Africa and the phylogeny of nonmammalian cynodonts. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 156 (2001) 5-35
98. Huttenlocker A. An investigation into the cladistic relationships and monophyly of therocephalian therapsids (Amniota: Synapsida). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 157 (2009) 865-891
99. Kammerer C.F., Flynn J.J., Ranivoharimanana L., and Wyss A.R. New material of Menadon besairei (Cynodontia: Traversodontidae) from the Triassic of Madagascar. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 28 (2008) 445-462
100. Kemp T.S. Aspects of the structure and functional anatomy of the Middle Triassic cynodont Luangwa. Journal of Zoology 191 (1980) 193-239
101. Kemp T.S. The Origin and Evolution of Mammals (2005), Oxford University Press, Oxford 331 pp
102. Keyser A.W. A new Triassic vertebrate fauna from South West Africa. Palaeontologia Africana 16 (1973) 1-15
103. Keyser A.W. New Triassic vertebrate fauna from South West Africa. South African Journal of Sciences 69 (1973) 113-115
104. Kielan-Jaworowska Z., Cifelli R.L., and Luo Z.-X. Mammals from the Age of Dinosaurs: Origin, Evolution and Structure (2004), Columbia University Press, New York, NY 630 pp
105. King G.M. Anomodontia. Encyclopedia of Paleoherpetology (1988), Gustav Fischer Verlag, Sttutgart 174 pp
106. Kitching J.W. The fossil localities and mammal-like reptiles of the upper Luangwa Valley, northern Rhodesia. South African Journal of Science 59 (1963) 259-264
107. Kitching J.W. The distribution of the Karroo vertebrate fauna. Bernard Price Institute for Palaeontological Research, University of the Witwatersrand, Memoir 1 (1977) 1-131
108. Kitching J.W. Biostratigraphy of the Cynognathus Assemblage Zone. In: Rubidge B.S. (Ed). Biostratigraphy of the Beaufort Group (Karoo Supergroup), Biostratigraphic Series 1 (1995), South African Committee for Stratigraphy, Pretoria 40-45
109. Knoll F. Review of the tetrapod fauna of the "Lower Stormberg Group" of the main Karoo Basin (southern Africa): implications for the age of the Lower Elliot Formation. Bulletin de la Societe géologique de France 175 (2004) 73-83
110. Knoll F., and Battail B. New ornithischian remains from the upper Elliot Formation (Lower Jurassic) of Lesotho and stratigraphicai, distribution of southern African fabrosaurids. Geobios 34 (2001) 415-421
111. Langer M.C. Studies on continental Late Triassic tetrapod biochronology. II. The Ischigualastian and a Carnian global correlation. Journal of South American Earth Sciences 19 (2005) 219-239
112. Langer M.C., Abdala F., Richter M., and Benton M.J. A sauropodomorph dinosaur from the Upper Triassic (Carnian) of southern Brazil. Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences, serie II, fascicule A, Sciences de la Terre e des Planetes 329 (1999) 511-517
113. Langer M.C., Ribeiro A.M., Schultz C.L., and Ferigolo J. The continental tetrapod-bearing Triassic of south Brazil. Bulletin of the New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science 41 (2007) 201-218
114. Lehrmann D.J., et al. Timing of recovery from the end-Permian extinction: geochronologic and biostratigraphic constraints from South China. Geology 34 (2006) 1053-1056
115. Li C., Wu X.-C., Rieppel O., Wang L.-T., and Zhao L.-J. An ancestral turtle from the Late Triassic of southwestern China. Nature 456 (2008) 497-501
116. Liu J. The taxonomy of the traversodontid cynodonts Exaeretodon and Ischignathus. Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia 10 (2007) 133-136
117. Liu J., Soares M.B., and Reichel M. Massetognathus (Cynodontia, Traversodontidae) from the Santa Maria Formation of Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia 11 (2008) 27-36
118. Lucas S.G. Global Triassic tetrapod biostratigraphy and biochronology. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 143 (1998) 347-384
119. Lucas S.G. A new dicynodont from the Triassic of Brazil, and the tetrapod biochronology of the Brazilian Triassic. Bulletin of the New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science 21 (2002) 131-141
120. Lucas S.G., and Hancox P.J. Tetrapod-based correlation of the nonmarine Upper Triassic of southern Africa. Albertiana 25 (2001) 5-9
