Angiotensin II and neurohumoral control of the renal medullary circulation

Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology

Volumn 37, Issue 2, 2010, Pages

  Evans, Roger G ^a   Head, Geoffrey A ^b   Eppel, Gabriela A ^a   Burke, Sandra L ^b   Rajapakse, Niwanthi W ^a  

^a MONASH UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^b BAKER IDI HEART AND DIABETES INSTITUTE   (Australia)

Author keywords

Hypertension; Kidney circulation; Nitric oxide; Obesity; Renin angiotensin system; Renovascular hypertension

Indexed keywords

1 (4 DIMETHYLAMINO 3 METHYLBENZYL) 5 DIPHENYLACETYL 4,5,6,7 TETRAHYDRO 1H IMIDAZO[4,5 C]PYRIDINE 6 CARBOXYLIC ACID; ANGIOTENSIN II; CANDESARTAN; NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE INHIBITOR; RHO KINASE; THROMBOXANE;

BLOOD PRESSURE REGULATION; CALCIUM CELL LEVEL; DRUG BIOAVAILABILITY; DRUG EFFECT; DRUG HALF LIFE; KIDNEY CIRCULATION; KIDNEY MEDULLA; KIDNEY NERVE; KIDNEY TUBULE; NEUROTRANSMISSION; NONHUMAN; OBESITY; OXIDATIVE STRESS; RECEPTOR BLOCKING; RENIN ANGIOTENSIN ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM; RENOVASCULAR HYPERTENSION; REVIEW;

ANGIOTENSIN II; ANIMALS; DOGS; HYPERTENSION, RENAL; KIDNEY MEDULLA; MICE; NITRIC OXIDE; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PROSTAGLANDINS; RABBITS; RATS; RENAL CIRCULATION; RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM; SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM; VASOCONSTRICTION; VASOCONSTRICTOR AGENTS; VASODILATOR AGENTS;

EID: 75649085983     PISSN: 03051870     EISSN: 14401681     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2009.05233.x     Document Type: Review

References (124)

