Review of the tetrapod fauna of the "Lower Stormberg Group" of the main Karoo Basin (southern Africa): Implication for the age of the Lower Elliot Formation;Revue de la faune de tétrapodes du « groupe de Stormberg inférieur » du bassin principal du Karoo (Afrique australe): implication pour l'âge de la formation Elliot inférieure

Bulletin de la Societe Geologique de France

Volumn 175, Issue 1, 2004, Pages 73-83

  Knoll, Fabien ^a,b  

^a Museum des Sciences Naturelles   (France)

^b MUSÉUM NATIONAL D'HISTOIRE NATURELLE   (France)

Author keywords

Correlations; Lesotho; Lower Jurassic; South Africa; Tetrapods; Upper Triassic

Indexed keywords

BIOSTRATIGRAPHY; FOSSIL ASSEMBLAGE; NORIAN; TETRAPOD;

AFRICA; KAROO BASIN; SOUTH AFRICA; SOUTHERN AFRICA; SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA;

EID: 1642320362     PISSN: 00379409     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2113/175.1.73     Document Type: Article

References (155)

1. ABDALA F., RIBEIRO A.M. & SCHULTZ C.L. (2001). - A rich cynodont fauna of Santa Cruz do Sul. Santa Maria Formation (Middle-Late Triassic), southern Brazil. - N. Jb. Geol. Paläont. Mh., 11, 669-687.
2. AMBROSE D. (1993). - Maseru : an illustrated history. - Morija Museum & Archives, Morija, 256 p.
3. ANDERSON H.M. & ANDERSON J.M. (1970). - A preliminary review of the biostratigraphy of the uppermost Permian, Triassic and lowermost Jurassic of Gondwanaland. - Palaeont. Afric., 13, suppl., 1-22.
4. ANDERSON J.M., ANDERSON H.M. & CRUICKSHANK A.R.I. (1998). - Late Triassic ecosystems of the Molteno/Lower Elliot biome of southern Africa. - Palaeont., 41, 3, 387-421.
5. APPLEBY R.M., CHARIG A.J., COX C.B., KERMACK K.A. & TARLO L.B.H. (1967). - Reptilla. In : W.B. HARLAND, C.H. HOLLAND, M.R. HOUSE, N.F. HUGHES, A.B. REYNOLDS, M.J.S. RUDWICK, G.E. SATTERTHWAITE, L.B.H. TARLO & E.C. WILLEY, Eds., The fossil record. - Geological Society of London, London, 685-731.
6. BARRETT P.M. (2000). - Prosauropod dinosaurs and iguanas : speculations on the diets of extinct reptiles. In : H.-D. SUES, Ed., Evolution of herbivory in terrestrial vertebrates : perspectives from the fossil record. - Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 42-78.
7. BATTAIL B. (1991). - Les Cynodontes (Reptilia, Therapsida) : une phylogénie. - Bull. Mus. natl. Hist. nat., sect. C, 13, 1-2, 17-105.
8. BATTAIL B. (1993). - On the biostratigraphy of Triassic therapsid-bearing formations. - N. Mex. Mus. Nat. Hist. Sci. Bull., 3, 31-35.
9. BATTAIL B. (2001). - A short review of studies on cynodonts. - Asoc. Paleont. Argent., Publ. Espec., 7, 29-38.
10. BENTON M.J. (1993). - Reptilia. In : M.J. BENTON, Ed., The Fossil Record 2. - Chapman & Hall, London, 681-715.
11. BENTON M.J. (1994). - Late Triassic to Middle Jurassic extinctions among continental tetrapods : testing the pattern. In : N.C. FRASER & H.-D. SUES, Eds., In the shadow of the dinosaurs : early Mesozoic tetrapods. - Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 366-397.
12. BENTON M.J., JUUL L., STORRS G.W. & CALTON P.M. (2000). - Anatomy and systematics of the prosauropod dinosaur Thecodonotosaurus antiquus from the Upper Triassic of southwest England. - J. Vert. Paleont., 20, 1, 77-108.
13. BONAPARTE J.F. (1970). - Annotated list of the South American Triassic tetrapods. In : S.H. HAUGHTON, Ed., Proceedings and papers of the second Gondwana symposium. - Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, 665-682.
14. BOONSTRA L.D. (1947). - Notes on some Stormberg fossil bones from Basutoland. In : G.M. STOCKLEY, Ed., Report on the geology of Basutoland. - The Authority of the Basutoland Government, Maseru, 94-95.
