메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 18, Issue 9, 2009, Pages 607-614

Isobolographic characterization of the anticonvulsant interaction profiles of levetiracetam in combination with clonazepam, ethosuximide, phenobarbital and valproate in the mouse pentylenetetrazole-induced seizure model

Author keywords

Antiepileptic drugs; Isobolographic analysis; Levetiracetam; Pharmacodynamic interactions; Pharmacokinetic interactions

Indexed keywords

CLONAZEPAM; ETHOSUXIMIDE; ETIRACETAM; PENTETRAZOLE; PHENOBARBITAL; VALPROIC ACID; ANTICONVULSIVE AGENT; CONVULSANT AGENT; DRUG DERIVATIVE; PIRACETAM;

EID: 73349086269     PISSN: 10591311     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2009.06.009     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (24)

References (62)
  • 1
    • 0034598762 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early identification of refractory epilepsy
    • Kwan P., and Brodie M.J. Early identification of refractory epilepsy. New England Journal of Medicine 342 (2000) 314-319
    • (2000) New England Journal of Medicine , vol.342 , pp. 314-319
    • Kwan, P.1    Brodie, M.J.2
  • 2
    • 0033760422 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epilepsy after the first drug fails: substitution or add-on?
    • Kwan P., and Brodie M.J. Epilepsy after the first drug fails: substitution or add-on?. Seizure 9 (2000) 464-468
    • (2000) Seizure , vol.9 , pp. 464-468
    • Kwan, P.1    Brodie, M.J.2
  • 3
    • 0019799760 scopus 로고
    • Single drug or combination therapy for epilepsy?
    • Reynolds E.H., and Shorvon S.D. Single drug or combination therapy for epilepsy?. Drugs 21 (1981) 374-382
    • (1981) Drugs , vol.21 , pp. 374-382
    • Reynolds, E.H.1    Shorvon, S.D.2
  • 4
    • 0033761218 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Selection of antiepileptic drug polytherapy based on mechanism of action: the evidence reviewed
    • Deckers C.L., Czuczwar S.J., Hekster Y.A., Keyser A., Kubova H., Meinardi H., et al. Selection of antiepileptic drug polytherapy based on mechanism of action: the evidence reviewed. Epilepsia 41 (2000) 1364-1374
    • (2000) Epilepsia , vol.41 , pp. 1364-1374
    • Deckers, C.L.1    Czuczwar, S.J.2    Hekster, Y.A.3    Keyser, A.4    Kubova, H.5    Meinardi, H.6
  • 5
    • 84989593859 scopus 로고
    • Pharmacological principles as a basis for polytherapy
    • Perucca E. Pharmacological principles as a basis for polytherapy. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica Suppl. 162 (1995) 31-34
    • (1995) Acta Neurologica Scandinavica , Issue.SUPPL. 162 , pp. 31-34
    • Perucca, E.1
  • 6
    • 0036220551 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The importance of drug interactions in epilepsy therapy
    • Patsalos P.N., Fröscher W., Pisani F., and van Rijn C.M. The importance of drug interactions in epilepsy therapy. Epilepsia 43 (2002) 365-385
    • (2002) Epilepsia , vol.43 , pp. 365-385
    • Patsalos, P.N.1    Fröscher, W.2    Pisani, F.3    van Rijn, C.M.4
  • 7
    • 0038196961 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinically important drug interactions in epilepsy: general features and interactions between antiepileptic drugs
    • Patsalos P.N., and Perucca E. Clinically important drug interactions in epilepsy: general features and interactions between antiepileptic drugs. Lancet Neurology 2 (2003) 347-356
    • (2003) Lancet Neurology , vol.2 , pp. 347-356
    • Patsalos, P.N.1    Perucca, E.2
  • 8
    • 0038714895 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinically important drug interactions in epilepsy: interactions between antiepileptic drugs and other drugs