121. Lucas S.G., Hunt A.P., Heckert A.B., and Spielman J.A. Global Triassic tetrapod biostratigraphy and biochronology: 2007 status. Bulletin of the New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science 41 (2007) 229-240
122. Luo Z.-X. Transformation and diversification in early mammal evolution. Nature 450 (2007) 1011-1019
123. Manly B.F.J. Randomization, Bootstrap and Monte Carlo Methods in Biology. 3rd Edition (2007), Chapman & Hall/CRC, Boca Raton, Florida 455 pp
124. Martinelli A.G., and Rougier G.W. On Chaliminia musteloides (Eucynodontia: Tritheledontidae) from the Late Triassic of Argentina, and a phylogeny of Ictidosauria. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 27 (2007) 442-460
125. Martinelli A.G., Bonaparte J.F., Schultz C.L., and Rubert R. A new tritheledontid (Therapsida, Eucynodontia) from the Late Triassic of Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil) and its phylogenetic relationships among carnivorous non-mammalian eucynodonts. Ameghiniana 42 (2005) 191-208
126. Martinelli A.G., de la Fuente M., and Abdala F. Diademodon tetragonus Seeley, 1894 (Therapsida: Cynodontia) in the Triassic of South America and its biostratigraphic implications. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 29 (2009) 852-862
127. Martinez R.N., and Forster C.A. The skull of Probelesodon sanjuanensis, sp. nov., from the Late Triassic Ischigualasto Formation of Argentina. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 16 (1996) 285-291
128. Martinez R.N., May C.L., and Forster C.A. A new carnivorous cynodont from the Ischigualasto Formation (Late Triassic, Argentina), with comments on eucynodont phylogeny. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 16 (1996) 271-284
129. Melo, T.P., Soares, M.B. and Oliveira, T.V. 2009. Primeiro registro do traversodontídeo Menadon sp. (Flynn et al. 2000) na Biozona de Traversodontídeos da Formação Santa Maria, Triássico Médio do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Paleo 2009, Reunião Anual da Sociedade Brasileira de Paleontologia, Rio Grande do Sul, p. 16.
130. Muttoni G., Kent D.V., Olsen P.E., Di Stefano P., Lowrie W., Bernasconi S.M., and Hernández F.M. Tethyan magnetostratigraphy from Pizzo Mondello (Sicily) and correlation to the Late Triassic Newark astrochronological polarity time scale. Geological Society of America Bulletin 116 (2004) 1043-1058
131. Muttoni G., Kent D.V., Jadoul F., Olsen P.E., Rigo M., Galli M.T., and Nicora A. Rhaetian magneto-biostratigraphy from the Southern Alps (Italy): constraints on Triassic chronology. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 285 (2010) 1-16
132. Nath T.T., and Yadagiri P. A new mammal-like reptile (cynodont) from Upper Triassic Maleri Formation of Pranhita-Godavari Valley, Andhra Pradesh. Journal of the Geological Society of India 69 (2007) 57-60
133. Neveling J. Stratigraphic and sedimentological investigation of the contact between the Lystrosaurus and the Cynognathus assemblage zones (Beaufort Group: Karoo Supergroup). Council for Geoscience Bulletin 137 (2004) 1-165
134. Neveling J., Hancox P.J., and Rubidge B.S. Biostratigraphy of the lower Burgersdorp Formation (Beaufort Group; Karoo Supergroup) of South Africa - implications for the stratigraphic ranges of early Triassic tetrapods. Palaeontologia Africana 41 (2005) 81-87
135. Ogg J.G. The Triassic Period. In: Gradstein F.M., Ogg J.G., and Smith A.G. (Eds). A Geologic Time Scale 2004 (2004), Cambridge University Press 271-306
136. Ogg J.G., Ogg G., and Gradstein F.M. The Concise Geologic Time Scale (2008), Cambridge University Press 177 pp
137. Oliveira E.V. Reevaluation of Therioherpeton cargnini Bonaparte and Barberena, 1975 (Probainognathia, Therioherpetidae) from the Upper Triassic of Brazil. Geodiversitas 28 (2006) 447-465
138. Oliveira T.V., Schultz C.L., and Soares M.B. O esqueleto pós-craniano de Exaeretodon riograndensis Abdala et al. (Cynodontia, Traversodontidae), Triássico do Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia 10 (2007) 79-94
139. Oliveira T.V., Schultz C.L., and Soares M.B. Un nuevo cinodonte carnívoro (Eucynodontia, Probainognathia) del Triásico tardío de Brasil (Cuenca de Paraná, Formación Santa Maria, Cenozona de Rhynchosauria). 23rd Jornadas Argentinas de Paleontología de Vertebrados, Programa de Comunicaciones Científicas y Libro de Resumenes. Trelew, Argentina, p. 10 (2007)