15. BRINK A.S. (1955). - On the Cynognathidae. - Palaeont. Afric., 3, 47-55.
16. BROOM R. (1911). - On the dinosaurs of the Stormberg, South Africa. - Ann. South Afric. Mus., 7, 4, 291-308.
17. CAIRNCROSS B., ANDERSON J.M. & ANDERSON H.M. (1995). - Palaeoecology of the Triassic Molteno Formation. Karoo Basin, South Africa - sedimentological and palaeontological evidence. - South Afric. J. Geol., 98, 4, 452-478.
18. CARROLL R.L. (1988). - Vertebrate paleontology and evolution. - W.H. Freeman and company, New York, 698 p.
19. CHARIG A.J., ATTRIDGE J. & CROMPTON A.W. (1965). - On the origin of the sauropods and the classification of the Saurischia. - Proc. Linn. Soc. London. 176, 2, 197-221.
20. COOPER M.J. (1980). - The first record of the prosauropod dinosaur Euskelosaurus from Zimbabwe. - Arnoldia Zimb., 9, 3, 1-17.
21. COOPER M.J. (1982). - A Mid-Permian to earliest Jurassic tetrapod biostratigraphy and its significance. - Arnoldia Zimb., 9, 7, 77-104.
22. COSTEDOAT D. (1962). - Etude de quelques reptiles fossiles. - Mém. D.E.S., Univ. Paris, 75 p.
23. CROMPTON A.W. & ELLENBERGER F. (1957). - On a new cynodont from the Molteno beds and the origin of the tritylodontids. - Ann. South Afric. Mus., 44, 1, 1-13.
24. CUNY G. (1993). - Evolution des faunes de vertébrés à la limite Trias-Jurassique en France et au Luxembourg : implications à l'Europe occidentale. - Mém. Sci. Terre. Univ. P. et M. Curie, 93.21, 235 p.
25. CUNY G. (1995). - French vertebrate faunas and the Triassic-Jurassic boundary. - Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol., Palaeoecol., 119, 3-4, 343-358.
26. DAMIANI R.J. (2001). - A systematic revision and phylogenetic analysis of Triassic mastodonsauroids (Temnospondyli : Stereospondyli). - Zool. J. Linn. Soc., 133, 4, 379-482.
27. DEMATIHEU G.R. (1980). - Comparaison des informations fournies par l'ichnologie des Vertébrés et par la paléontologie ostéologique dans le domaine de la chronologie. - Bull. Sci. Bourgogne, 34, 5-12.
28. DEMATHIEU G.R. & HAUBOLD H. (1974). - Evolution und Lebensgemeinschaft terrestrischer Tetrapoden nach ihren Fährten in der Trias. - Freiberger Forschh., C, 298, 51-72.
29. DEMATHIEU G.R. & SCAU J. (1992). - Des pistes de dinosaures et de crocodiliens dans les dolomies de l'Hettangien du Causse du Larzac. - C. R. Acad. Sci., Paris, sér. II, 315, 12, 1561-1566.
30. DEMATHIEU G.R. & SCIAU J. (1995). - L'ichnofaune hettangienne d'Archosauriens de Sauclières, Aveyron, France. - Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Autun, 151, 5-46.
31. DINGLE R.V., SIESSER W.G. & NEWTON A.R. (1983). - Mesozoic and Tertiary geology of southern Africa. - A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, 375 p.
32. DUNN E.J. (1878). - Report on the Stormberg coalfields. - Cape of Good Hope Parliament Rep., 1878, 4, 267-302.
33. ELLENBERGER F. & ELLENBERGER P. (1956). - Quelques précisions sur la série du Stormberg au Basutoland (Afrique du Sud). - C. R. Acad. Sci., Paris, 242, 6, 799-801.
34. ELLENBERGER F. & ELLENBERGER P. (1959). - Principaux types de pistes de vertébrés dans les couches du Stormberg au Basutoland (Afrique du Sud). - C. R. somm. Séances Soc. géol. France, 1958, 3-4, 65-67.
35. ELLENBERGER F. & ELLENBERGER P. (1960). - Sur une nouvelle dalle à pistes de vertébrés découverte au Basutoland (Afrique du Sad). - C. R. somm. Séances Soc. géol. France, 1960, 9, 236-237.