    • Patsalos P.N., and Perucca E. Clinically important drug interactions in epilepsy: interactions between antiepileptic drugs and other drugs. Lancet Neurology 2 (2003) 473-481
    • (2003) Lancet Neurology , vol.2 , pp. 473-481
    • Patsalos, P.N.1    Perucca, E.2
  • 9
    • 0036747357 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seizure freedom with more than one antiepileptic drug
    • Stephen L.J., and Brodie M.J. Seizure freedom with more than one antiepileptic drug. Seizure 11 (2002) 349-351
    • (2002) Seizure , vol.11 , pp. 349-351
    • Stephen, L.J.1    Brodie, M.J.2
  • 10
    • 33645019118 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic characterization of interactions between levetiracetam and numerous antiepileptic drugs in the mouse maximal electroshock seizure model: an isobolographic analysis
    • Luszczki J.J., Andres M.M., Czuczwar P., Cioczek-Czuczwar A., Ratnaraj N., Patsalos P.N., et al. Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic characterization of interactions between levetiracetam and numerous antiepileptic drugs in the mouse maximal electroshock seizure model: an isobolographic analysis. Epilepsia 47 (2006) 10-20
    • (2006) Epilepsia , vol.47 , pp. 10-20
    • Luszczki, J.J.1    Andres, M.M.2    Czuczwar, P.3    Cioczek-Czuczwar, A.4    Ratnaraj, N.5    Patsalos, P.N.6
  • 12
    • 34247096547 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Levetiracetam and felbamate interact both pharmacodynamically and pharmacokinetically: an isobolographic analysis in the mouse maximal electroshock model
    • Luszczki J.J., Andres-Mach M.M., Ratnaraj N., Patsalos P.N., and Czuczwar S.J. Levetiracetam and felbamate interact both pharmacodynamically and pharmacokinetically: an isobolographic analysis in the mouse maximal electroshock model. Epilepsia 48 (2007) 806-815
    • (2007) Epilepsia , vol.48 , pp. 806-815
    • Luszczki, J.J.1    Andres-Mach, M.M.2    Ratnaraj, N.3    Patsalos, P.N.4    Czuczwar, S.J.5
  • 13
    • 35848938482 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Levetiracetam N01057 Study Group. Placebo-controlled study of levetiracetam in idiopathic generalized epilepsy
    • Berkovic S.F., Knowlton R.C., Leroy R.F., Schiemann J., and Falter U. Levetiracetam N01057 Study Group. Placebo-controlled study of levetiracetam in idiopathic generalized epilepsy. Neurology 69 (2007) 1751-1760
    • (2007) Neurology , vol.69 , pp. 1751-1760
    • Berkovic, S.F.1    Knowlton, R.C.2    Leroy, R.F.3    Schiemann, J.4    Falter, U.5
  • 14
    • 13444269601 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical experience of levetiracetam monotherapy for adults with epilepsy: 1-year follow-up study
    • Alsaadi T.M., Shatzel A., Marquez A.V., Jorgensen J., and Farias S. Clinical experience of levetiracetam monotherapy for adults with epilepsy: 1-year follow-up study. Seizure 14 (2005) 139-142
    • (2005) Seizure , vol.14 , pp. 139-142
    • Alsaadi, T.M.1    Shatzel, A.2    Marquez, A.V.3    Jorgensen, J.4    Farias, S.5
  • 15
    • 0033775210 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy and tolerability of levetiracetam 3000 mg/d in patients with refractory partial seizures: a multicenter, double-blind, responder-selected study evaluating monotherapy. European Levetiracetam Study Group
    • Ben-Menachem E., and Falter U. Efficacy and tolerability of levetiracetam 3000 mg/d in patients with refractory partial seizures: a multicenter, double-blind, responder-selected study evaluating monotherapy. European Levetiracetam Study Group. Epilepsia 41 (2000) 1276-1283
    • (2000) Epilepsia , vol.41 , pp. 1276-1283
    • Ben-Menachem, E.1    Falter, U.2
  • 16
    • 0033854805 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Levetiracetam for partial seizures: results of a double-blind, randomized clinical trial
