Effects of oral supplementation with glutamine and alanyl-glutamine on glutamine, glutamate, and glutathione status in trained rats and subjected to long-duration exercise

Nutrition

Volumn 25, Issue 4, 2009, Pages 428-435

  Cruzat, Vinicius Fernandes ^a   Tirapegui, Julio ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SÃO PAULO   (Brazil)

Author keywords

Alanine; Glutamine; Glutathione; L alanyl L glutamine; Long duration exercise

Indexed keywords

ALANINE; AMMONIA; GLUCOSE; GLUTAMIC ACID; GLUTAMINE; GLUTATHIONE; GLUTATHIONE DISULFIDE;

ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL MODEL; ARTICLE; BLOOD LEVEL; CONTROLLED STUDY; EXERCISE; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL; HYPERAMMONEMIA; LIVER; MALE; MUSCLE; NONHUMAN; OXIDATION REDUCTION STATE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RAT; SOLEUS MUSCLE; SUPPLEMENTATION; SWIMMING; TRAINING;

ADMINISTRATION, ORAL; ALANINE; AMMONIA; ANIMALS; DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS; DIPEPTIDES; GLUTAMIC ACID; GLUTAMINE; GLUTATHIONE; LIVER; MALE; MUSCLE, SKELETAL; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PHYSICAL CONDITIONING, ANIMAL; RATS; RATS, WISTAR;

ANIMALIA; RATTUS;

EID: 60749121729     PISSN: 08999007     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2008.09.014     Document Type: Article

References (47)