36. ELLENBERGER F., ELLENBERGER P. & GINSBURG L. (1967). - The appearance and evolution of dinosaurs in the Trias and Lias : a comparison between South African Upper Karoo and western Europe based on vertebrate footprints. In : International Symposium on Gondwana Geology. - UNESCO, Mar del Plata, 333-354.
37. ELLENBERGER F., ELLENBERGER P. & GINSBURG L. (1970). - Les dinosaures du Trias et du Lias en France et en Afrique du Sud, d'après les pistes qu'ils ont laissées. - Bull. Soc. géol. Fr., XII, 1, 151-159.
38. ELLENBERGER F., ELLENBERGER P., FABRE J., GINSBURG L. & MENDREZ C. (1964). - The Stormberg Series of Basutoland (South Africa). In : R.K. SUNDARAM, Ed., Proceedings of the XXII International Geological Congress. - XXII International Geological Congress, New Delhi, 320-330.
39. ELLENBERGER F. & GINSBURG L. (1966). - Le gisement de dinosauriens triasiques de Maphutseng (Basutoland) et l'origine des sauropodes. - C. R. Acad. Sci., Paris, sér. D, 262, 4, 444-447.
40. ELLENBERGER P. (1955). - Note préliminaire sur les pistes et les restes osseux de vertébrés du Basutoland (Afrique du Sud). - C. R. Acad. Sci., Paris, 240, 8, 889-891.
41. ELLENBERGER P. (1965). - Découverte de pistes de vertébrés dans le Permien, le Trias et le Lias inférieur, aux abords de Toulon (Var) et d'Anduze (Gard). - C. R. Acad. Sci., Paris, 260, 22, 5856-5859.
42. ELLENBERGER P. (1970). - Les niveaux paléontologiques de première apparition des mammifères primordiaux en Afrique du Sud et leur ichnologie : établissement de zones stratigraphiques détaillées dans le Stormberg du Lesotho (Afrique du Sud) (Trias supérieur à Jurassique). In : S.H. HAUGHTON, Ed., Proceedings and papers of the second Gondwana symposium. - Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, 343-370.
43. ELLENBERGER P. (1972). - Contribution à la classification des pistes de Vertébrés du Trias : les types du Stormberg d'Afrique du Sud (I). Palaeovertebrata. Mém. extr., 1972, 1-152.
44. ELLENBERGER P. (1974). - Contribution à la classification des pistes de vertébrés du Trias : les types du Stormberg d'Afrique du Sud. Deuxième partie : le Stormberg supérieur. - Palaeovertebrata, Mém. extr., 1974, 1-141.
45. ELLENBERGER P. (1975). - L'explosion démographique des petits quadrupèdes à allure de mammifères dans le Stormberg supérieur (Trias) d'Afrique du Sud ; aperçu sur leur origine au Permien (France et Karroo). - Colloq. Int. Cent. natl. Rech. sci., 218, 409-431.
46. ELLENBERGER P. (1978). - L'origine des oiseaux. - Mém. Trav. Ecole prat. Hautes Etud., Inst. Montpellier, 4, 1, 91-117.
47. ELLENBERGER P. (1993). - Cosesaurus aviceps : Vertébré aviforme du Trias moyen de Catalogne. - Mém. Univ. Sci. Tech. Languedoc, 741 p.
48. EVANS S.E., PRASAD G.V.R. & MANHAS B. (2000). - Jurassic vertebrates from India : new microvertebrates from the Kota Formation of India. - J. Vert. Paleont., 20, suppl. 3, 40A.
49. FARLOW J.O. & LOCKLEY M.G. (1993). - An osteometric approach to the identification of the makers of early Mesozoic tridactyl dinosaur footprints. - N. Mex. Mus. Nat. Hist. Sci. Bull., 3, 123-131.
50. FRASER N.C. & SUES H.-D. (1994). - Faunal assemblages. In : N.C. FRASER & H.-D. SUES, Eds., In the shadow of the dinosaurs : early Mesozoic tetrapods. - Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 129-130.
51. GALTON P.M. (1985). - The poposaurid thecodontian Teratosaurus suevicus v. MEYER, plus referred specimens mostly based on prosauropod dinosaurs, from the Middle Stubensandstein (Upper Triassic) of Nordwürttemberg. - Stuttgarter Beitr. Natkd., Ser. B (Geol. Paläont.), 116, 1-29.
52. GALTON P.M. (2001a). - Prosauropod dinosaurs from the Upper Triassic of Germany. In : C. FUENTES VIDARTE & F. TORCIDA FERNÁNDEZ-BALDOR, Eds., Actas de las I Jornadas Internacionales sobre Paleontologia de Dinosaurios y su Entorno. - Colectivo Arqueológico-Paleontológico de Salas. Salas de los Infantes, 25-92.