    • Cereghino J.J., Biton V., Abou-Khalil B., Dreifuss F., Gauer L.J., and Leppik I. Levetiracetam for partial seizures: results of a double-blind, randomized clinical trial. Neurology 55 (2000) 236-242
    • (2000) Neurology , vol.55 , pp. 236-242
    • Cereghino, J.J.1    Biton, V.2    Abou-Khalil, B.3    Dreifuss, F.4    Gauer, L.J.5    Leppik, I.6
  • 17
    • 0033765115 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy and tolerability of 1000-4000 mg per day of levetiracetam as add-on therapy in patients with refractory epilepsy
    • Grant R., and Shorvon S.D. Efficacy and tolerability of 1000-4000 mg per day of levetiracetam as add-on therapy in patients with refractory epilepsy. Epilepsy Research 42 (2000) 89-95
    • (2000) Epilepsy Research , vol.42 , pp. 89-95
    • Grant, R.1    Shorvon, S.D.2
  • 20
    • 0000992914 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of levetiracetam on resistant juvenile myoclonic epilepsy
    • [abstract]
    • Greenhill L., Betts T., and Smith K. Effect of levetiracetam on resistant juvenile myoclonic epilepsy. Epilepsia 42 Suppl. 7 (2001) 179 [abstract]
    • (2001) Epilepsia , vol.42 , Issue.SUPPL. 7 , pp. 179
    • Greenhill, L.1    Betts, T.2    Smith, K.3
  • 21
    • 4344605208 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Levetiracetam as add-on therapy in generalised epilepsies
    • Kumar S.P., and Smith P.E. Levetiracetam as add-on therapy in generalised epilepsies. Seizure 13 (2004) 475-477
    • (2004) Seizure , vol.13 , pp. 475-477
    • Kumar, S.P.1    Smith, P.E.2
  • 23
    • 0034489874 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antimyoclonic effect of levetiracetam
    • Genton P., and Gelisse P. Antimyoclonic effect of levetiracetam. Epileptic Disorders 2 (2000) 112-209
    • (2000) Epileptic Disorders , vol.2 , pp. 112-209
    • Genton, P.1    Gelisse, P.2
  • 24
    • 0030297525 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Photosensitive epilepsy: a model to study the effects of antiepileptic drugs. Evaluation of the piracetam analogue, levetiracetam
    • Kasteleijn-Nolst Trenite D.G., Marescaux C., Stodieck S., Edelbroek P.M., and Oosting J. Photosensitive epilepsy: a model to study the effects of antiepileptic drugs. Evaluation of the piracetam analogue, levetiracetam. Epilepsy Research 25 (1996) 225-230
    • (1996) Epilepsy Research , vol.25 , pp. 225-230
    • Kasteleijn-Nolst Trenite, D.G.1    Marescaux, C.2    Stodieck, S.3    Edelbroek, P.M.4    Oosting, J.5
  • 25
    • 33745665605 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Double-blind placebo-controlled trial of adjunctive levetiracetam in pediatric partial seizures
    • Glauser T.A., Ayala R., Elterman R.D., Mitchell W.G., Van Orman C.B., Gauer L.J., et al. Double-blind placebo-controlled trial of adjunctive levetiracetam in pediatric partial seizures. Neurology 66 (2006) 1654-1660
    • (2006) Neurology , vol.66 , pp. 1654-1660
    • Glauser, T.A.1    Ayala, R.2    Elterman, R.D.3    Mitchell, W.G.4    Van Orman, C.B.5    Gauer, L.J.6
  • 26
    • 1642442730 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy and tolerability of levetiracetam in children aged 10 years and younger: a clinical experience
    • Tan M.J., and Appleton R.E. Efficacy and tolerability of levetiracetam in children aged 10 years and younger: a clinical experience. Seizure 13 (2004) 142-145
    • (2004) Seizure , vol.13 , pp. 142-145
    • Tan, M.J.1    Appleton, R.E.2
  • 27
    • 0023897574 scopus 로고
    • Which animal models should be used in the search for new antiepileptic drugs? A proposal based on experimental and clinical considerations