1. Cowley AW Jr., Mori T, Mattson D, Zou AP. Role of renal NO production in the regulation of medullary blood flow. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 2003 284 : R1355 69.
2. Mattson DL. Importance of the renal medullary circulation in the control of sodium excretion and blood pressure. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 2003 284 : R13 27.
3. Evans RG, Eppel GA, Anderson WP, Denton KM. Mechanisms underlying the differential control of blood flow in the renal medulla and cortex. J. Hypertens. 2004 22 : 1439 1451.
4. Eppel GA, Malpas SC, Denton KM, Evans RG. Neural control of renal medullary perfusion. ClExp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 2004 31 : 387 396.
5. Pallone TL, Zhang Z, Rhinehart K. Physiology of the renal medullary microcirculation. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 2003 284 : F253 66.
6. Pallone TL, Robertson CR, Jamison RL. Renal medullary microcirculation. Physiol. Rev. 1990 70 : 885 920.
7. 2. Am. J. Physiol. 1994 266 : F850 7.
8. Carmines PK, Morrison TK, Navar LG. Angiotensin II effects on microvascular diameters of in vitro blood-perfused juxtamedullary nephrons. Am. J. Physiol. 1986 251 : F610 8.
9. Silldorff EP, Hilbun LR, Pallone TL. Angiotensin II constriction of rat vasa recta is partially thromboxane dependent. Hypertension 2002 40 : 541 546.
10. Chen J, Fleming JT. Juxtamedullary afferent and efferent arterioles constrict to renal nerve stimulation. Kidney Int. 1993 44 : 684 691.
11. Barajas L, Liu L, Powers K. Anatomy of the renal innervation. Intrarenal aspects and ganglia of origCan. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 1992 70 : 735 749.
12. 1-adrenoceptors in the neural control of regional renal perfusion. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 2006 290 : R331 40.
13. Correia AG, Denton KM, Evans RG. Effects of activation of vasopressin-V1-receptors on regional kidney blood flow and glomerular arteriole diameters. J. Hypertens. 2001 19 : 649 657.
14. Denton KM, Shweta A, Finkelstein L, Flower RL, Evans RG. Effect of endothelin-1 on regional kidney blood flow and renal arteriole calibre in rabbits. ClExp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 2004 31 : 494 501.
15. Eppel GA, Jacono DL, Shirai M, Umetani K, Evans RG, Pearson JT. Contrast angiography of the rat renal microcirculation in vivo using synchrotron radiation. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 2009 296 : F1023 31.
16. Shirai M, Schwenke DO, Eppel GA et al. Synchrotron-based angiography for investigation of the regulation of vasomotor function in the microcirculation in vivo. ClExp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 2009 36 : 107 116.
17. Bergstrom G, Evans RG. Mechanisms underlying the antihypertensive functions of the renal medulla. Acta Physiol. Scand. 2004 181 : 475 486.
18. Evans RG, Majid DS, Eppel GA. Mechanisms mediating pressure natriuresis: What we know and what we need to find out. ClExp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 2005 32 : 400 409.
19. Chou SY, Porush JG, Faubert PF. Renal medullary circulation: Hormonal control. Kidney Int. 1990 37 : 1 13.
20. Omoro SA, Majid DS, El Dahr SS, Navar LG. Roles of ANG II and bradykinin in the renal regional blood flow responses to ACE inhibition in sodium-depleted dogs. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 2000 279 : F289 93.
21. 2 receptors mediate tonic renal medullary vasoconstriction in renovascular hypertension. Br. J. Pharmacol. 2005 144 : 486 492.
22. 2 receptors in the renal cortical and medullary circulations of anesthetized rabbits. Hypertension 2003 42 : 200 205.
23. Mattson DL, Meister CJ. Renal cortical and medullary blood flow responses to l-NAME and ANG II in wild-type, nNOS null mutant, and eNOS null mutant mice. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 2005 289 : R991 7.
24. Nobes MS, Harris PJ, Yamada H, Mendelsohn FA. Effects of angiotensin on renal cortical and papillary blood flows measured by laser-Doppler flowmetry. Am. J. Physiol. 1991 261 : F998 1006.
25. Walker LL, Rajaratne AA, Blair-West JR, Harris PJ. The effects of angiotensin II on blood perfusion in the rat renal papilla. J. Physiol. 1999 519 : 273 278.
26. Badzynska B, Grzelec-Mojzesowicz M, Dobrowolski L, Sadowski J. Differential effect of angiotensin II on blood circulation in the renal medulla and cortex of anaesthetised rats. J. Physiol. 2002 538 : 159 166.
27. 2 receptors: Control of renal sodium excretion and blood pressure. Trends Endocrinol. Metab. 2008 19 : 84 7.