140. Oliveira T.V., Soares M.B., and Schultz C.L. Um novo e peculiar cinodonte do mesotriássico sul-brasileiro (Formação Santa Maria). Paleo 2009, Reunião Anual da Sociedade Brasileira de Paleontologia, Rio Grande do Sul, p. 15 (2009)
141. Ovtcharova M., Bucher H., Schaltegger U., Galfetti T., Brayard A., and Guex J. New Early to Middle Triassic U-Pb ages from South China: calibration with ammonoid biochronozones and implications for the timing of Triassic biotic recovery. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 243 (2006) 463-475
142. Parrington F.R. On the cranial anatomy of cynodonts. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 116 (1946) 181-197
143. Pires E.F., Guerra-Sommer M., and Scherer C.M.S. Late Triassic climate in southernmost Parana Basin (Brazil): evidence from dendrochronological data. Journal of South American Earth Sciences 18 (2005) 213-221
144. Rayfield E.J., Barrett P.M., McDonnell R.A., and Willisi K.J. A geographical information system (GIS) study of Triassic vertebrate biochronology. Geological Magazine 142 (2005) 327-354
145. Rayfield E.J., Barrett P.M., and Milner A.R. Utility and validity of Middle and Late Triassic 'Land Vertebrate Faunachrons'. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 29 (2009) 80-87
146. Reichel M., Schultz C.L., and Soares M.B. A new traversodontid cynodont (Therapsida, Eucynodontia) from the Middle Triassic Santa Maria Formation of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Palaeontology 52 (2009) 229-250
147. 39Ar dating of dinosaurs origins. Science 260 (1993) 794-797
148. Rogers R.R., Arcucci A.B., Abdala F., Sereno P.C., Forster C.A., and May C.L. Paleoenvironment and taphonomy of the Chañares Formation tetrapod assemblage (Middle Triassic), north-western Argentina: spectacular preservation in volcanogenic concretions. Palaios 16 (2001) 461-481
149. Romer A.S. The Chañares (Argentina) Triassic reptile fauna. V. A new chiniquodontid cynodont, Probelesodon lewisi. Cynodont ancestry. Breviora 333 (1969) 1-24
150. Romer A.S. The Chañares (Argentina) Triassic reptile fauna. VI. A chiniquodontid cynodont with an incipient squamosal-dentary jaw articulation. Breviora 344 (1970) 1-18
151. Romer A.S. The Chañares (Argentina) Triassic reptile fauna. XVII. The Chañares gomphodonts. Breviora 396 (1972) 1-9
152. Rubert R.R., and Schultz C.L. Um novo horizonte de correlaçao para o Triássico Superior do Rio Grande do Sul. Pesquisas em Geociências 31 (2004) 71-88
153. Rubidge B.S. Re-uniting lost continents - fossil reptiles from the ancient Karoo and their wanderlust. South African Journal of Geology 108 (2005) 135-172
154. Rubidge B.S., and Sidor C.A. Evolutionary patterns among Permo-Triassic therapsids. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 32 (2001) 449-480
155. Rubidge B.S., Johnson M.R., Kitching J.W., Smith R.M.H., Keyser A.W., and Groenewald G.H. An introduction to the biozonation of the Beaufort Group. In: Rubidge B.S. (Ed). Biostratigraphy of the Beaufort Group (Karoo Supergroup),, Biostratigraphic Serie 1 (1995), South African Committee for Stratigraphy, Pretoria 1-2
156. Satsangi P.P. The vertebrate faunas from the Permian and the Lower Triassic Gondwana sequences of India. Geological Survey of India Special Publication 11 (1987) 165-178
157. Schultz C.L., and Langer M.C. Tetrapodes triassicos do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Paleontologia: Cenarios de vida 277-290 (2007)
158. Schultz C.L., and Soares M.B. Proposta de nova denomição para a Cenozona de Ictidosauria do Triássico Superior (Formação Caturrita) do Rio Grande do Sul. V Simposio Brasileiro de Paleontología de Vertebrados, Ciência e Natura (2006), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil 41 pp.
159. Schultz C.L., Scherer C.M.S., and Barberena M.C. Biostratigraphy of southern Brazilian Middle-Upper Triassic. Revista Brasileira de Geociências 30 (2000) 495-498
160. Scotese, C.R., 2000. Climate history. Paleomap Project, Department of Geology, University of Texas at Arlington. Available at http://www.scotese.com. Accessed December 10, 2008.
