The oldest cynodont: New clues on the origin and early diversification of the Cynodontia

Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society

Volumn 149, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 477-492

  Botha, J ^a   Abdala, F ^b   Smith, R ^c  

^a NATIONAL MUSEUM   (South Africa)

^b UNIVERSITY OF THE WITWATERSRAND   (South Africa)

^c IZIKO SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM   (South Africa)

Author keywords

Karoo Basin; Non mammaliaform cynodont; Permian; South Africa

Indexed keywords

CYNODONTIA;

EID: 33847337985     PISSN: 00244082     EISSN: 10963642     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00268.x     Document Type: Article

References (81)

1. Barghusen HR. 1968. The lower jaw of cynodonts (Reptilia, Therapsida) and the evolutionary origin of mammal-like adductor musculature. Postilla 116: 1-49.
2. Battail B, Surkov M. 2000. Mammal-like reptiles from Russia. In: Benton J, Shishkin MA, Unwin DM, Kurochkin EN, eds. The age of dinosaurs in Russia and Mongolia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 17-34.
3. Bonaparte JF, Martinelli AG, Schultz CL, Rubert R. 2003. The sister group of mammals: small cynodonts from the Late Triassic of southern Brazil. Revista Brasileira Paleontologia 5: 5-27.
4. Boonstra LD. 1935. A note on the cynodont Glochinodontoides gracilis Haughton. American Museum Novitates 782: 1-6.
5. Boonstra LD. 1938. On a South African mammal-like reptile, Bauria cynops. Palaeobiologica 6: 164-183.
6. Bramble D. 1978. Origin of the mammalian feeding complex: models and mechanisms. Paleobiology 4: 271-301.
7. Brink AS. 1954. On the Whaitsiidae, a family of therocephalian mammal-like reptiles. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 34: 43-59.
8. Brink AS. 1955. On the Cynognathidae. Palaeontologia Africana 3: 47-55.
9. Brink AS. 1956. On Aneugomphius ictidoceps Broom and Robinson. Palaeontologia Africana 4: 97-115.
10. Brink AS. 1961. A new type of primitive cynodont. Palaeontologia Africana 7: 119-154.
11. Brink AS. 1963a. On Bauria cynops Broom. Palaeontologia Africana 8: 39-56.
12. Brink AS. 1963b. A new skull of the procynosuchid cynodont Leavachia duvenhagei Broom. Palaeontologia Africana 8: 57-75.
13. Brink AS. 1965a. A new large bauriamorph from the Cynognathus-Zone of South Africa. Palaeontologia Africana 9: 123-127.
14. Brink AS. 1965b. On two new specimens of Lystrosaurus-Zone cynodonts. Palaeontologia Africana 9: 107-122.
15. Brink AS. 1965c. A new ictidosuchid (Scaloposauria) from the Lystrosaurus-Zone. Palaeontologia Africana 9: 129-138.
16. Brink AS, Kitching JW. 1951. On Leavachia, a procynosuchid cynodont from the Middle Cistecephalus Zone. South African Journal of Science 47: 342-347.
17. Broili F, Schröder J. 1934. Zur Osteologie des Kopfes von Cynognathus. Sitzungsberichte der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-Naturwissenchaftliche Abteilung 1934: 95-128.
18. Broili F, Schröder J. 1935. Beobachtungen an Wirbeltieren der Karrooformation XI. Über den schädel von Cynidiognathus Haughton. Sitzungsberichte der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-Naturwissenchaftliche Abteilung 1935: 199-222.
19. Broom R. 1911. On the structure of the skull in cynodont reptiles. Proceedings of the Zoological Society 1911: 893-925.
20. Broom R. 1932. The cynodont genus Galesaurus. Annals of the Natal Museum 7: 61-66.
21. Broom R. 1936. On some new genera and species of Karroo fossil reptiles, with notes on some others. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 18: 349-386.
22. Broom R. 1937. A further contribution to our knowledge of the fossil reptiles of the Karroo. Proceedings of the Zoological Society London 107: 299-318.
23. Broom R. 1938. The origin of the cynodonts. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 19: 279-288.
24. Broom R. 1948. A contribution to our knowledge of the vertebrates of the Karoo beds of South Africa. Transactions of the Royal Society Edinburgh 61: 577-629.
25. Catuneanu O, Wopfner H, Eriksson PG, Cairncross B, Rubidge BS, Smith RMH, Hancox PJ. 2005. The Karoo basins of south-central Africa. Journal of African Earth Sciences 43: 211-253.
26. Coddington J, Scharff N. 1994. Problems with zero-length branches. Cladistics 10: 415-423.
27. Crompton AW. 1955. A revision of the Scaloposauridae with special reference to kinetism in this family. Navorsinge Van die Nasionale Museum 1: 149-183.