28. Badzynska B, Grzelec-Mojzesowicz M, Sadowski J. Prostaglandins but not nitric oxide protect renal medullary perfusion in anaesthetised rats receiving angiotensin II. J. Physiol. 2003 548 : 875 880.
29. Oliver JJ, Rajapakse NW, Evans RG. Effects of indomethacin on responses of regional kidney perfusion to vasoactive agents in rabbits. ClExp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 2002 29 : 873 879.
30. Rajapakse NW, Oliver JJ, Evans RG. Nitric oxide in responses of regional kidney blood flow to vasoactive agents in anesthetized rabbits. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 2002 40 : 210 219.
31. Thomas CJ, Woods RL, Evans RG, Alcorn D, Christy IJ, Anderson WP. Evidence for a renomedullary vasodepressor hormone. ClExp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 1996 23 : 777 785.
32. Dickhout JG, Mori T, Cowley AW Jr. Tubulovascular nitric oxide crosstalk: Buffering of angiotensin II-induced medullary vasoconstriction. Circ. Res. 2002 91 : 487 493.
33. Bachmann S, Bosse HM, Mundel P. Topography of nitric oxide synthesis by localizing constitutive NO synthases in mammalian kidney. Am. J. Physiol. 1995 268 : F885 98.
34. Navar LG, Harrison-Bernard LM, Wang CT, Cervenka L, Mitchell KD. Concentrations and actions of intraluminal angiotensin II. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 1999 10 (Suppl. 11 S189 95.
35. Navar LG. The intrarenal renin-angiotensin system in hypertension. Kidney Int. 2004 65 : 1522 1532.
36. Prieto-Carrasquero MC, Botros FT, Pagan J et al. Collecting duct renin is upregulated in both kidneys of 2-kidney, 1-clip Goldblatt hypertensive rats. Hypertension 2008 51 : 1590 1596.
37. Prieto-Carrasquero MC, Harrison-Bernard LM, Kobori H et al. Enhancement of collecting duct renin in angiotensin II-dependent hypertensive rats. Hypertension 2004 44 : 223 229.
38. 1 receptor-mediated enhancement of collecting duct renin in angiotensin II-dependent hypertensive rats. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 2005 289 : F632 7.
39. Liu KL. Regulation of renal medullary circulation by the renin-angiotensin system in genetically hypertensive rats. ClExp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 2009 36 : 455 461.
40. Issiakhem M, Liu KL, Benzoni D. Effect of perindopril on renal medullary blood flow: Comparison with other antihypertensive treatments. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 2008 51 : 280 285.
41. Navar LG, Inscho EW, Majid SA, Imig JD, Harrison-Bernard LM, Mitchell KD. Paracrine regulation of the renal microcirculation. Physiol. Rev. 1996 76 : 425 536.
42. Ichihara A, Inscho EW, Imig JD, Michel RE, Navar LG. Role of renal nerves in afferent arteriolar reactivity in angiotensin-induced hypertension. Hypertension 1997 29 : 442 449.
43. Denton KM, Anderson WP, Sinniah R. Effects of angiotensin II on regional afferent and efferent arteriole dimensions and the glomerular pole. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 2000 279 : R629 38.
44. Inscho EW, Cook AK, Webb RC, Jin LM. Rho-kinase inhibition reduces pressure-mediated autoregulatory adjustments in afferent arteriolar diameter. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 2009 296 : F590 7.
45. 2+signaling. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 2003 284 : H779 89.
46. Zhang Z, Rhinehart K, Pallone TL. Membrane potential controls calcium entry into descending vasa recta pericytes. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 2002 283 : R949 57.
47. Pallone TL, Huang JM. Control of descending vasa recta pericyte membrane potential by angiotensin II. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 2002 282 : F1064 74.
48. 2+ signaling and membrane potential in descending vasa recta pericytes and endothelia. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 2002 283 : F852 60.
49. ATP channel conductance of descending vasa recta pericytes. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 2005 289 : F1235 45.
50. Huang CL, Davis G, Johns EJ. A study of the action of angiotensin II on perfusion through the cortex and papilla of the rat kidney. Exp. Physiol. 1991 76 : 787 798.
51. Badzynska B, Grzelec-Mojzesowicz M, Sadowski J. Effect of exogenous angiotensin II on renal tissue nitric oxide and intrarenal circulation in anaesthetized rats. Acta Physiol. Scand. 2004 182 : 313 318.
52. Parekh N, Zou AP. Role of prostaglandins in renal medullary circulation: Response to different vasoconstrictors. Am. J. Physiol. 1996 271 : F653 8.
53. Sadowski J, Badzynska B. Specific features and roles of renal circulation: Angiotensin II revisited. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 2006 57 (Suppl. 11 169 178.
