Effect of physical activity on glutamine metabolism

Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care

Volumn 13, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 58-64

  Agostini, Francesco ^a   Biolo, Gianni ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TRIESTE   (Italy)

Author keywords

Bed rest; Exercise; Glutamine; Immune system; Inactivity; Overtraining

Indexed keywords

GLUTAMINE;

AMINO ACID METABOLISM; EXERCISE; HUMAN; IMMOBILIZATION; IMMUNE DEFICIENCY; IMMUNOCOMPETENCE; MUSCLE METABOLISM; OVEREXERTION; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; PHYSICAL STRESS; REVIEW; TRAINING;

BED REST; DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS; EXERCISE; GLUTAMINE; HUMANS; IMMUNE SYSTEM; INFLAMMATION; LIVER; MUSCLE, SKELETAL; REFERENCE VALUES;

EID: 73849141851     PISSN: 13631950     EISSN: 14736519     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/MCO.0b013e328332f946     Document Type: Review

References (74)

1. Biolo G, Fleming RY, Maggi SP, Wolfe RR. Transmembrane transport and intracellular kinetics of amino acids in human skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol 1995; 268:E75-E84.
2. Krebs HA. Metabolism of amino-acids: the synthesis of glutamine from glutamic acid and ammonia, and the enzymic hydrolysis of glutamine in animal tissues. Biochem J 1935; 29:1951-1969.
3. Darmaun D, Matthews DE, Bier DM, et al. Physiological hypercortisolemia increases proteolysis, glutamine, and alanine production. Am J Physiol 1988; 255:E366-E373.
4. Biolo G, Iscra F, Bosutti A, et al. Growth hormone decreases muscle glutamine production and stimulates protein synthesis in hypercatabolic patients. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2000; 279:E323-E332.
5. Gibala MJ, MacLean DA, Graham TE, et al. Tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediate pool size and estimated cycle flux in human muscle during exercise. Am J Physiol 1998; 275:E235-E242.
6. Darmaun D, Just B, Messing B, et al. Glutamine metabolism in healthy adult men: response to enteral and intravenous feeding. Am J Clin Nutr 1994; 59:1395-1402.
7. Biolo G, De Cicco M, Dal Mas V, et al. Response of muscle protein and glutamine kinetics to branched-chain-enriched amino acids in intensive care patients after radical cancer surgery. Nutrition 2006; 22:475-482.
8. Biolo G, De Cicco M, Lorenzon S, et al. Treating hyperglycemia improves skeletal muscle protein metabolism in cancer patients after major surgery. Crit Care Med 2008; 36:1768-1775.
9. Curthoys NP, Watford M. Regulation of glutaminase activity and glutamine metabolism. Annu Rev Nutr 1995; 15:133-159.
10. McCauley R, Kong SE, Hall J. Glutamine and nucleotide metabolism within enterocytes. J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1998; 22:105-111.
11. Ardawi MS, Newsholme EA. Maximum activities of some enzymes of glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid cycle and ketone-body and glutamine utilization pathways in lymphocytes of the rat. Biochem J 1982; 208:743-748.
12. Castell L, Vance C, Abbott R, et al. Granule localization of glutaminase in human neutrophils and the consequence of glutamine utilization for neutrophil activity. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:13305-13310.
13. Newsholme EA, Calder PC. The proposed role of glutamine in some cells of the immune system and speculative consequences for the whole animal. Nutrition 1997; 13:728-730.
14. Sakagami H, Kishino K, Amano O, et al. Cell death induced by nutritional starvation in mouse macrophage-like RAW264.7 cells. Anticancer Res 2009; 29:343-347.
15. Curi TC, De Melo MP, De Azevedo RB, et al. Glutamine utilization by rat neutrophils: presence of phosphate-dependent glutaminase. Am J Physiol 1997; 273:C1124-C1129.
16. Willis WT, Jackman MR. Mitochondrial function during heavy exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1994; 26:1347-1353.
17. Colberg SR, Grieco CR. Exercise in the treatment and prevention of diabetes. Curr Sports Med Rep 2009; 8:169-175.
18. Biolo G, Maggi SP, Williams BD, et al. Increased rates of muscle protein turnover and amino acid transport after resistance exercise in humans. Am J Physiol 1995; 268:E514-E520.
19. Miles MP, Naukam RJ, Hackney AC, et al. Blood leukocyte and glutamine fluctuations after eccentric exercise. Int J Sports Med 1999; 20:322-327.
20. Coutts AJ, Reaburn P, Piva TJ, Rowsell GJ. Monitoring for overreaching in rugby league players. Eur J Appl Physiol 2007; 99:313-324.
21. Walsh NP, Blannin AK, Clark AM, et al. The effects of high-intensity intermittent exercise on the plasma concentrations of glutamine and organic acids. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 1998; 77:434-438.