28. Crompton AW. 1962. On the dentition and tooth replacement in two bauriamorph reptiles. Annals of the South African Museum 46: 231-255.
29. Crompton AW. 1963. Tooth replacement in the cynodont Thrinaxodon liorhinus Seeley. Annals of the South African Museum 46: 479-521.
30. Durand JF. 1991. A revised description of the skull of Moschorhinus (Therapsida, Therocephalia). Annals of the South African Museum 99: 381-413.
31. Estes R. 1961. Cranial anatomy of the cynodont reptile Thrinaxodon liorhinus. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University 125: 165-180.
32. Fourie S. 1974. The cranial morphology of Thrinaxodon liorhinus Seeley. Annals of the South African Museum 65: 337- 400.
33. Goloboff PA. 1993. Estimating character weights during tree search. Cladistics 9: 83-91.
34. Goloboff PA, Farris JS, Nixon KC. 2003. T.N.T. tree analysis using new technology, Version 1.0. Program and documentation, available from the authors, and at http://www.zmuc.dk/public/phylogeny (2004).
35. Gow CE. 1985. Dentitions of juvenile Thrinaxodon (Reptilia: Cynodontia) and the origin of mammalian diphyodonty. Annals of the South African Geological Survey 19: 1-17.
36. Haughton SH. 1918. Investigation in South African fossil reptiles and Amphibia (Part 11). Some new carnivorous Therapsida, with notes upon the brain-case in certain species. Annals of the South African Museum 12: 175-215.
37. Hopson JA, Barghusen HB. 1986. An analysis of therapsid relationships. In: Hotton N, MacLean PD, Roth JJ, Roth EC, eds. The ecology and biology of mammal-like reptiles. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 83-106.
38. Hopson JA, Kitching JW. 1972. A revised classification of cynodonts (Reptilia; Therapsida). Palaeontologia Africana 14: 71-85.
39. Hopson JA, Kitching JW. 2001. A probainognathian cynodont from South Africa and the phylogeny of nonmammalian cynodonts. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University 156: 5-35.
40. von Huene FR. 1950. Die Theriodontier der ostafrikanischen Ruhuhu-Gebietes in der Tübinger Sammlung. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen 92: 47- 136.
41. Jenkins FA Jr. 1971. The postcranial skeleton of African cynodonts. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History 36: 1-216.
42. Kemp TS. 1972a. Whaitsiid therocephalia and the origin of cynodonts. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London B 264: 1-54.
43. Kemp TS. 1972b. The jaw articulation and musculature of the whaitsiid therocephalia. In: Joysey KA, Kemp TS, eds. Studies in vertebrate evolution. Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd, 213-230.
44. Kemp TS. 1979. The primitive cynodont Procynosuchus: functional anatomy of the skull and relationships. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London B 285: 73-122.
45. Kemp TS. 1980. The primitive cynodont Procynosuchus: structure, function and evolution of the postcranial skeleton. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London B 288: 217-258.
46. Kemp TS. 1986. The skeleton of a baurioid therocephalian therapsid from the Lower Triassic (Lystrosaurus Zone) of South Africa. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 6: 215-232.
47. King G. 1996. A description of the skeleton of a bauriid therocephalian from the Early Triassic of South Africa. Annals of the South African Museum 104: 379-393.
48. Kitching JW. 1977. The distribution of the Karroo vertebrate fauna. Memoir 1. Johannesburg: Bernard Price Institute for Palaeontological Research, University of the Witwatersrand.
49. Lipscomb DL. 1992. Parsimony, homology and the analysis of multistate characters. Cladistics 8: 45-65.
50. Lucas SG, Luo Z. 1993. Adelobasileus from the Upper Triassic of west Texas: the oldest mammal. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 13: 309-334.
51. Luo Z. 1994. Sister-group relationships of mammals and transformations of diagnostic mammalian characters. In: Fraser NC, Sues H-D, eds. In: The shadow of the dinosaurs-Early Mesozoic tetrapods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 98-128.
52. Martinez RN, May CL, Forster CA. 1996. A new carnivorous cynodont from the Ischigualasto Formation (Late Triassic, Argentina), with comments on eucynodont phylogeny. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 16: 271-284.
53. Mendrez CH. 1967. Sur quelques critères de distinction entre thérocéphales et cynodontes. Colloques Internationaux du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 163: Problèmes actuels de paléontologie (Évolution des Vertébrés), 429-437. Paris: Éditions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.