54. Zou AP, Wu F, Cowley AW Jr. Protective effect of angiotensin II-induced increase in nitric oxide in the renal medullary circulation. Hypertension 1998 31 : 271 276.
55. Oliver JJ, Eppel GA, Rajapakse NW, Evans RG. Lipoxygenase and cyclo-oxygenase products in the control of regional kidney blood flow in rabbits. ClExp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 2003 30 : 812 819.
56. 1-receptor-mediated renal vasoconstriction by epoxyeicosatrienoic acids. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 2004 287 : R181 7.
57. Gross V, Kurth TM, Skelton MM, Mattson DL, Cowley AW Jr. Effects of daily sodium intake and ANG II on cortical and medullary renal blood flow in conscious rats. Am. J. Physiol. 1998 274 : R1317 23.
58. Szentivanyi M Jr., Maeda CY, Cowley AW Jr. Local renal medullary l-NAME infusion enhances the effect of long-term angiotensin II treatment. Hypertension 1999 33 : 440 445.
59. 1 receptors in the renal papillary effects of acute and chronic nitric oxide inhibition. Am. J. Physiol. 1998 274 : R760 6.
60. Evans RG, Fitzgerald SM. Nitric oxide and superoxide in the renal medulla: A delicate balancing act. Curr. OpNephrol. Hypertens. 2005 14 : 9 15.
61. Edgley AJ, Tare M, Evans RG, Skordilis C, Parkington HC. In vivo regulation of endothelium-dependent vasodilation in the rat renal circulation and the effect of streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 2008 295 : 829 839.
62. Vaziri ND, Khan M. Interplay of reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide in the pathogenesis of experimental lead-induced hypertension. ClExp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 2007 34 : 920 925.
63. 1 receptor, oxidative stress, inflammation, and progressive injury in renal mass reduction. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 2007 323 : 85 93.
64. Vaziri ND. Roles of oxidative stress and antioxidant therapy in chronic kidney disease and hypertension. Curr. OpNephrol. Hypertens. 2004 13 : 93 9.
65. Dukacz SA, Feng MG, Yang LF, Lee RM, Kline RL. Abnormal renal medullary response to angiotensin II in SHR is corrected by long-term enalapril treatment. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 2001 280 : R1076 84.
66. Feng MG, Dukacz SA, Kline RL. Selective effect of tempol on renal medullary hemodynamics in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 2001 281 : R1420 5.
67. Dukacz SA, Kline RL. Differing effects of enalapril and losartan on renal medullary blood flow and renal interstitial hydrostatic pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats. J. Hypertens. 1999 17 : 1345 1352.
68. Dukacz SA, Adams MA, Kline RL. Short- and long-term enalapril affect renal medullary hemodynamics in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. Am. J. Physiol. 1999 276 : R10 6.
69. Meng S, Roberts LJ 2nd., Cason GW, Curry TS, Manning RD Jr. Superoxide dismutase and oxidative stress in Dahl salt-sensitive and -resistant rats. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 2002 283 : R732 8.
70. Szentivanyi M Jr., Zou AP, Mattson DL et al. Renal medullary nitric oxide deficit of Dahl S rats enhances hypertensive actions of angiotensin II. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 2002 283 : R266 72.
71. Mori T, Cowley AW Jr. Angiotensin II-NAD(P)H oxidase-stimulated superoxide modifies tubulovascular nitric oxide cross-talk in renal outer medulla. Hypertension 2003 42 : 588 593.
72. Mori T, O'Connor PM, Abe M, Cowley AW Jr. Enhanced superoxide production in renal outer medulla of Dahl salt-sensitive rats reduces nitric oxide tubular-vascular cross-talk. Hypertension 2007 49 : 1336 1341.
73. Reckelhoff JF, Romero JC. Role of oxidative stress in angiotensin-induced hypertension. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 2003 284 : R893 912.
74. Wickman A, Andersson IJ, Jia J, Hedin L, Bergstrom G. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase protein is reduced in the renal medulla of two-kidney, one-clip hypertensive rats. J. Hypertens. 2001 19 : 1665 1673.
75. Vera T, Kelsen S, Yanes LL, Reckelhoff JF, Stec DE. HO-1 induction lowers blood pressure and superoxide production in the renal medulla of angiotensin II hypertensive mice. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 2007 292 : R1472 8.
76. DiBona GF. Physiology in perspective: The wisdom of the body. Neural control of the kidney. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 2005 289 : R633 41.
77. DiBona GF. The sympathetic nervous system and hypertension: Recent developments. Hypertension 2004 43 : 147 150.
