Role of renal NO production in the regulation of medullary blood flow

American Journal of Physiology - Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology

Volumn 284, Issue 6 53-6, 2003, Pages

  Cowley Jr , Allen W ^a   Mori, Takefumi ^a   Mattson, David ^a   Zou, Ai Ping ^a  

^a MEDICAL COLLEGE OF WISCONSIN   (United States)

Author keywords

Dahl salt sensitive rats; Hypertension; L arginine; Renal medulla

Indexed keywords

ARGININE; NITRIC OXIDE; NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE;

BLOOD PRESSURE REGULATION; BLOOD VESSEL REACTIVITY; CARDIOVASCULAR AUTOREGULATION; FLUID BALANCE; HUMAN; KIDNEY BLOOD FLOW; KIDNEY MEDULLA; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SODIUM BALANCE;

EID: 0038811878     PISSN: 03636119     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00701.2002     Document Type: Review

References (138)

1. Alberola AM, Salazar FJ, Nakamura T, and Granger JP. Interacting between angiotensin II and nitric oxide in control of renal hemodynamics in conscious dogs. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 267: R1472-R1478, 1994.
2. Bachman S and Mundel P. Nitric oxide in the kidney: synthesis, localization, and function. Am J Kidney Dis 24: 112-129, 1994.
3. Bankir L and de Rouffignac C. Urinary concentrating ability: insights from comparative anatomy. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 249: R463-R666, 1985.
4. Bankir L, Kaissling B, de Rouffignac C, and Kriz W. The vascular organization of the kidney of Psammomys obes us. Anat Embryol (Berl) 155: 149-160, 1979.
5. Baylis C and Qiu C. Importance of nitric oxide in the control of renal hemodynamics. Kidney Int 49: 1727-1731, 1996.
6. Biondi ML, Dousa T, Vanhoutte P, and Romero JC. Evidences for the existence of endothelium-derived relaxing factor in the renal medulla. Am J Hypertens 3: 876-878, 1990.
7. Bohle A and Ratschek M. The compensated and the decompensated form of benign nephrosclerosis. Pathol Res Pract 174: 357-367, 1982.
8. 1 mediated release of nitric oxide decreases angiotensin II contractions in rat carotid artery. Hypertension 26: 752-757, 1995.
9. Brenner BM, Zatz R, and Ichikawa I. The renal circulation. In: The Kidney, edited by Brenner BM and Rector FC. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders, 1986, p. 93-126.
10. Brezis M, Heyman SN, Dinour D, Epstein FH, and Rosen S. Role of nitric oxide in renal medullary oxygenation. Studies in isolated and intact rat kidneys. J Clin Invest 88: 390-395, 1991.
11. Brezis M, Heyman SN, and Epstein FH. Determinants of intrarenal oxygenation II. Hemodynamic effects. Am J Physiol Renal Fluid Electrolyte Physiol 267: F1063-F1068, 1994.
12. Brezis M and Rosen S. Hypoxia of the renal medulla - its implications for disease. N Engl J Med 332: 647-655, 1995.
13. Cattel V and Cook HT. Glomerular NO synthase activity in mesangial cell immune injury. Exp Nephrol 1: 36-40, 1993.
14. Chaki S and Inagami T. New signaling mechanism of angiotensin II in neuroblastoma neuro-2A cells: activation of soluble guanylyl cylase via nitric oxide synthesis. Mol Pharmacol 43: 603-608, 1993.
15. Chen PY and Sanders PN. Role of nitric oxide synthesis in salt-sensitive hypertension in Dahl/Rapp rats. Hypertension 22: 812-818, 1993.
16. Cowley AW Jr. Role of the renal medulla in volume and arterial pressure regulation. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 273: R1-R15, 1997.