53. GALTON P.M. (2001b). - The prosauropod dinosaur Plateosaurus MEYER, 1837 (Saurischia : Sauropodomorpha ; Upper Triassic). II. Notes on the referred species. - Rev. Paléobiol., 20, 2, 435-502.
54. GALTON P.M. & VAN HEERDEN J. (1985). - Partial hindlimb of Blikanasaurus cromptoni n. gen. and n. sp., representing a new family of prosauropod dinosaurs from the Upper Triassic of South Africa. - Geobios, 18, 4, 509-516.
55. GALTON P.M. & VAN HEERDEN J. (1998). - Anatomy of the prosauropod dinosaur Blikanasaurus cromptoni (Upper Triassic, South Africa). with notes on the other tetrapods from the lower Elliot Formation. - Paläont. Z., 72, 1-2, 163-177.
56. GAND G.. VIANEY-LIAUD M., DEMATHIEU G. & GARRIC J. (2000). - Deux nouvelles traces de pas de dinosaures du Trias supérieur de la bordure cévenole (La Grand-Combe, Sud-Est de In France). - Geobios, 33, 5, 599-624.
57. GAUFFRE F.-X. (1993). - Biochronostratigraphy ofthe Lower Elliot Formation (southern Africa) and preliminary results on the Maphutseng dinosaur (Saurischia : Prosauropoda) from the same formation of Lesotho. - N. Mex. Mus. Hist. Sci. Bull., 3, 147-149.
58. GAUFFRE F.-X. (1996). - Phylogénie des dinosaures prosauropodes et étude d'un prosauropode du Trias supérieur d'Afrique australe. - Thèse Dr., Mus. natl. Hist. Nat., 156 p.
59. GIERLINSKI G. (1999). - Tracks of a large thyreophoran dinosaur from the early Jurassic of Poland. - Acta Palaeont. Pol., 44, 2, 231-234.
60. GINSBURG L. (1966). - Sur les traces des dinosaures. - Sci. Arenir, 233, 476-481.
61. ie, Paris, 14, 3, 1161-1332.
62. GOW C.E. & HANCOX P.J. (1993). - First complete skull of the late Triassic Scalenodontoides (Reptilia Cynodontia) from southern Africa. - N. Mex. Mus. Nat. Hist. Sci. Bull., 3, 161-168.
63. GOW C.E. & LATIMER E.M., (1999). - Preliminary report of dinosaur tracks in Qwa Qwa, South Africa. - Palaeont. Afric., 35, 41-43.
64. GRADSTEIN F.M. & OGG J.G. (1996). - A Phanerozoic time scale. - Episodes, 19, 1-2, 3-5.
65. HALLAM A. (2002). - How catastrophic was the end-Triassic mass extinction? - Lethaia, 35, 2, 147-157.
66. HANCOX P.J. (1998). - A stratigraphic, sedimentological and palaeoenvironmental synthesis of the Beaufort-Molteno contact in the Karoo basin. - Ph.D. diss., Univ. Witwatersrand, 520 p.
67. HANCOX P.J. (2000). - The Continental Triassic of South Africa. - Zbl. Geol. Paläont., 1998, 11-12, 1285-1324.
68. HAUBOLD H. (1971). - Ichnia Amphibiorom et Reptiliorum fossilium. - G. Fisher, Stuttgart, 124 p.
69. HAUBOLD H. (1984). - Saurierfährten. - A. Ziemsen, Wittenberg Lutherstadt, 231 p.
70. HAUBOLD H. (1986). - Archosaur footprints at the terrestrial Triassic-Jurassic transition. In : K. PADIAN, Ed.. The beginning of the age of dinosaurs. - Cambridge University Press, London, 189-201.
71. HECKERT A.B. & LUCAS S.G. (1999). - Global correlation and chronology of Triassic theropods (Archosauria : Dinosauria). - Albertiana, 23, 22-35.
72. HECKERT A.B. & LUCAS S.G. (2000a). - Taxonomy, phylogeny, biostratigraphy, biochronology. paleobiogeography, and evolution of the late Triassic Aetosauria (Archosauria : Crurotarsi). - Zbl. Geol. Paläont., 1998, 11-12, 1539-1587.