    • Löscher W., and Schmidt D. Which animal models should be used in the search for new antiepileptic drugs? A proposal based on experimental and clinical considerations. Epilepsy Research 2 (1988) 145-181
    • (1988) Epilepsy Research , vol.2 , pp. 145-181
    • Löscher, W.1    Schmidt, D.2
  • 28
    • 0028823233 scopus 로고
    • Effects of levetiracetam, a novel antiepileptic drug, on convulsant activity in two genetic rat models of epilepsy
    • Gower A.J., Hirsch E., Boehrer A., Noyer M., and Marescaux C. Effects of levetiracetam, a novel antiepileptic drug, on convulsant activity in two genetic rat models of epilepsy. Epilepsy Research 22 (1995) 207-213
    • (1995) Epilepsy Research , vol.22 , pp. 207-213
    • Gower, A.J.1    Hirsch, E.2    Boehrer, A.3    Noyer, M.4    Marescaux, C.5
  • 29
    • 0026471112 scopus 로고
    • Ucb L059 a novel anti-convulsant drug: pharmacological profile in animals
    • [erratum published in: European Journal of Pharmacology 1993;230:389]
    • Gower A.J., Noyer M., Verloes R., Gobert J., and Wulfert E. Ucb L059 a novel anti-convulsant drug: pharmacological profile in animals. European Journal of Pharmacology 222 (1992) 193-203 [erratum published in: European Journal of Pharmacology 1993;230:389]
    • (1992) European Journal of Pharmacology , vol.222 , pp. 193-203
    • Gower, A.J.1    Noyer, M.2    Verloes, R.3    Gobert, J.4    Wulfert, E.5
  • 30
    • 0032563178 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence for a unique profile of levetiracetam in rodent models of seizures and epilepsy
    • Klitgaard H., Matagne A., Gobert J., and Wulfert E. Evidence for a unique profile of levetiracetam in rodent models of seizures and epilepsy. European Journal of Pharmacology 353 (1998) 191-206
    • (1998) European Journal of Pharmacology , vol.353 , pp. 191-206
    • Klitgaard, H.1    Matagne, A.2    Gobert, J.3    Wulfert, E.4
  • 31
    • 0031908063 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antiepileptogenic effects of the novel anticonvulsant levetiracetam (ucb L059) in the kindling model of temporal lobe epilepsy
    • Löscher W., Hönack D., and Rundfeldt C. Antiepileptogenic effects of the novel anticonvulsant levetiracetam (ucb L059) in the kindling model of temporal lobe epilepsy. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 284 (1998) 474-479
    • (1998) Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics , vol.284 , pp. 474-479
    • Löscher, W.1    Hönack, D.2    Rundfeldt, C.3
  • 32
    • 0027410987 scopus 로고
    • Profile of ucb L059, a novel anticonvulsant drug, in models of partial and generalized epilepsy in mice and rats
    • Löscher W., and Hönack D. Profile of ucb L059, a novel anticonvulsant drug, in models of partial and generalized epilepsy in mice and rats. European Journal of Pharmacology 232 (1993) 147-158
    • (1993) European Journal of Pharmacology , vol.232 , pp. 147-158
    • Löscher, W.1    Hönack, D.2
  • 33
    • 34447279444 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Levetiracetam attenuates spontaneous spike-and-wave discharges in DBA/2J mice
    • Marrosu F., Bortolato M., Frau R., Orru M., Puligheddu M., Fa M., et al. Levetiracetam attenuates spontaneous spike-and-wave discharges in DBA/2J mice. Epilepsy Research 75 (2007) 224-227
    • (2007) Epilepsy Research , vol.75 , pp. 224-227
    • Marrosu, F.1    Bortolato, M.2    Frau, R.3    Orru, M.4    Puligheddu, M.5    Fa, M.6
  • 34
    • 0035652290 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pharmacological characterization of the 6 Hz psychomotor seizure model of partial epilepsy
    • Barton M.E., Klein B.D., Wolf H.H., and White H.S. Pharmacological characterization of the 6 Hz psychomotor seizure model of partial epilepsy. Epilepsy Research 47 (2001) 217-227