17. Cowley AW Jr, Mattson DL, Lu S, and Roman RJ. The renal medulla and hypertension. Hypertension 25: 663-673, 1995.
18. Cowley AW Jr and Roman RJ. The role of the kidney in hypertension. JAMA 275: 1581-1589, 1996.
19. Cowley AW Jr, Szczepanska-Sadowska E, Stepniakowski K, and Mattson DL. Chronic intravenous administration of V1 arginine vasopressin agonist results in sustained hypertension. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 267: H751-H756, 1994.
20. Deng X, Welch WJ, and Wilcox CS. Role of nitric oxide in short-term and prolonged effects of angiotensin II on renal hemodynamics. Hypertension 27: 1173-1179, 1996.
21. Dickhout JG, Mori T, and Cowley AW Jr. Tubulovascular nitric oxide crosstalk: buffering of angiotensin II-induced vasoconstriction. Circ Res 91: 487-493, 2002.
22. Eng E, Veniant M, Floege J, Fingerle J, Alpers CE, Menard J, Clozel JP, and Johnson RJ. Renal proliferative and phenotypic changes in rats with two-kidney, one-clip Goldblatt hypertension. Am J Hypertens 7: 177-185, 1994.
23. Fenoy FJ, Ferrar P, Carbonell L, and Garcia-Salom M. Role of nitric oxide on papillary blood flow and pressure natriuresis. Hypertension 25: 408-414, 1995.
24. Fenoy FJ, Scicli G, Carretero O, and Roman RJ. Effect of angiotensin II and a kinin receptor antagonist on the renal hemodynamic response to Captopril. Hypertension 17: 1038-1044, 1991.
25. Forstermann U, Pollock JS, and Nakane M. Nitric oxide synthases in the cardiovascular system. Trends Cardiovasc Med 3: 104-110, 1993.
26. Frohlich ED and Arthur C. Corcoran Lecture: influence of nitric oxide and angiotensin II on renal involvement in hypertension. Hypertension 29: 188-193, 1997.
27. Gross V, Kurth TM, Skelton MM, Mattson DL, and Cowley AW Jr. Effects of daily sodium intake and ANG II on cortical and medullary renal blood flow in conscious rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 274: R1317-R1323, 1998.
28. Guarasci G and Kline RL. Pressure-natriuresis following acute and chronic inhibition of nitric oxide synthase in rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 270: R469-R478, 1996.
29. Hayokawa H and Ray L. Nitric oxide activity and renal injury in genetic hypertension. Hypertension 31: 266-270, 1998.
30. He XR, Greenberg S, Briggs JP, and Schnerman JB. Effect of nitric oxide on renin secretion II. Studies in the perfused juxtaglomerular apparatus. Am J Physiol Renal Fluid Electrolyte Physiol 268: F953-F959, 1995.
31. Hennington BS, Zhang H, Miller MJ, Granger JP, and Reckelhoff JF. Angiotensin II stimulates synthesis of endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Hypertension 31: 283-288, 1988.
32. Hu L and Manning RD. Role of nitric oxide in regulation of long-term pressure-natriuresis relationship in Dahl rats. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 268: H2375-H2383, 1995.
33. Huang PL, Huang Z, Mashimo H, Block KD, Moskowitz MA, Bevan JA, and Fishman MC. Hypertension in mice lacking the gene for endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Nature 377: 239-242, 1995.
34. Ikeda U, Maeda Y, Kawahara Y, Yokoyama M, and Shimada K. Angiotensin II augments cytokine-stimulated nitric oxide synthesis in rat cardiac myocytes. Circulation 92: 2683-2689, 1995.
35. Ikenaga H, Fallet RW, and Carmines PK. Basal nitric oxide production curtails arteriolar vasoconstrictor responses to ANG II in rat kidney. Am J Physiol Renal Fluid Electrolyte Physiol 271: F365-F373, 1996.
36. Ishii K, Chang B, Kerwin JF Jr, Wagenaar FL, Huang ZS, and Murad F. Formation of endothelium-derived relaxing factor in porcine kidney epithelial LLC-PK1 cells: an intra- and intercellular messenger for activation of soluble guanylate cyclase. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 256: 38-43, 1991.