54. Mendrez CH. 1972. On the skull of Regisaurus jacobi, a new genus and species of Bauriamorpha Watson and Romer 1956 (=Scaloposauria Boonstra 1953), from the Lystrosaurus Zone. In: Joysey KA, Kemp TS, eds. Studies in vertebrate evolution. Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd, 191-212.
55. Olson EC. 1937. The cranial morphology of a new gorgonopsian. Journal of Geology 45: 511-524.
56. Olson EC. 1944. Origin of mammals based upon cranial morphology of the therapsid suborders. Special Papers, Geological Society of America 55: 1-136.
57. Owen R. 1876. Descriptive and illustrated catalogue of the fossil Reptilia of South Africa in the collection of the British Museum, London.
58. Parrington FR. 1934. On the cynodont genus Galesaurus, with a note on the functional significance of the changes in the evolution of the theriodont skull. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 10: 38-67.
59. Parrington FR. 1936. On the tooth replacement in theriodont reptiles. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London B 226: 121-142.
60. Parrington FR. 1946. On the cranial anatomy of cynodonts. Proceedings of the Zoological Society London 116: 81-197.
61. Rigney HW. 1938. The morphology of the skull of a young Galesaurus planiceps and related forms. Journal of Morphology 63: 491-529.
62. Romer AS. 1969. The Chañares (Argentina) Triassic reptile fauna. V. A new chiniquodontid cynodont, Probelesodon lewisi. Cynodont ancestry. Breviora 333: 1-24.
63. Rowe T. 1988. Definition, diagnosis and origin of Mammalia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 8: 241-264.
64. Rubidge BS, ed. 1995. Biostratigraphy of the Beaufort Group (Karoo Supergroup). Pretoria: South African Committee for Stratigraphy, Biostratigraphic Series 1.
65. Rubidge BS, Sidor CA. 2001. Evolutionary patterns among Permo-Triassic therapsids. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 32: 449-480.
66. Seeley HG. 1895. Researches on the structure, organization, and classification of the Fossil Reptilia. Part IX. Section 5. On the skeleton in new cynodontia from the Karroo rocks. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London 186: 59-148.
67. Sidor CA, Smith RMH. 2004. A new galesaurid (Therapsida: Cynodontia) from the Lower Triassic of South Africa. Palaeontology 47: 535-556.
68. Sigogneau D. 1970. Révision Systématique des Gorgonopsiens Sud-Africains. Cahiers de Paléontologie. Paris: Éditions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.
69. Sigogneau-Russell D. 1989. Theriodontia I. Encyclopedia of Paleoherpetology, part 17B/I. Stuttgart: Gustav Fischer Verlag.
70. Smith RMH. 1987. Morphology and depositional history of exhumed Permian point bars in the southwestern Karoo, South Africa. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 57: 19-29.
71. Sues H-D, Boy JA. 1988. A procynosuchid cynodont from central Europe. Nature 331: 523-524.
72. Tatarinov LP. 1968. Morphology and systematics of the Northern Dvina cynodonts (Reptilia, Therapsida; Upper Permian). Postilla 125: 1-51.
73. Tatarinov LP. 1987. A new primitive cynodont from the Upper Permian of Southern Cisuralia. Paleontological Journal 3: 110-114.
74. Tatarinov LP. 2004. Late Permian theriodonts (Reptilia) from the Gorokhovetz locality (Russia, Vladimir Region). Paleontological Journal 38: 81-83.
75. Van den Heever JA. 1987. The comparative and functional cranial morphology of the Early Therocephalia (Amniota: Therapsida). PhD thesis, University of Stellenbosch.
76. Van den Heever JA. 1994. The cranial anatomy of the Early Therocephalia (Amniota: Therapsida). Annals of the University of Stellenbosch 1994/1: 1-59.
77. Van Heerden J. 1972. Intraspecific variations and growth changes in the cynodont reptile Thrinaxodon liorhinus. Navorsinge Van die Nasionale Museum 2: 307-347.
78. Van Heerden J. 1976. The cranial anatomy of Nanictosaurus rubidgei Broom and the classification of the Cynodontia (Reptilia: Therapsida). Navorsinge Van die Nasionale Museum 3: 141-164.
79. Van Heerden J, Rubidge B. 1990. The affinities of the early cynodont reptile Nanictosaurus. Palaeontogia Africana 27: 41-44.
80. Watson DMS. 1920. On the cynodontia. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 9: 506-524.
81. Wible JR. 1991. Origin of Mammalia: the craniodental evidence reexamined. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 11: 1-28.