22. Robson PJ, Blannin AK, Walsh NP, et al. Effects of exercise intensity, duration and recovery on in vitro neutrophil function in male athletes. Int J Sports Med 1999; 20:128-135.
23. Dos Santos RV, Caperuto EC, de Mello MT, et al. Effect of exercise on glutamine synthesis and transport in skeletal muscle from rats. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2009; 36:770-775.
24. Hiscock N, Mackinnon LT. A comparison of plasma glutamine concentration in athletes from different sports. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1998; 30:1693-1696.
25. Santos RV, Caperuto EC, Costa Rosa LF. Effects of acute exhaustive physical exercise upon glutamine metabolism of lymphocytes from trained rats. Life Sci 2007; 80:573-578.
26. Kargotich S, Rowbottom DG, Keast D, et al. Plasma glutamine changes after high-intensity exercise in elite male swimmers. Res Sports Med 2005; 13:7-21. (Pubitemid 40471087)
27. Blomstrand E, Essen-Gustavsson B. Changes in amino acid concentration in plasma and type I and type II fibres during resistance exercise and recovery in human subjects. Amino Acids 2008 [Epub ahead of print].
28. Keast D, Arstein D, Harper W. Depression of plasma glutamine concentration after exercise stress and its possible influence on the immune system. Med J Aust 1995; 162:15-18.
29. Walsh NP, Blannin AK, Robson PJ, et al. Glutamine, exercise and immune function. Links and possible mechanisms. Sports Med 1998; 26:177-191.
30. Margonis K, Fatouros IG, Jamurtas AZ, et al. Oxidative stress biomarkers responses to physical overtraining: implications for diagnosis. Free Radic Biol Med 2007; 43:901-910.
31. Fatouros IG, Destouni A, Margonis K, et al. Cell-free plasma DNA as a novel marker of aseptic inflammation severity related to exercise overtraining. Clin Chem 2006; 52:1820-1824.
32. Williams BD, Chinkes DL, Wolfe RR. Alanine and glutamine kinetics at rest and during exercise in humans. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1 998; 30:1053-1058.
33. Hood DA, Terjung RL. Endurance training alters alanine and glutamine release from muscle during contractions. FEBS Lett 1994; 340:287-290.
34. Kargotich S, Keast D, Goodman C, et al. Monitoring 6 weeks of progressive endurance training with plasma glutamine. Int J Sports Med 2007; 28:211-216.
35. Dos Santos Cunha WD, Giampietro MV, DeSouzaDF, et al. Exercise restores immune cell function in energy-restricted rats. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2004; 36:2059-2064.
36. Van Hall G, Saltin B, Wagenmakers AJ. Muscle protein degradation and amino acid metabolism during prolonged knee-extensor exercise in humans. Clin Sci (Lond) 1999; 97:557-567.
37. Colbert LH, Visser M, Simonsick EM, et al. Physical activity, exercise, and inflammatory markers in older adults: findings from the Health, Aging and Body Composition Study. J Am Geriatr Soc 2004; 52:1098-1104.
38. Thomas SJ, Cooney TE, Thomas DJ. Comparison of exertional indices following moderate training in collegiate athletes. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2000; 40:156-161.
39. Cornier MA, DabeleaD, Hernandez TL, et al. The metabolic syndrome. Endocr Rev 2008; 29:777-822.
40. Bosutti A, Malaponte G, Zanetti M, et al. Calorie restriction modulates inactivity-induced changes in the inflammatory markers C-reactive protein and pentraxin-3. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008; 93:3226-3229.
41. Kanikowska D, Sato M, Iwase S, et al. Immune and neuroendocrine responses to head-down rest and countermeasures. Aviat Space Environ Med 2008; 79:1091-1095.
42. Blair SN, Morris JN. Healthy hearts-and the universal benefits of being physically active: physical activity and health. Ann Epidemiol 2009; 19:253-256.
43. Weidner TG. Literature review: upper respiratory illness and sport and exercise. Int J Sports Med 1994; 15:1-9.
44. Jaspers SR, Henriksen EJ, Satarug S, Tischler ME. Effects of stretching and disuse on amino acids in muscles of rat hind limbs. Metabolism 1989; 38:303-310.
45. Steffen JM, Musacchia XJ. Spaceflight effects on adult rat muscle protein, nucleic acids, and amino acids. Am J Physiol 1986; 251:R1059-R1063.
46. Agostini F, Heer M, Guarnieri G, Biolo G. Physical inactivity decreases whole body glutamine turnover independently from changes in proteolysis. J Physiol 2008; 586:4775-4781.
47. Berg HE, Dudley GA, Hather B, Tesch PA. Work capacity and metabolic and morphologic characteristics of the human quadriceps muscle in response to unloading. Clin Physiol 1993; 13:337-347.
48. Hundal HS, Babij P, Watt PW, et al. Glutamine transport and metabolism in denervated rat skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol 1990; 259:E148-E154.
49. Bacurau RF, Bassit RA, Sawada L, et al. Carbohydrate supplementation during intense exercise and the immune response of cyclists. Clin Nutr 2002; 21:423-429.