37. Ito S, Johnson CS, and Carretero OA. Modulation of angiotensin II-induced vasoconstriction by endothelium-derived relaxing factor in the isolated microperfused rabbit afferent arteriole. J Clin Invest 87: 1656-1663, 1991.
38. Johnson RJ, Alpers CE, Yoshimura A, Lombardi D, Pritzel P, Floege J, and Schwartz SM. Renal injury from angiotensin II-mediated hypertension. Hypertension 19: 464-474, 1992.
39. Kaissling B and Kriz W. Structural analysis of the rabbit kidney. Adv Anat Embryol Cell Biol 56: 1-123, 1979.
40. Kaissling B, de Rouffignac C, Barrett JM, and Kriz W. The structural organization of the kidney of the desert rodent Psammomys obesus. Anat Embryol (Berl) 148: 121-143, 1975.
41. Kakoki M, Wang W, and Mattson DL. Cationic amino acid transport in the renal medulla and blood pressure regulation. Hypertension 39: 287-292, 2002.
42. Kakoki M, Zou AP, and Mattson DL. The influence of nitric oxide synthase 1 on blood flow and interstitial nitric oxide in the kidney. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 281: R91-R97, 2001.
43. Kone BC and Baylis C. Biosynthesis and homeostatic roles of nitric oxide in the normal kidney. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 272: F561-F578, 1997.
44. Kriz W. Structural organization of the renal medulla: comparative and functional aspects. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 241: R3-R16, 1981.
45. Lamas S, Marsden PA, Li GK, Tempst P, and Michel T. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase: molecular cloning and characterization of a distinct constitutive enzyme isoform. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89: 6348-6352, 1992.
46. Lancaster JR Jr. The physical properties of nitric oxide: determinants of the dynamics of NO in tissue. In: Nitric oxide Biology and Pathobiology, edited by Ignanno LJ. New York: Academic, 2000.
47. Lancaster JR Jr. A tutorial on the diffusibility and reactivity of free nitric oxide. Nitric Oxide 1: 18-30, 1997.
48. Leaf A, Bartter FC, Santos RF, and Wrong O. Evidence in man that urinary electrolyte loss induced by pitressin is a function of water retention. J Clin Invest 32: 868-878, 1953.
49. Lemley KV and Kriz W. Anatomy of the renal interstitium. Kidney Int 39: 370-381, 1991.
50. Liang M and Knox FG. Production and functional roles of nitric oxide in the proximal tubule. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 278: R1117-R1124, 2000.
51. Lu S, Mattson DL, Roman RJ, Becker CG, and Cowley AW Jr. Assessment of changes in intrarenal blood flow in conscious rats using laser Doppler flowmetry. Am J Physiol Renal Fluid Electrolyte Physiol 264: F956-F962, 1993.
52. Lu SH, Mattson DL, and Cowley AW Jr. Renal medullary captopril delivery lowers blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Hypertension 23: 337-345, 1994.
53. Majid DSA and Navar LG. Suppression of blood flow auto-regulation plateau during nitric oxide blockade in canine kidney. Am J Physiol Renal Fluid Electrolyte Physiol 262: F40-F46, 1992.
54. Manning RD Jr, Guyton AC, Coleman TG, and McCaa RE. Hypertension in dogs during antidiuretic hormone and hypotonic saline infusion. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 236: H314-H322, 1979.
55. Manning RD Jr, Hu L, Tan DY, and Meng S. Role of abnormal nitric oxide system in salt-sensitive hypertension. Am J Hypertens 14: 68S-73S, 2001.
56. Mattson DL and Bellehumeur TG. Neural nitric oxide synthase in the renal medulla and blood pressure regulation. Hypertension 28: 297-303, 1996.