    • (2001) Epilepsy Research , vol.47 , pp. 217-227
    • Barton, M.E.1    Klein, B.D.2    Wolf, H.H.3    White, H.S.4
  • 35
    • 47249088211 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anticonvulsive and antiepileptogenic effects of levetiracetam in the audiogenic kindling model
    • Vinogradova L.V., and van Rijn C.M. Anticonvulsive and antiepileptogenic effects of levetiracetam in the audiogenic kindling model. Epilepsia 49 (2008) 1160-1168
    • (2008) Epilepsia , vol.49 , pp. 1160-1168
    • Vinogradova, L.V.1    van Rijn, C.M.2
  • 36
    • 54549114411 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of chronic treatment with levetiracetam on hippocampal field responses after pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus in rats
    • Margineanu D.G., Matagne A., Kaminski R.M., and Klitgaard H. Effects of chronic treatment with levetiracetam on hippocampal field responses after pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus in rats. Brain Research Bulletin 77 (2008) 282-285
    • (2008) Brain Research Bulletin , vol.77 , pp. 282-285
    • Margineanu, D.G.1    Matagne, A.2    Kaminski, R.M.3    Klitgaard, H.4
  • 37
    • 0042572440 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reduction of voltage-operated potassium currents by levetiracetam: a novel antiepileptic mechanism of action?
    • Madeja M., Margineanu D.G., Gorji A., Siep E., Boerrigter P., Klitgaard H., et al. Reduction of voltage-operated potassium currents by levetiracetam: a novel antiepileptic mechanism of action?. Neuropharmacology 45 (2003) 661-671
    • (2003) Neuropharmacology , vol.45 , pp. 661-671
    • Madeja, M.1    Margineanu, D.G.2    Gorji, A.3    Siep, E.4    Boerrigter, P.5    Klitgaard, H.6
  • 38
    • 0036193683 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Selective blockade of N-type calcium channels by levetiracetam
    • Lukyanetz E.A., Shkryl V.M., and Kostyuk P.G. Selective blockade of N-type calcium channels by levetiracetam. Epilepsia 43 (2002) 9-18
    • (2002) Epilepsia , vol.43 , pp. 9-18
    • Lukyanetz, E.A.1    Shkryl, V.M.2    Kostyuk, P.G.3
  • 41
    • 0035987775 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The anti-epileptic drug levetiracetam reverses the inhibition by negative allosteric modulators of neuronal GABA- and glycine-gated currents
    • Rigo J.M., Hans G., Nguyen L., Rocher V., Belachew S., Malgrange B., et al. The anti-epileptic drug levetiracetam reverses the inhibition by negative allosteric modulators of neuronal GABA- and glycine-gated currents. British Journal of Pharmacology 136 (2002) 659-672
    • (2002) British Journal of Pharmacology , vol.136 , pp. 659-672
    • Rigo, J.M.1    Hans, G.2    Nguyen, L.3    Rocher, V.4    Belachew, S.5    Malgrange, B.6
  • 43
    • 43049148382 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Levetiracetam inhibits both ryanodine and IP3 receptor activated calcium induced calcium release in hippocampal neurons in culture
    • Nagarkatti N., Deshpande L.S., and DeLorenzo R.J. Levetiracetam inhibits both ryanodine and IP3 receptor activated calcium induced calcium release in hippocampal neurons in culture. Neuroscience Letters 436 (2008) 289-293
    • (2008) Neuroscience Letters , vol.436 , pp. 289-293
    • Nagarkatti, N.1    Deshpande, L.S.2    DeLorenzo, R.J.3
  • 44
    • 45649085518 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • PKA-mediated phosphorylation is a novel mechanism for levetiracetam, an antiepileptic drug, activating ROMK1 channels
    • Lee C.H., Lee C.Y., Tsai T.S., and Liou H.H. PKA-mediated phosphorylation is a novel mechanism for levetiracetam, an antiepileptic drug, activating ROMK1 channels. Biochemical Pharmacology 76 (2008) 225-235