73. HECKERT A.B. & LUCAS S.G. (2000b). - Global correlation of the Triassic theropod record. - Gaia, 15, 63-74.
74. HITCHCOCK E. (1865). - Supplement to the Ichnology of New England. - W. White, Boston, 96 p.
75. HOPSON J.A. (1975). - On the generic separation of the ornithischian dinosaurs Lychorhinus and Heterodontosaurus from the Stormbeg Series (Upper Triassic) of South Africa. - South Afric. J. Sci., 71, 10, 302-305.
76. HOPSON J.A. (1980). - Tooth function and replacement in early Mesozoic ornithischian dinosaurs : implications for aestivation. - Lethaia, 13, 1, 93-105.
77. HOPSON J.A. (1984). - Late Triassic traversodont cynodonts from Nova Scotia and southern Africa. - Palaeont. Africa., 25, 181-201.
78. HUENE F. VON. (1911 ). - Über Erythrosuchus. Vertreter der neuen Reptil-Ordnung Pelycosimia. - Geol. Palaeont. Abh., 10, 1-60.
79. HUENE F. VON. (1932). - Die fossile Reptil-Ordnung Saurischia, ihre Entwicklung und Geschichte. - Monogr. Geol. Paläont., 4, i-viii, 1-361.
80. HUNT A.P. (1991). - The early diversification pattern of dinosaurs in the late Triassic. - Mod. Geol., 16, 1-2, 43-60.
81. HUNT A.P., LOCKLEY M.G. & LUCAS S.G. (1993a). - Vertebrate and invertebrate tracks and trackways from Upper Triassic strata of the Tucumcari basin, east-central New Mexico, USA. - N. Mex. Mus. Nat. Hist. Sci. Bull., 3, 199-201.
82. HUNT A.P., LOCKLEY M.G., LUCAS S.G. & BIRCHEFF P. (1993b). - Vertebrate and invertebrate tracks and trackways from Upper Triassic strata of the Tucumcari Basin, east-central New Mexico. - N. Mex. Geol., 15, 76.
83. HUNT A.P., LUCAS S.G., HECKERT A.B., SULLIVAN R.M. & LOCKLEY M. (1998). - Late Triassic dinosaurs from the Western United States. - Geobios, 31, 4, 511-531.
84. KITCHING J.W. & RAATH M.A. (1984). - Fossils from the Elliot and Clarens Formations (Karoo Sequence) of the northeastern Cape Province, Orange Free State and Lesotho, and a suggested biozonation based on tetrapods. - Palaeont. Afric., 25, 111-125.
85. KNOLL F. (2002a). Les Fabrosauridae Galton, 1972 (Dinosauria : Ornithischia) : répartition géographique et stratigraphique ; systématique et phylogénie. - Thèse Dr., Mus. natl. Hist. Nat., 243 p.
86. KNOLL F. (2002b). - New field works in the Upper Triassic-Lower Jurassic of Lesotho : preliminary results. - J. Vert. Paleont., 22, suppl. 3, 75A.
87. KNOLL F. & BATTAIL B. (2001). - New ornithischian remains from the Upper Elliot Formation (Lower Jurassic) of Lesotho and stratigraphical distribution of southern African fabrosaurids. - Geobios, 34, 4, 415-421.
88. LANGER M., ABDALA F., RICHTER M. & BENTON M.J. (1999). - A sauropodomorph dinosaur from the Upper Triassic (Carnian) of southern Brazil. - C. R. Acd. Sci., Paris, Sci. Terr. Planét., 329, 7, 511-517.
89. LANGER M., BONIFACE M., CUNY G. & BARBIERI L. (2000). - The phylogenetic position of Isalorhynchus genovefae, a late Triassic rhynchosaur from Madagascar. - Ann. Paléont., 86, 2, 101-127.
90. LOCKLEY M.G., CONRAD K., PAQUETTE M. & FARLOW J.O. (1992). - Distribution and significance of Mesozoic vertebrate trace fossils in Dinosaur National Monument. - Annu. Rep. Natl. Park Serv. Cent., 16, 74-85.
91. LOCKLEY M.G. & HUNT A.P. (1995). - Dinosaur tracks and other fossil footprints of the western United States. - Columbia University Press, New York, 338 p.
92. LOCKLEY M.G., LUCAS S.G. & HUNT A.P. (2000). - Dinosaur tracksites in New Mexico : a review. - N. Mex. Mus. Nat. Hist. Sci. Bull., 17, 9-16.