57. Mattson DL and Cowley AW Jr. Kinin actions on renal papillary blood flow and sodium excretion. Hypertension 6: 961-965, 1993.
58. Mattson DL and Higgins DJ. Influence of dietary sodium intake on renal medullary nitric oxide synthase. Hypertension 27: 688-692, 1996.
59. Mattson DL, Lu S, Nakanishi K, Papanek PE, and Cowley AW Jr. Effect of chronic renal medullary nitric oxide inhibition on blood pressure. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 266: H1918-H1926, 1994.
60. Mattson DL, Maeda CY, Bachman TD, and Cowley AW Jr. Inducible nitric oxide synthase and blood pressure. Hypertension 31: 15-20, 1998.
61. Mattson DL and Roman RJ. Role of kinins and AII in the renal hemodynamic response to captopril. Am J Physiol Renal Fluid Electrolyte Physiol 260: F670-F679, 1991.
62. Mattson DL, Roman RJ, and Cowley AW Jr. Role of nitric oxide in renal papillary blood flow and sodium excretion. Hypertension 19: 766-769, 1992.
63. Mattson DL and Wu F. Nitric oxide synthase activity and isoforms in rat renal vasculature. Hypertension 35: 337-341, 2000.
64. Michel CC. Renal medullary microcirculation: architecture and exchange. Microcirculation 2: 125-139, 1995.
65. Miyata N and Cowley AW Jr. Renal intramedullary infusion of L-arginine prevents reduction of medullary blood flow and hypertension in Dahl salt-sensitive rats. Hypertension 33: 446- 450, 1999.
66. Miyata N, Zou AP, Mattson DL, and Cowley AW Jr. Renal medullary interstitial infusion of L-arginine prevents hypertension in Dahl salt-sensitive rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 275: R1667-R1673, 1998.
67. 2+ signaling in inner medullary collecting duct. Hypertension 39: 465-469, 2002.
68. Moridani BA and Kline RL. Effect of endogenous L-arginine on the measurement of nitric oxide synthase activity in the rat kidney. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 74: 1210-1214, 1996.
69. Moritoki H, Takeuchi S, Hisayama T, and Kondoh W. Nitric oxide synthase responsible for L-arginine-induced relaxation of rat aortic rings in vitro may be an inducible type. Br J Pharmacol 107: 361-366, 1992.
70. Nakanishi K, Hara N, and Nagai Y. Salt-sensitive hypertension in conscious rats induced by chronic nitric oxide blockade. Am J Hypertens 15: 150-156, 2002.
71. Nakanishi K, Mattson DL, and Cowley AW Jr. Role of renal medullary blood flow in the development of L-NAME hypertension in rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 268: R317-R323, 1995.
72. Nakanishi K, Mattson DL, Gross V, Roman RJ, and Cowley AW Jr. Control of renal medullary flow by vasopressin V1 and V2 receptors. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 269: R193-R200, 1995.
73. Navar LG, Harrison-Bernard LM, Nishiyama A, and Kobori H. Regulation of intrarenal angiotensin II in hypertension. Hypertension 39: 316-322, 2002.
74. Navar JG, Imig JD, Zou L, and Wang CT. Intrarenal production of angiotensin II. Semin Nephrol 17: 412-422, 1997.
75. Navar LG, Inscho EW, Majid DSA, Imig JD, Harrison-Bernard L, and Mitchell KD. Paracrine regulation of the renal microcirculation. Physiol Rev 76: 425-536, 1996.
76. Ni Z and Vaziri ND. Effect of salt loading on nitric oxide synthase expression in normotensive rats. Am J Hypertens 14: 155-163, 2000.
77. Nishimoto Y, Tomida T, Matsui H, Ito T, and Okumura K. Decrease in renal medullary endothelial nitric oxide synthase of fructose-fed, salt-sensitive hypertensive rats. Hypertension 40: 109-194, 2002.
78. - transport by rat thick ascending limb. Kidney Int 58: 2069-2074, 2000.