    • (2008) Biochemical Pharmacology , vol.76 , pp. 225-235
    • Lee, C.H.1    Lee, C.Y.2    Tsai, T.S.3    Liou, H.H.4
  • 46
    • 2942744683 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pharmacodynamic interaction studies with topiramate in the pentylenetetrazol and maximal electroshock seizure models
    • Sills G.J., Butler E., Thompson G.G., and Brodie M.J. Pharmacodynamic interaction studies with topiramate in the pentylenetetrazol and maximal electroshock seizure models. Seizure 13 (2004) 287-295
    • (2004) Seizure , vol.13 , pp. 287-295
    • Sills, G.J.1    Butler, E.2    Thompson, G.G.3    Brodie, M.J.4
  • 47
    • 2142818536 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anticonvulsant effects of levetiracetam and levetiracetam-diazepam combinations in experimental status epilepticus
    • Mazarati A.M., Baldwin R., Klitgaard H., Matagne A., and Wasterlain C.G. Anticonvulsant effects of levetiracetam and levetiracetam-diazepam combinations in experimental status epilepticus. Epilepsy Research 58 (2004) 167-174
    • (2004) Epilepsy Research , vol.58 , pp. 167-174
    • Mazarati, A.M.1    Baldwin, R.2    Klitgaard, H.3    Matagne, A.4    Wasterlain, C.G.5
  • 48
    • 60349092371 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic interaction profiles of levetiracetam in combination with gabapentin, tiagabine and vigabatrin in the mouse pentylenetetrazole-induced seizure model: an isobolographic analysis
    • Dudra-Jastrzebska M., Andres-Mach M.M., Sielski M., Ratnaraj N., Patsalos P.N., Czuczwar S.J., et al. Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic interaction profiles of levetiracetam in combination with gabapentin, tiagabine and vigabatrin in the mouse pentylenetetrazole-induced seizure model: an isobolographic analysis. European Journal of Pharmacology 605 (2009) 87-94
    • (2009) European Journal of Pharmacology , vol.605 , pp. 87-94
    • Dudra-Jastrzebska, M.1    Andres-Mach, M.M.2    Sielski, M.3    Ratnaraj, N.4    Patsalos, P.N.5    Czuczwar, S.J.6
  • 49
    • 61849098715 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Benefits of combination therapy in epilepsy: a review of preclinical evidence with levetiracetam
    • Kaminski R.M., Matagne A., Patsalos P.N., and Klitgaard H. Benefits of combination therapy in epilepsy: a review of preclinical evidence with levetiracetam. Epilepsia 50 (2009) 387-397
    • (2009) Epilepsia , vol.50 , pp. 387-397
    • Kaminski, R.M.1    Matagne, A.2    Patsalos, P.N.3    Klitgaard, H.4
  • 50
    • 34447330442 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of levetiracetam on the anticonvulsant efficacy of conventional antiepileptic drugs against audiogenic seizures in DBA/2 mice
    • Donato Di Paola E., Gareri P., Davoli A., Gratteri S., Scicchitano F., Naccari C., et al. Influence of levetiracetam on the anticonvulsant efficacy of conventional antiepileptic drugs against audiogenic seizures in DBA/2 mice. Epilepsy Research 75 (2007) 112-121
    • (2007) Epilepsy Research , vol.75 , pp. 112-121
    • Donato Di Paola, E.1    Gareri, P.2    Davoli, A.3    Gratteri, S.4    Scicchitano, F.5    Naccari, C.6
  • 51
    • 0036197123 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Carbamazepine toxicity during combination therapy with levetiracetam: a pharmacodynamic interaction
    • Sisodiya S.M., Sander J.W., and Patsalos P.N. Carbamazepine toxicity during combination therapy with levetiracetam: a pharmacodynamic interaction. Epilepsy Research 48 (2002) 217-219
    • (2002) Epilepsy Research , vol.48 , pp. 217-219
    • Sisodiya, S.M.1    Sander, J.W.2    Patsalos, P.N.3
  • 52