161. Scotese C.R., Boucout A.J., and Mckerrow W.S. Gondwanan palaeogeography and palaeoclimatology. Journal of African Earth Sciences 28 (1999) 99-114
162. Sellwood B.W., and Valdes P.J. Mesozoic climates: general circulation models and the rock record. Sedimentary Geology 190 (2006) 269-287
163. Sereno P.C., Forster C.A., Rogers R.R., and Monetta A.M. Primitive dinosaur skeleton from Argentina and the early evolution of the Dinosauria. Nature 361 (1993) 64-66
164. Sidor C.A., and Hancox P.J. Elliotherium kersteni, a new tritheledontid from the Lower Elliot Formation (Upper Triassic) of South Africa. Journal of Paleontology 80 (2006) 333-342
165. Sidor C.A., and Smith R.M.H. A new galesaurid (Therapsida: Cynodontia) from the Lower Triassic of South Africa. Palaeontology 47 (2004) 535-556
166. Sidor C.S., Damiani R., and Hammer W.R. A new Triassic temnospondyl from Antarctica and a review of Fremouw Formation biostratigraphy. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 28 (2008) 656-663
167. Sidor C.S., Miller M.F., and Isbell J.L. Tetrapod burrows from the Triassic of Antarctica. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 28 (2008) 277-284
168. Silva R., Bardoni R., Godoy M., and Binotto R. Pegadas de um grande dinossauro terópode no sítio Linha São Luiz (Faxinal do Soturno, Rio Grande do Sul) e implicações sobre a idade da Formação Caturrita. Paleo 2009, Reunião Anual da Sociedade Brasileira de Paleontologia, Rio Grande do Sul (2009) 21-22
169. Smith R.M.H., and Botha-Brink J. Burrowing as a survival strategy in the earliest Triassic Karoo Basin, South Africa. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 29 (2009) 183A
170. Smith R.M.H., and Swart R. Changing fluvial environments and vertebrate taphonomy in response to climatic drying in a Mid-Triassic rift valley fill: the Omingonde Formation (Karoo Supergroup) of central Namibia. Palaios 17 (2002) 249-267
171. Smith A.G., Smith D.G., and Funnell B.M. Atlas of Mesozoic and Cenozoic coastlines (1994), Cambridge University Press 99 pp
172. Soares M.B., and Abdala F. The first record of Probainognathus Romer, 1970 (Therapsida, Cynodontia) in the Triassic of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Paleontologia em Destaque 23, Boletim de Resumos VI SimpósioBrasileiro de Paleontologia de Vertebrados, Ribeirão Preto (2008) 189-190
173. Stipanicic, P.N. and Marsicano, C.A., 2002. Léxico estratigráfico de la Argentina, Volumen VIII. Triásico. Asociación Geológica Argentina, Serie "B" (Didáctica y Complementaria) 26, 370 pp.
174. Stipanicic P.N., González Díaz E., and Zavattieri A.M. Grupo Puesto Viejo nom. transl. por Formación Puesto Viejo González Díaz, 1964, 1967: nuevas interpretaciones paleontológicas, estratigráficas y cronológicas. Ameghiniana 44 (2007) 759-761
175. Teixeira A.M.S. Um novo cinodonte carnívoro (Probelesodon kitchingi, sp. nov.) do Triássico do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Comunicações do Museu de Ciencias PUCRGS 24 (1982) 1-31
176. Tiffney B.H. Land plants as food habitat in the age of dinosaurs. In: Farlow J.O., and Brett-Surman M.K. (Eds). The Complete Dinosaur (1997), Indiana University Press 352-370
177. Traverse A. Paleopalynology. Second Edition (2008), Springer, Dordrecht 813 pp
178. Twichett R.J. The Lilliput effect in the aftermath of the end-Permian extinction event. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 252 (2007) 132-144
179. Van Heerden J. Distribution and synonymy of the cynodont reptile, Thrinaxodon liorhinus. South African Journal of Science 84 (1988) 130-131
180. von Huene F. Ein Cynodontier aus des Trias Brasiliensis. Centralblatt für Mineralogie, Geologie und Paläontologie 1928B (1928) 251-270
181. von Huene F. Die fossilen Reptilien des südamerikanischen Gondwanalandes. Ergebnisse der Sauriergrabungen in Südbrasilien 1928-29. Lieferung 2. Verlag Franz F. Heine, Tübingen, 93-159 (1936)
182. Weide D.M., Sidor C.A., Angielczyk K.D., and Smith R.M.H. A new record of Procynosuchus delaharpeae (Therapsida, Cynodontia) from the Upper Permian Usili Formation, Tanzania. Palaeontologia Africana 44 (2009) 21-26
183. Willis K.J., and McElwain J.C. The Evolution of Plants (2002), Oxford University Press 378 pp
184. Wing S.L., and Sues H.-D. Mesozoic and Early Cenozoic terrestrial ecosystems. In: Behrensmeyer A.K., Damuth J.D., DiMichele W.A., Potts R., Sues H.-D., and Wings S.L. (Eds). Terrestrial Ecosystem through Time. Evolutionary Paleoecology of Terrestrial Plants and Animals (1992), University Chicago Press 327-416
185. Woods A.D. Paleoceanographic and paleoclimatic context of Early Triassic time. Compte Rendus Palevol 4 (2005) 463-472
186. Wopfner H. Tectonic and climatic events controlling deposition in Tanzanian Karoo basins. Journal of African Earth Sciences 34 (2002) 167-177