79. Ortiz PA and Garvin JL. NO inhibits NaCL absorption by rat thick ascending limb through activation of cGMP stimulated phosphodiesterase. Hypertension 37: 467-471, 2000.
80. Ortiz P and Garvin JL. Role of nitric oxide in the regulation of nephron transport. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 282: F777-F784, 2002.
81. Pallone TL. The extraglomerular circulation of the kidney. In: The Kidney: Physiology and Pathophysiology (3rd ed.), edited by Seldin DW and Giebisch G. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2000, p. 791-822.
82. Pallone TL, Robertson CR, and Jamison RL. Renal medullary microcirculation. Physiol Rev 70: 885-920, 1990.
83. Pallone TL, Silldorff EP, and Cheung JY. Response of isolated rat descending vasa recta to bradykinin. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 274: H752-H759, 1998.
84. Pallone TL, Silldorff EP, and Turner MR. Intrarenal blood flow: microvascular anatomy and the regulation of medullary perfusion. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 25: 383-392, 1998.
85. Pallone TL, Silldorff EP, and Zhang Z. Inhibition of calcium signaling in descending vasa recta endothilia by ANG II. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 278: H1248-H1255, 2000.
86. Pallone TL, Zhang Z, and Rhinehart K. Physiology of the renal medullary microcirculation. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 284: F253-F266, 2003.
87. Parekh N, Dobrowolski L, Zou AP, and Steinhausen M. Nitric oxide modulates angiotensin II and norepinephrine dependent vasoconstriction in rat kidney. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 270: R1-R6, 1996.
88. Park F, Mattson DL, Roberts LA, and Cowley AW Jr. Evidence for the presence of smooth muscle α-actin within penicytes of the renal medulla. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 273: R1742-R1748, 1997.
89. Park F, Zou AP, and Cowley AW Jr. Arginine vasopressinmediated stimulation of nitric oxide within the rat renal medulla. Hypertension 32: 896-901, 1998.
90. Patel AR, Granger JP, and Kirchner KA. L-Arginine improves transmission of perfusion pressure to the renal interstitial in Dahl salt-sensitive rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 266: R1730-R1735, 1994.
91. Patel AR, Layne S, Watts D, and Kirchner KA. L-Arginine administration normalizes pressure natriuresis in hypertensive Dahl rats. Hypertension 22: 863-869, 1993.
92. Pawloski CM, Eicker NM, Ball LM, Mangiapane ML, and Fink GD. Effect of circulating vasopressin on arterial pressure regulation in rats. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 257: H209-H218, 1989.
93. Pfeilschifter J, Kunz D, and Mühl H. Nitric oxide: an inflammatory mediator of glomerular mesangial cells. Nephron 64: 518-525, 1993.
94. Pichler R, Franceschini N, Young B, Hugo C, Andoh TF, Burdmann EA, Shankland SJ, Alpers CE, Bennett WM, and Couser WG. Pathogenesis of cyclosporine nephropathy: roles of angiotensin II and osteopontin. J Am Soc Nephrol 6: 1186-1196, 1995.
95. B receptor-mediated NO release. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 279: F326-F333, 2000.
96. Raij L and Baylis C. Glomerular actions of nitric oxide. Kidney Int 48: 20-32, 1995.
97. 2+ signaling and membrane potential in descending vasa recta pericytes and endothelia. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 283: F852-F860, 2002.
98. Roczniak A, Zimpelmann J, and Burns KD. Effect of dietary salt on neuronal nitric oxide synthase in the inner medullary collecting duct. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 275: F46-F54, 1998.
99. Roman RJ. Altered pressure-natriuresis relationship in young spontaneously hypertensive rats. Hypertension 9: III-130-III-136, 1987.
100. Roman RJ. P450 metabolites of arachidonic acid in the control of cardiovascular function. Physiol Rev 82: 131-185, 2002.