93. LOCKLEY M.G. & MEYER C. (2000). - Dinosaur tracks and other fossil footprints of Europe. - Columbia University Press, New York, 323 p.
94. LOCKLEY M.G. & RAINFORTH F.C. (2002). - The track record of Mesozoic birds and pterosaurs : an ichnological and paleoecological perspective. In : L.M. CHIAPPE & L.M. WITMER, Eds., Mesozoic birds : above the heads of dinosaurs. - University of California Press, Berkeley, 405-418.
95. LOCKLEY M.G., SANTOS V.F. & HUNT A.P. (1993). - A new late Triassic tracksite from the Sheep Pen Sandstone. Sloan Canyon, Cimmarron Valley, New Mexico. - N. Mex. Mus. Nat. Hist. Sci. Bull., 3, 285-291.
96. LOCKLEY M.G., WRIGHT J.L., HUNT A.P. & LUCAS S.G. (2001). - The late Triassic sauropod track record comes into focus : old legacies and new paradigms. - N. Mex. Geol. Soc. Guideb., 52, 181-190.
97. LOCKLEY M.G., YANG S.Y., MATSUKAWA M., FLEMING F. & LIM S.K. (1992). - The track record of Mesozoic birds : evidence and implications. - Phil. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. B, 336, 1277, 113-134.
98. LUCAS S.G. (1994). - Triassic tetrapod extinctions and the compiled correlation effect. - Canad. Soc. Petrol. Geol., Mem., 17, 869-875.
99. LUCAS S.G. (1998). - Global Triassic tetrapod biostratigraphy and biochronology. - Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimatol., Palaeoecol., 143, 4, 347-384.
100. LUCAS S.G. (1999). - Tetrapod-based correlation of the nonmarine Triassic. - Zbl. Geol. Paläont., 1998, 7-8, 497-521.
101. LUCAS S.G. & HANCOX P.J. (2001). - Tetrapod-based correlation of the nonmarine Upper Triassic of southern Africa. - Albertiana, 25, 5-9.
102. LUCAS S.G. & HUNT A.P. (1994). - The chronology and paleobiogeography of mammalians origins. In : N.C. FRASER & H.-D. SUES, Eds., In the shadow of the dinosaurs : early Mesozoic tetrapods. - Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 335-351.
103. MATSUKAWA M., LOCKLEY M. & LI J. (2002). - Crouching dinosaur, hidden taxa : a new look at early Jurassic ichnofaunas from China. - J. Vert. Paleont., 22, suppl. 3, 85A.
104. MELCHOR R.N. & DE VALAIS S. (2002). - Overview of the Triassic footprint record from Argentina. - J. Vert. Paleont., 22, suppl. 3, 87A.
105. MELCHOR R.N., DE VALAIS S. & GENISE J.F. (2002). - Bird-like fossil footprint from the late Triassic. - Nature, 417, 6892, 936-938.
106. OCHEV V.G. & SHISHKIN M.A. (1989). - On the principles of global correlation of the continental Triassic on the Tetrapods. - Acta Palaeont. Pol., 34, 2, 149-173.
107. OLSEN P.E. (1980). - Triassic and Jurassic formations of the Newark Basin. In : W. MANSPEIZER, Ed., Field studies of New Jersey geology and guide to field trips. - Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, 2-39.
108. OLSEN P.E. & GALTON P.M. (1977). - Triassic-Jurassic tetrapod extinctions : are they real ? - Science, 197, 4307, 983-986.
109. OLSEN P.E. & GALTON P.M., (1984). - A review of the reptile and amphibian assemblages from the Stormberg of southern Africa, with special emphasis on the footprints and the age of the Stormberg. - Palaeont. Afric., 25, 87-110.
110. OLSEN P.E., KENT D.V., SUES H.-D., KOEBERL C.. HUBER H., MONTANARI A., RAINFORTH E.C.. FOWELL S.J., SZAJNA M.J. & HARTLINE B.W. (2002). - Ascent of dinosaurs linked to an iridium anomaly at the Triassic-Jurassic boundary, - Science, 296, 5571, 1305-1307.
111. OLSEN P.E., MCCUNE, A.R. & THOMSON K.S. (1982). - Correlation of the early Mesozoic Newark Supergroup by Vertebrates, principally fishes. - Amer. J. Sci., 282, 1, 1-44.
112. OLSEN P.E. & PADIAN K. (1986). - Earliest records of Batrachopus from the southwestern United States, and a revision of some early Mesozoic crocodylomorph ichnogenera. In : K. PADIAN, Ed., The beginning of the age of dinosaurs. - Cambridge University Press, London, 259-273.