50. Blomstrand E, AnderssonS, Hassmen P, et al. Effect of branched-chain amino acid and carbohydrate supplementation on the exercise-induced change in plasma and muscle concentration of amino acids in human subjects. Acta Physiol Scand 1995; 153:87-96.
51. Mitchell JB, Pizza FX, Paquet A, et al. Influence of carbohydrate status on immune responses before and after endurance exercise. J Appl Physiol 1998; 84:1917-1925.
52. Bassit RA, Sawada LA, Bacurau RF. Branched-chain amino acid supplementation and the immune response of long-distance athletes. Nutrition 2002; 18:376-379.
53. Lagranha CJ, Senna SM, de Lima TM, et al. Beneficial effect of glutamine on exercise-induced apoptosis of rat neutrophils. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2004; 36:210-217.
54. Lagranha CJ, Hirabara SM, Curi R, Pithon-Curi TC. Glutamine supplementation prevents exercise-induced neutrophil apoptosis and reduces p38 MAPK and JNK phosphorylation and p53 and caspase 3 expression. Cell Biochem Funct 2007; 25:563-569.
55. Lagranha CJ, de Lima TM, Senna SM, et al. The effect of glutamine supplementation on the function of neutrophils from exercised rats. Cell Biochem Funct 2005; 23:101-107.
56. Lagranha CJ, Alba-Loureiro TC, Martins EF, et al. Neutrophil fatty acid composition: effect of a single session of exercise and glutamine supple mentation. Amino Acids 2008; 35:243-245.
57. Sloan RP, Shapiro PA, Demeersman RE, et al. Aerobic exercise attenuates inducible TNF production in humans. J Appl Physiol 2007; 103:1007-1011.
58. Nieman DC. Exercise, upper respiratory tract infection, and the immune system. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1994; 26:128-139.
59. Haq A, al Hussein K, Lee J, al Sedairy S. Changes in peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets associated with marathon running. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1993; 25:186-190.
60. Cury-Boaventura MF, Levada-Pires AC, Folador A, et al. Effects of exercise on leukocyte death: prevention by hydrolyzed whey protein enriched with gluta mine dipeptide. Eur J Appl Physiol 2008; 103:289-294.
61. Castell LM, Poortmans JR, Leclercq R, et al. Some aspects of the acute phase response after a marathon race, and the effects of glutamine supplementation. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 1997; 75:47-53.
62. Ostrowski K, RohdeT, ZachoM, et al. Evidence that interleukin-6 is produced in human skeletal muscle during prolonged running. J Physiol 1998; 508 (Pt 3): 949-953.
63. Hiscock N, Petersen EW, Krzywkowski K, et al. Glutamine supplementation further enhances exercise-induced plasma IL-6. J Appl Physiol 2003; 95:145-148.
64. Castell LM, Newsholme EA. The effects of oral glutamine supplementation on athletes after prolonged, exhaustive exercise. Nutrition 1997; 13:738-742.
65. Walsh NP, Blannin AK, Bishop NC, et al. Effect of oral glutamine supplementation on human neutrophil lipopolysaccharide-stimulated degranulation following prolonged exercise. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2000; 10:39-50.
66. Castell LM, Poortmans JR, Newsholme EA. Does glutamine have a role in reducing infections in athletes? Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 1996; 73:488-490.
67. Gleeson M. Dosing and efficacy of glutamine supplementation in human exercise and sport training. J Nutr 2008; 138:2045S-2049S.
68. Rohde T, MacLean DA, Pedersen BK. Effect of glutamine supplementation on changes in the immune system induced by repeated exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1998; 30:856-862.
69. Krzywkowski K, Petersen EW, Ostrowski K, et al. Effect of glutamine and protein supplementation on exercise-induced decreases in salivary IgA. J Appl Physiol 2001; 91:832-838. (Pubitemid 32681117)
70. Moreira A, Kekkonen RA, Delgado L, et al. Nutritional modulation of exercise-induced immunodepression in athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Clin Nutr 2007; 61:443-460.
71. Carvalho-Peixoto J, Alves RC, Cameron LC. Glutamine and carbohydrate supplements reduce ammonemia increase during endurance field exercise. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2007; 32:1186-1190.
72. Bassini-Cameron A, Monteiro A, Gomes A, et al. Glutamine protects against increases in blood ammonia in football players in an exercise intensity-dependent way. Br J Sports Med 2008; 42:260-266.
73. Cruzat VF, Tirapegui J. Effects of oral supplementation with glutamine and alanyl-glutamine on glutamine, glutamate, and glutathione status in trained rats and subjected to long-duration exercise. Nutrition 2009; 25:428-435.
74. Marwood S, Bowtell J. No effect of glutamine supplementation and hyperoxia on oxidative metabolism and performance during high-intensity exercise. J Sports Sci 2008; 26:1081-1090.