101. Roman RJ, Cowley AW Jr, Garcia-Estan J, and Lombard JH. Pressure-diuresis in volume expanded rats: cortical and medullary hemodynamics. Hypertension 12: 168-176, 1988.
102. Roman RJ and Zou AP. Influence of the renal medullary circulation on the control of sodium excretion. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 265: R963-R973, 1993.
103. Rudichenko VM and Beierwaltes WH. Arginine vasopressin-induced renal vasodilation mediated by nitric oxide. J Vasc Res 32: 100-105, 1995.
104. Schnackenberg C, Patel AR, Kirchner KA, and Granger JP. Nitric oxide, the kidney and hypertension. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 24: 600-606, 1997.
105. Schnackenberg CG, Wilkins FC, and Granger JP. Role of nitric oxide in modulating the vasoconstrictor actions of angiotensin II in preglomerular and post glomerular vessels in dogs. Hypertension 26: 1024-1029, 1995.
106. Scott-Burden T, Elizondo E, Ge T, Boulanger CM, and Vanhoutte PM. Simultaneous activation of adenylyl cyclase and protein kinase C induces production of nitric oxide by vascular smooth muscle cells. Mol Pharmacol 46: 274-282, 1994.
107. Seikaly MG, Arent BS, and Seney FD. Endogenous angiotensin concentrations in specific intrarenal fluid compartments of the rat. J Clin Invest 86: 1352-1357, 1990.
108. Shultz PJ, Mahmoud AT, Marletta MA, and Raij L. Synthesis and action of nitric oxide in rat glomerular mesangial cells. Am J Physiol Renal Fluid Electrolyte Physiol 261: F600-F606, 1991.
109. Sieber CC and Grosymann RJ. Nitric oxide indicates hyporeactivity to vasopressin in mesenteric vessels of portal hypertensive rats. Gastroenterology 103: 235-239, 1992.
110. Siragy HM and Carey RM. The subtypes (AT2) angiotensin receptor mediates renal production of nitric oxide in conscious rats. J Clin Invest 100: 264-269, 1997.
111. Silldorff EP and Pallone TL. Adenosine signaling in outer medullary descending vasa recta. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 280: R854-R861, 2001.
112. 2 abrogates endothelin-induced vasoconstriction of outer medullary descending vasa recta in the rat. J Clin Invest 95: 2734-2740, 1995.
113. Singh I, Grams M, Wang WH, Yang T, Killen P, Smart A, Schermann J, and Briggs JP. Coordinate regulation of renal expression of nitric oxide synthase, rennin, and angiotensinogen mRNA by dietary salt. Am J Physiol Renal Fluid Electrolyte Physiol 270: F1027-F1037, 1996.
114. Smith MJ Jr, Cowley AW Jr, Guyton AC, and Manning RD Jr. Acute and chronic effects of vasopressin in blood pressure, electrolytes, and fluid volumes. Am J Physiol Renal Fluid Electrolyte Physiol 237: F232-F240, 1979.
115. Sonntag MA, Deussen J, and Schader J. Role of nitric oxide in local blood flow control in the anesthetized dog. Pflügers Arch 420: 194-199, 1992.
116. Szentivanyi MJR, Maeda CY, and Cowley AW Jr. Local renal medullary L-NAME enhances the effect of long-term angiotensin II treatment. Hypertension 33: 440-445, 1999.
117. Szentivanyi M Jr, Park F, Maeda CY, and Cowley AW Jr. Nitric oxide in the renal medulla protects from vasopressin-induced hypertension. Hypertension 35: 740-745, 2000.
118. Szentivanyi M Jr, Zou AP, Maeda CY, Mattson DL, and Cowley AW Jr. Increase in renal medullary nitric oxide synthase activity protects from norepinephrine-induced hypertension. Hypertension 35: 418-423, 2000.
119. Szentivanyi M Jr, Zou AP, Mattson DL, Soares P, Moreno C, Roman RJ, and Cowley AW Jr. Renal medullary nitric oxide deficit of Dahl S rats enhances hypertensive actions of angiotensin II. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 280: R266-R272, 2001.