113. OLSEN P.E. & SUES H.-D. (1986). - Correlation of continental late Triassic and early Jurassic sediments, and patterns of the Triassic-Jurassic tetrapod transition. In : K. PADIAN, Ed., The beginning of the age of dinosaurs. - Cambridge University Press, London, 321-351.
114. PADIAN K. (1997). - Origin of dinosaurs. In : P.J. CURRIE & K. PADIAN, Eds., Encyclopedia of dinosaurs. - Academic Press, New York, 481-486.
115. 39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. - Canad. J. Earth Sci., 37, 6, 923-944.
116. PAUL G.S. (1988). - Predatory dinosaurs of the world. - Touchstone, New York, 464 p.
117. PISANI D., YATES A.M., LANGER M.C. & BENTON M.J. (2002). - A genus-level supertree of the Dinosauria. - Proc. R. Soc. London, ser. B, 269, 1494, 915-921.
118. RAATH M.A. (1996). - Earliest evidence of dinosaurs from central Gondwana. - Mem. Queensland Mus., 39, 3, 703-709.
119. RAATH M.A., KITCHING J.W., SHONE R.W. & ROSSOUW G.J. (1990). - Dinosaur tracks in Triassic Molteno sediments : the earliest evidence of dinosaurs in South Africa ? - Palaeont. Afric., 27, 89-85.
120. RAINFORTH E.C. (1997). - Vertebrate ichnological diversity and census studies. Lower Jurassic Navajo Sandstone. - Master Sci. rep., Univ. Colorado Boulder, 49 p.
121. RAINFORTH E.C. (2000). - The early Jurassic ichnogenus Otozoum. - Abstr. programs Geol. Soc. Amer, 32, 1, 67.
122. RAINFORTH E.C. (2001). - Late Triassic-early Jurassic dinosaur ichnofaunas, eastern North America and southern Africa. - J. Vert. Paleont., 21, suppl. 3, 91 A.
123. RAINFORTH E.C. (2002). - The Pangean ichnites Otozoum and Pseudotetrasauropus : an example of relationships among and between tetrapod ichnotaxa and skeletal taxa. - J. Vert. Paleont., 22, suppl. 3, 98A.
124. RAY S. & CHINSAMY A. (2002). - A theropod tooth from the late Triassic of southern Africa. - J. Biosci., 27, 3, 295-298.
125. ROMER A.S. (1956). - Osteology of the reptiles. - The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 772 p.
126. rd edition. - The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 468 p.
127. ROMER A.S. (1975). - Intercontinental correlations of Triassic Gondwana vertebrate faunas. In : K.S.W. CAMPBELL, Ed., Gondwana geology. - Australian National University Press, Canberra, 469-473.
128. RUBIDGE B. & HANCOX J. (2002). - The Karoo Supergroup : a geological and palaeontological superlative. - Rocks Miner., 77, 1, 54-59.
129. SANDER P.M. (1992). - The Norian Plateosaurus bonebeds of Central Europe and their taphonomy. - Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimatol., Palaeoecol., 93, 3-4, 255-299.
130. SANDER P.M. (1999). - Die Plateosaurus "Friedhöfe" im Keuper : Belege für einen Massentod ? In : N. HAUSCHKE & V. WILDE, Eds., Trias, eine ganz andere Welt : Mitteleuropa im frühen Erdmittelalter. - F. Pfeil, München, 419-426.
131. SANTA LUCA A.P., CROMPTON A.W. & CHARIG A.J. (1976). - A complete skeleton of the late Triassic ornithischian Heterodontosaurus tucki. - Nature, 264, 5584, 324-328.
132. SCHMITZ G. & ROOYANI F. (1987). - Lesotho geology, geomorphology, soils. - The National University of Lesotho, Morija, 204 p.
133. SCHOCH R. & WILD R. (1999). - Die Wirbeltier-Fauna im Keuper von Süddeutschland. In : N. HAUSCHKE & V. WILDE, Eds., Trias, eine ganz andere Welt : Mitteleuropa im frühen Erdmittelalter. - F. Pfeil, München, 395-408.
134. SEELEY H.G. (1894). - On Euskelosaurus bnownii (HUXLEY). - Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 14, 83, 317-340.
135. SERENO P.C. (1998). - A rationale for phylogenetic definitions, with application to the higher-level taxonomy of Dinosauria. - N. Jb. Geol. Paläont. Abh., 210, 1, 41-83.