78. Esler M, Straznicky N, Eikelis N, Masuo K, Lambert G, Lambert E. Mechanisms of sympathetic activation in obesity-related hypertension. Hypertension 2006 48 : 787 796.
79. Madrid MI, Garcia-Salom M, Tornel J, de Gasparo M, Fenoy FJ. Interactions between nitric oxide and angiotensin II on renal cortical and papillary blood flow. Hypertension 1997 30 : 1175 1182.
80. Leonard BL, Evans RG, Navakatikyan MA, Malpas SC. Differential neural control of intrarenal blood flow. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 2000 279 : R907 16.
81. Guild SJ, Eppel GA, Malpas SC, Rajapakse NW, Stewart A, Evans RG. Regional responsiveness of renal perfusion to activation of the renal nerves. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 2002 283 : R1177 86.
82. Ledderhos C, Gross V, Cowley AW Jr. Pharmacological stimulation of arterial chemoreceptors in conscious rats produces differential responses in renal cortical and medullary blood flow. ClExp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 1998 25 : 536 540.
83. Leonard BL, Malpas SC, Denton KM, Madden AC, Evans RG. Differential control of intrarenal blood flow during reflex increases in sympathetic nerve activity. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 2001 280 : R62 8.
84. Navakatikyan MA, Leonard BL, Evans RG, Malpas SC. Modelling the neural control of intrarenal blood flow. ClExp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 2000 27 : 650 652.
85. Janssen BJ, Malpas SC, Burke SL, Head GA. Frequency-dependent modulation of renal blood flow by renal nerve activity in conscious rabbits. Am. J. Physiol. 1997 273 : R597 608.
86. Malpas SC, Evans RG, Head GA, Lukoshkova EV. Contribution of renal nerves to renal blood flow variability during hemorrhage. Am. J. Physiol. 1998 274 : R1283 94.
87. Kompanowska-Jezierska E, Walkowska A, Johns EJ, Sadowski J. Early effects of renal denervation in the anaesthetised rat: Natriuresis and increased cortical blood flow. J. Physiol. 2001 531 : 527 534.
88. Evans RG, Burke SL, Lambert GW, Head GA. Renal responses to acute reflex activation of renal sympathetic nerve activity and renal denervation in secondary hypertension. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 2007 293 : R1247 56.
89. Eppel GA, Lee LL, Evans RG. α-Adrenoceptor subtypes mediating regional kidney blood flow responses to renal nerve stimulation. Auton. Neurosci. 2004 112 : 15 24.
90. Eppel GA, Ventura S, Denton KM, Evans RG. Lack of contribution of P2X receptors to neurally mediated vasoconstriction in the rabbit kidney in vivo. Acta Physiol. 2006 186 : 197 207.
91. Eppel GA, Denton KM, Malpas SC, Evans RG. Nitric oxide in responses of regional kidney perfusion to renal nerve stimulation and renal ischaemia. Pflügers Arch. 2003 447 : 205 213.
92. Rajapakse NW, Flower RL, Eppel GA, Denton KM, Malpas SC, Evans RG. Prostaglandins and nitric oxide in regional kidney blood flow responses to renal nerve stimulation. Pflügers Arch. 2004 449 : 143 149.
93. Walkowska A, Badzynska B, Kompanowska-Jezierska E, Johns EJ, Sadowski J. Effects of renal nerve stimulation on intrarenal blood flow in rats with intact or inactivated NO synthases. Acta Physiol. Scand. 2005 183 : 99 105.
94. Walkowska A, Kompanowska-Jezierska E, Sadowski J. Nitric oxide and renal nerves. Comparison of effects on renal circulation and sodium excretion in anesthetized rats. Kidney Int. 2004 66 : 705 712.
95. Guild SJ, Barrett CJ, Evans RG, Malpas SC. Interactions between neural and hormonal mediators of renal vascular tone in anaesthetized rabbits. Exp. Physiol. 2003 88 : 229 241.
96. Rajapakse NW, Sampson AK, Eppel GA, Evans RG. Angiotensin II and nitric oxide in neural control of intrarenal blood flow. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 2005 289 : R745 54.
97. Rajapakse NW, Eppel GA, Widdop RE, Evans RG. ANG II type 2 receptors and neural control of intrarenal blood flow. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 2006 291 : R1669 76.
98. Suzuki Y, Matsamura Y, Egi Y, Morimoto S. Effect of losartan, a nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonist, on norepinephrine overflow and antidiuresis induced by stimulation of the renal nerves in anesthetized dogs. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1992 263 : 956 963.
99. Burke SL, Head GA, Lambert GW, Evans RG. Renal sympathetic neuroeffector function in renovascular and angiotensin II-dependent hypertension in rabbits. Hypertension 2007 49 : 932 938.
100. Ramchandra R, Barrett CJ, Guild SJ, Malpas SC. Neural control of the renal vasculature in angiotensin II-induced hypertension. ClExp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 2002 29 : 867 872.