1. Moreira A., Kekkonen R.A., Delgado L., Fonseca J., Korpela R., and Haahtela T. Nutritional modulation of exercise-induced immunodepression in athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Clin Nutr 61 (2007) 443-460
2. Newsholme P., Procopio J., Lima M.M.R., Pithon-Curi T.C., and Curi R. Glutamine and glutamate-their central role in cell metabolism and function. Cell Biochem Funct 21 (2003) 1-9
3. Rennie M.J., Bowtell J.L., Bruce M., and Khogali S.E.O. Interaction between glutamine availability and metabolism of glycogen, tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates and glutathione. J Nutr 131 (2001) 2488S-2490
4. Curi R., Lagranha C.J., Doi S.Q., Sellitti D.F., Procopio J., Pithon-Curi T.C., et al. Molecular mechanisms of glutamine action. J Cell Physiol 204 (2005) 392-401
5. Rutten E.P., Engelen M.P., Schols A.M., and Deutz N.E. Skeletal muscle glutamate metabolism in health and disease: state of the art. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 8 (2005) 41-51
6. Parry-Billings M., Leighton B., Dimitriadis G., Vasconcelos P.R.L., and Newsholme E.A. Skeletal muscle glutamine metabolism during sepsis in the rat. Int J Biochem 21 (1989) 419-423
7. Santos R.V.T., Caperuto E.C., and Costa Rosa L.F.B.P. Effects of acute exhaustive physical exercise upon glutamine metabolism of lymphocytes from trained rats. Life Sci 80 (2007) 573-578
8. Castell L.M., Poortmans J.R., and Newsholme E.A. Does glutamine have a role in reducing infections in athletes?. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 73 (1996) 488-490
9. Hankard R.G., Haymond M.W., and Darmaun D. Role of glutamine as a glucose precursor in fasting humans. Diabetes 46 (1997) 1535-1541
10. Luo J.-L., Hammarqvist F., Anderson K., and Wernerman J. Skeletal muscle glutathione after surgical trauma. Ann Surg 233 (1996) 420-427
11. Roth E., Oehler R., Manhart N., Exner R., Wessner B., Strasser E., and Spittler A. Regulative potential of glutamine regulation to glutathione metabolism. Nutrition 18 (2002) 217-221
12. Meister A., and Anderson M.E. Glutathione. Annu Rev Biochem 52 (1983) 711-760
13. Leeuwenburgh C., and Ji L.L. Glutathione depletion in rested and exercised mice: biochemical consequence and adaptation. Arch Biochem Biophys 316 (1995) 941-949
14. Fläring U.B., Rooyackers O.E., Wernerman J., and Hammarqvist F. Glutamine attenuates post-traumatic glutathione depletion in human muscle. Clin Sci 104 (2003) 275-282
15. Valencia E., Marin A., and Hardy G. Glutathione: nutritional and pharmacological viewpoints: part VI. Nutrition 18 (2002) 291-292
16. Castell L.M., and Newsholme E.A. The effects of oral glutamine supplementation on athletes after prolonged, exhaustive exercise. Nutrition 13 (1997) 738-742
17. Rohde T., Asp S., MaClean D.A., and Pederesen B.K. Competitive sustained exercise in humans, lymphokine activated killer cell activity, and glutamine-an intervention study. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 78 (1998) 448-453
18. Krzywkowski K., Petersen E.W., Ostrowski K., Kristensen J.H., Boza J., and Pedersen B.K. Effect of glutamine supplementation on exercise-induced changes in lymphocyte function. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 281 (2001) C1259-C1265
19. Valencia E., Marin A., and Hardy G. Impact of l-glutamine on glutathione, glutamine, and glutamate blood levels in volunteers. Nutrition 18 (2002) 367-370
20. Rogero M.M., Tirapegui J.O., Pedrosa R.G., Castro I.A., and Pires I.S.O. Effect of L-alanyl-L-glutamine supplementation on the plasma and tissue concentrations of glutamine in rats submitted to exhaustive exercise. Nutrition 22 (2006) 564-567
21. Rogero M.M., Tirapegui J.O., Pedrosa R.G., Pires I.S.O., and Castro I.A. Plasma and tissue glutamine response to acute and chronic supplementation with L-glutamine and L-alanyl-L-glutamine in rats. Nutr Res 24 (2004) 261-270
22. Klassen P., Mazariegos M., Solomons N.W., and Fürst P. The pharmacokinetic responses of human to 20 g of alanyl-glutamine dipeptide differ with the dosing protocol but not with gastric acidity or in patients with acute dengue fever. J Nutr 130 (2000) 177-182
23. Adibi S.A. Regulation of expression of the intestinal oligopeptide transporter (Pept-1) in health and disease. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 285 (2003) G779-G788
24. Reeves P.G., Nielsen F.H., and Fahey Junior G.C. AIN-93 purified diets for laboratory rodents: final report of the American Institute of Nutrition "ad hoc" writing committee on the formulation of the AIN-76a rodent diets. J Nutr 123 (1993) 1939-1951
25. Lund P. Determination of glutamine with glutaminase and glutamate dehydrogenase. In: Bergmeyer H.U. (Ed). Methods of enzymatic analysis (1985), Academic Press, London 357-363
26. Neeley W.E., and Phillipson J. Automated enzymatic method for determining ammonia in plasma, with 14-day reagent stability. Clin Chem 34 (1988) 1868-1869
27. Bergmeyer H.U. Determination with glucose oxidase and peroxidase. Methods of enzymatic analysis (1974), Academic Press, Weinheim: Verlag Chemie/New York 1205-1212
28. Sahlin K., Katz A., and Broberg S. Tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates in human muscle during prolonged exercise. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 259 (1990) C834-C841
29. Lowry O.H., Rosebruogh N.J., Farr A.L., and Randall R.J. Proteins measurements with Folin phenol reagent. J Biol Chem 193 (1951) 265-275
30. Nogueira F.N., Carvalho A.M., Yamagutia P.M., and Nicolau J. Antioxidant parameters and lipid peroxidation in salivary glands of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Clin Chim Acta 353 (2005) 133-139
31. Bröer S. Amino acid transport across mammalian intestinal and renal epithelia. Physiol Rev 88 (2008) 249-286
32. Sigrist-Nelson K., Murer H., and Hopfer U. Active alanine transport in isolated brush border Membranes. J Biol Chem 250 (1975) 5674-5680
33. Minami H., Morse E.L., and Adibi S.A. Characteristics and mechanism of glutamine-dipeptide absorption in human intestine. Gastroenterology 103 (1992) 3-11
34. Ganapathy V., Brandsch M., and Leibach F.H. Intestinal transport of amino acid and peptides. In: Johson L.R., and Alpers D.H. (Eds). The physiology of the gastrointestinal tract (1994), Raven Press, New York 1773-1793
35. Grimble G.K. The significance of peptides in clinical nutrition. Annu Rev Nutr 14 (1994) 419-447
36. Thamotharan M., Bawani S.Z., Zhou X., and Adibi S.A. Functional and molecular expression of intestinal oligopeptide transporter (pept-1) after a brief fast. Metabolism 48 (1999) 681-684
37. Adibi S.A., Schenker S., and Morse E. Mechanism of clearance and transfer of dipeptides by perfused human placenta. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 271 (1996) E535-E540
38. Hammarqvist F., Andersson K., Luo J., and Wernermanb J. Free amino acid and glutathione concentrations in muscle during short-term starvation and refeeding. Clin Nutr 24 (2005) 236-243
39. Graham T.E., Turcotte L.P., Kiens B., and Richter E.A. Training and muscle ammonia and amino acid metabolism in humans during prolonged exercise. J Appl Physiol 78 (1995) 725-735
40. Bassini-Cameron A., Monteiro A., Gomes A., Werneck-de-Castro J.P.S., and Cameron L. Glutamine protects against increases in blood ammonia in football players in an exercise intensity dependent way. Br J Sports Med 42 (2008) 260-266
41. D'Souza R., and Tuck J.P. Glutamine supplements in the critically ill. J R Soc Med 97 (2004) 425-427
42. Garlick P.J. The nature of human hazards associated with excessive intake of amino acids. J Nutr 134 (2004) 1633S-1639
43. Keast D., Arstein D., Harper W., Fry R.W., and Morton A.R. Depression of plasma glutamine concentration after exercise stress and its possible influence on the immune system. Med J Aust 162 (1995) 15-18
44. Liu J., Yeo C.H., Douki E.O., Hagen T., Doniger S.J., Chu D.W., et al. Chronically and acutely exercised rats: biomarkers of oxidative stress and endogenous antioxidants. J Appl Physiol 89 (2000) 21-28
45. Humbert B., Nguyen P., Martin L., Dumon H., Vallette G., Maugere P., and Darmaun D. Effect of glutamine on glutathione kinetics in vivo in dogs. J Nutr Biochem 18 (2007) 10-16
46. Vom Dahl S., and Häussinger D. Nutritional state and the swelling-induced inhibition of proteolysis in perfused rat liver. J Nutr 126 (1996) 395-402
47. Yang R., Martin-Hawver L., Woodall C., Thomas A., Qureshi N., Morrison D., and Van Way C. Administration of glutamine after hemorrhagic shock restores cellular energy, reduces cell apoptosis and damage, and increases survival. JPEN 31 (2007) 94-100