136. SHUBIN N.H. & SUES H.-D. (1991). - Biogeography of early Mesozoic continental tetrapods : patterns and implications. - Paleobiol., 17, 3, 214-230.
137. SIGOGNEAU-RUSSELL D. & HAHN G. (1994). - Late Triassic microvertebrates from central Europe. In : N.C. FRASER & H.-D. SUES, Eds., In the shadow of the dinosaurs : early Mesozoic tetrapods. - Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 197-213.
138. SMITH R.M.H. & KITCHING J. (1997). - Sedimentology and vertebrate taphonomy of the Tritylodon Acme Zone : a reworked palaeosol in the Lower Jurassic Elliot Formation, Karoo Supergroup, South Africa. - Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimatol., Palaeoecol., 131, 1, 29-50.
139. SOUTH AFRICAN COMMITTEE FOR STRATIGRAPHY (1980). - Lithostratigraphy of the Republic of South Africa, South West Africa/Namibia and the Republics of Bophuthatswana. Transkei and Venda. - Handb. Geol. Surv. South Africa, 8, 1, 1-690.
140. STOCKLEY G.M. (1947). - Report on the geology of Basutoland. - The Authority of the Basutoland Government, Maseru. 114 p.
141. SUES H.-D. & OLSEN P.E. (1990). - Triassic vertebrates of Gondwanan aspect from the Richmond basin of Virginia. - Science, 249, 4972, 1020-1023.
142. THULBORN R.A. (1990). - Dinosaur tracks. - Chapman & Hall, London, 410 p.
143. TURNER B.R. (1972). - Revision of the stratigraphic position of cynodonts from the Upper part of the Karoo (Gondwana) system in Lesotho. - Geol. Mag., 109, 4, 349-360.
144. TURNER B.R. (1983). - Braidplain deposition of the Upper Triassic Molteno Formation in the main Karoo (Gondwana) Basin, South Africa. - Sedimentol., 30, 1, 77-89.
145. UPCHURCH P., HUNN C.A. & NORMAN D.B. (2002). - An analysis of dinosaurian biogeography : evidence for the existence of vicariance and dispersal patterns caused by geological events. - Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. B, 269, 1491, 613-621.
146. VAN HEERDEN J. (1979). - The morphology and taxonomy of Euskelosaurus (Reptilia : Saurischia : late Triassic) from South Africa. - Navor. Nasl. Mus., 4, 2, 21-84.
147. VISSCHER H. (1992). - The new STS Triassic stage nomenclature. - Albertiana, 10, 1.
148. VISSER J.N.J. (1984). - A review of the Stormberg Group and the Drakensberg volcanics in southern Africa. - Palaeont. Afric., 25, 5-27.
149. WARREN A. & DAMIANI R. (1999). - Stereospondyl amphibians from the Elliot Formation of South Africa. - Palaeont. Afric., 35, 45-54.
150. WELMAN J. (1995). - The evolution of the braincase of early diapsids and its bearing on the origin of dinosaurs, crocodiles and birds. - Ph.D. diss., Univ. Orange Free State, 196 p.
151. WELMAN J. (1999). - The basicranium of a basal prosauropod from the Euskelosaurus range zone and thoughts on the origin of dinosaurs. - J. Afric. Earth Sci., 29, 1, 227-232.
152. WELMAN J. (2000). - Cool brained "Euskelosaurus" and the origin of dinosaurs. - Culna, 55, 24-26.
153. WING S.L., SUES H.-D., TIFFNEY B.H., STUCKY R.K., WEISHAMPEL D.B., SPICER R.A., JABLONSKI D., BADGLEY C.E., WILSON M.V.H. & KOVACH W.L. (1992). - Mesozoic and early Cenozoic terrestrial ecosystems. In : A.K. BEHRENSMEYER, J.D. DAMUTH, W.A. DIMICHELE, R. POTTS, H.-D. SUES & S.L. WING, Eds., Terrestrial ecosystems through time : evolutionary paleoecology of terrestrial plants and animals. - The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 327-416.
154. YATES A.M. (2001). - A new look at Thecodontosaurus and the origin of sauropod dinosaur. - J. Vert. Paleont., 21, suppl. 3, 116A.
155. YATES A.M. (2003). - A new species of the primitive dinosaur Thecodontosaurus (Saurischia : Sauropodomorpha) and its implications for the systematics of early dinosaurs. - J. Syst. Palaeont., 1, 1, 1-42.