101. Barrett CJ, Ramchandra R, Guild SJ, Lala A, Budgett DM, Malpas SC. What sets the long-term level of renal sympathetic nerve activity. A role for angiotensin II and baroreflexes? Circ. Res. 2003 92 : 1330 1336.
102. Head GA, Burke SL. Renal and cardiac sympathetic baroreflexes in hypertensive rabbits. ClExp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 2001 28 : 972 975.
103. Burke SL, Evans RG, Moretti JL, Head GA. Levels of renal and extrarenal sympathetic drive in angiotensin II-induced hypertension. Hypertension 2008 51 : 878 883.
104. King AJ, Fink GD. Chronic low-dose angiotensin II infusion increases venomotor tone by neurogenic mechanisms. Hypertension 2006 48 : 927 933.
105. King AJ, Osborn JW, Fink GD. Splanchnic circulation is a critical neural target in angiotensin II salt hypertension in rats. Hypertension 2007 50 : 547 556.
106. McBryde FD, Guild SJ, Barrett CJ, Osborn JW, Malpas SC. Angiotensin II-based hypertension and the sympathetic nervous system. The role of dose and increased dietary salt. Exp. Physiol. 2007 92 : 831 840.
107. King AJ, Novotny M, Swain GM, Fink GD. Whole body norepinephrine kinetics in ANG II-salt hypertension in the rat. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 2008 294 : R1262 7.
108. Katholi RE, Winternitz SR, Oparil S. Role of the renal nerves in the pathogenesis of one-kidney renal hypertension in the rat. Hypertension 1981 3 : 404 409.
109. Katholi RE, Winternitz SR, Oparil S. Decrease in peripheral sympathetic nervous system activity following renal denervation or unclipping in the one-kidney one-clip Goldblatt hypertensive rat. J. ClInvest. 1982 69 : 55 62.
110. Katholi RE, Whitlow PL, Winternitz SR, Oparil S. Importance of the renal nerves in established two-kidney, one clip Goldblatt hypertension. Hypertension 1982 4 : 166 174.
111. Lohmeier TE, Hildebrandt DA. Renal nerves promote sodium excretion in angiotensin-induced hypertension. Hypertension 1998 31 : 429 434.
112. Lohmeier TE, Lohmeier JR, Reckelhoff JF, Hildebrandt DA. Sustained influence of the renal nerves to attenuate sodium retention in angiotensin hypertension. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 2001 281 : R434 43.
113. Wyss JM, Oparil S, Sripairojthikoon W. Neuronal control of the kidney: Contribution to hypertension. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 1992 70 : 759 770.
114. Kassab S, Kato T, Wilkins FC, Chen R, Hall JE, Granger JP. Renal denervation attenuates the sodium retention and hypertension associated with obesity. Hypertension 1995 25 : 893 897.
115. Engeli S, Bohnke J, Gorzelniak K et al. Weight loss and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Hypertension 2005 45 : 356 362.
116. Fujita K, Nishizawa H, Funahashi T, Shimomura I, Shimabukuro M. Systemic oxidative stress is associated with visceral fat accumulation and the metabolic syndrome. Circ. J. 2006 70 : 1437 1442.
117. Katsuki A, Suematsu M, Gabazza EC et al. Increased oxidative stress is associated with decreased circulating levels of adiponectin in Japanese metabolically obese, normal-weight men with normal glucose tolerance. Diabetes Res. ClPract. 2006 73 : 310 314. (Pubitemid 44107592)
118. Gentile CL, Orr JS, Davy BM, Davy KP. Modest weight gain is associated with sympathetic neural activation in nonobese humans. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 2007 292 : R1834 8.
119. Karlsson C, Lindell K, Ottosson M, Sjostrom L, Carlsson B, Carlsson LM. Human adipose tissue expresses angiotensinogen and enzymes required for its conversion to angiotensin II. J. ClEndocrinol. Metab. 1998 83 : 3925 3929.
120. Robles RG, Villa E, Santirso R et al. Effects of captopril on sympathetic activity, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism in a model of obesity-induced hypertension in dogs. Am. J. Hypertens. 1993 6 : 1009 1015.
121. Kurata A, Nishizawa H, Kihara S et al. Blockade of angiotensin II type-1 receptor reduces oxidative stress in adipose tissue and ameliorates adipocytokine dysregulation. Kidney Int. 2006 70 : 1717 1724.
122. Stepp DW, Boesen EI, Sullivan JC, Mintz JD, Hair CD, Pollock DM. Obesity augments vasoconstrictor reactivity to angiotensin II in the renal circulation of the Zucker rat. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 2007 293 : H2537 42.
123. Michaels S, Eppel GA, Burke SL et al. Altered responsiveness of the kidney to activation of the renal nerves in fat-fed rabbits. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 2009 296 : R1889 96.
124. Zou A-P, Li N, Cowley AW Jr. Production and actions of superoxide in the renal medulla. Hypertension 2001 37 : 547 553.