120. Tan DY, Meng S, Cason GW, and Manning RD Jr. Mechanisms of salt-sensitive hypertension: role of inducible nitric oxide synthase. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 279: R2297-R2303, 2000.
121. Terada Y, Tomita K, Nonoguchi H, and Mammo F. Polymerase chain reaction localization of constitutive nitric oxide synthase and soluble guanylyl cyclase messenger RNA's in microdissected rat nephron segments. J Clin Invest 90: 659-663, 1992.
122. Thorup C and Persson AEG. Inhibition of locally produced nitric oxide resets tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism. Am J Physiol Renal Fluid Electrolyte Physiol 267: F606-F611, 1994.
123. Tolins JP and Shultz PJ. Endogenous nitric oxide synthesis determines sensitivity to the pressor effect of salt. Kidney Int 46: 230-236, 1994.
124. Turner MR and Pallone TL. Vasopressin constricts outer medullary descending vasa recta isolated from rat kidneys. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 272: F147-F151, 1997.
125. Ugie K, Yuen J, Hoganth L, Danziger R, and Star RA. Localization and regulation of endothelial NO synthase mRNA expression in rat kidney. Am J Physiol Renal Fluid Electrolyte Physiol 267: F296-F302, 1994.
126. 2-adrenergic system and nitric oxide: role of angiotensin II. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 26: 916-922, 1995.
127. Wang X, Thomas SR, and Wexler AS. Outer medullary anatomy and the urine concentrating mechanism. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 274: F413-F424, 1998.
128. Wilcox CS, Welch WJ, Murad F, Gross SS, Taylor G, Lewis R, and Schmidt HH. Nitric oxide synthase in macula densa regulates glomerular capillary pressure. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89: 11993-11997, 1992.
129. Wu F, Cholewa B, and Mattson DL. Characterization of L-arginine transporters in rat renal inner medullary collecting duct. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 278: R1506-R1512, 2000.
130. Wu F, Park F, Cowley AW Jr, and Mattson DL. Quantification of nitric oxide synthase activity in microdissected segments of the rat kidney. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 276: F874-F881, 1999.
131. Young BA, Burdmann EA, Johnson RJ, Alpers CE, Giachelli CM, Eng E, Andoh T, Bennett WM, and Couser WG. Cellular proliferation and macrophage influx precede interstitial fibrosis in cyclosporine nephrotoxicity. Kidney Int 48:439-448, 1995.
132. Yuan B and Cowley AW Jr. Evidence that reduced renal medullary nitric oxide synthase activity of Dahl S rats enables small elevations of arginine vasopressin to produce sustained hypertension. Hypertension 37: 524-528, 2001.
133. Zarahn ED, Ye X, Ader AM, Reagan LP, and Fluharty SJ. Angiotensin-induced cyclic GMP production is mediated by multiple receptor subtypes and nitric oxide in NIE-115 neuroblastoma cells. J Neurochem 58: 1960-1963, 1992.
134. Zou AP, Billington H, Su N, and Cowley AW Jr. Expression and actions of heme oxygenase in the renal medulla of rats. Hypertension 35: 342-347, 2000.
135. 2Adrenergic receptor-mediated increase in NO production buffers renal medullary vasoconstriction. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 279: R769-R777, 2000.
136. Zou AP and Cowley AW Jr. Nitric oxide in renal cortex and medulla: an in vivo microdialysis study. Hypertension 29: 194-198, 1997.
137. Zou AP and Cowley AW Jr. Role of nitric oxide in the control of renal function and salt sensitivity. Curr Hypertens Rep 1: 178-186, 1999.
138. Zou AP, Wu F, and Cowley AW Jr. Protective effect of angiotensin II induced increase in nitric oxide in the renal medullary circulation. Hypertension 31: 271-276, 1997.