    • 0036091188 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy and safety of levetiracetam in children with partial seizures: an open-label trial
    • Glauser T.A., Pellock J.M., Bebin E.M., Fountain N.B., Ritter F.J., Jensen C.M., et al. Efficacy and safety of levetiracetam in children with partial seizures: an open-label trial. Epilepsia 43 (2002) 518-524
    • (2002) Epilepsia , vol.43 , pp. 518-524
    • Glauser, T.A.1    Pellock, J.M.2    Bebin, E.M.3    Fountain, N.B.4    Ritter, F.J.5    Jensen, C.M.6
  • 53
    • 0025817126 scopus 로고
    • The role of technical, biological and pharmacological factors in the laboratory evaluation of anticonvulsant drugs. III. Pentylenetetrazole seizure models
    • Löscher W., Hönack D., Fassbender C.P., and Nolting B. The role of technical, biological and pharmacological factors in the laboratory evaluation of anticonvulsant drugs. III. Pentylenetetrazole seizure models. Epilepsy Research 8 (1991) 171-189
    • (1991) Epilepsy Research , vol.8 , pp. 171-189
    • Löscher, W.1    Hönack, D.2    Fassbender, C.P.3    Nolting, B.4
  • 54
    • 0029117338 scopus 로고
    • Only controls: effect of handling, sham injection, and intraperitoneal injection of saline on behavior of mice in an elevated plus-maze
    • Lapin I.P. Only controls: effect of handling, sham injection, and intraperitoneal injection of saline on behavior of mice in an elevated plus-maze. Journal of Pharmacological and Toxicological Methods 34 (1995) 73-77
    • (1995) Journal of Pharmacological and Toxicological Methods , vol.34 , pp. 73-77
    • Lapin, I.P.1
  • 56
    • 0025216638 scopus 로고
    • Modulation of morphine antinociception by peripheral [Leu5]enkephalin: a synergistic interaction
    • Porreca F., Jiang Q., and Tallarida R.J. Modulation of morphine antinociception by peripheral [Leu5]enkephalin: a synergistic interaction. European Journal of Pharmacology 179 (1990) 463-468
    • (1990) European Journal of Pharmacology , vol.179 , pp. 463-468
    • Porreca, F.1    Jiang, Q.2    Tallarida, R.J.3
  • 58
    • 0029945589 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A micromethod for the determination of the new antiepileptic drug levetiracetam (ucb LO59) in serum or plasma by high performance liquid chromatography
    • Ratnaraj N., Doheny H.C., and Patsalos P.N. A micromethod for the determination of the new antiepileptic drug levetiracetam (ucb LO59) in serum or plasma by high performance liquid chromatography. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring 18 (1996) 154-157
    • (1996) Therapeutic Drug Monitoring , vol.18 , pp. 154-157
    • Ratnaraj, N.1    Doheny, H.C.2    Patsalos, P.N.3
  • 59
    • 84940816667 scopus 로고
    • Une nouvelle méthode simple pour explorer l'action tranquilisante: le test de la cheminée
    • Boissier J.R., Tardy J., and Diverres J.C. Une nouvelle méthode simple pour explorer l'action tranquilisante: le test de la cheminée. Medicina Experimentalis (Basel) 3 (1960) 81-84
    • (1960) Medicina Experimentalis (Basel) , vol.3 , pp. 81-84
    • Boissier, J.R.1    Tardy, J.2    Diverres, J.C.3
  • 60
    • 0022647809 scopus 로고
    • Benzodiazepines impair and beta-carbolines enhance performance in learning and memory tasks
    • Venault P., Chapouthier G., de Carvalho L.P., Simiand J., Morre M., Dodd R.H., et al. Benzodiazepines impair and beta-carbolines enhance performance in learning and memory tasks. Nature 321 (1986) 864-866
    • (1986) Nature , vol.321 , pp. 864-866
    • Venault, P.1    Chapouthier, G.2    de Carvalho, L.P.3    Simiand, J.4    Morre, M.5    Dodd, R.H.6
  • 61
    • 0018591165 scopus 로고
    • A method for the routine assessment of fore- and hindlimb grip strength of rats and mice
    • Meyer O.A., Tilson H.A., Byrd W.C., and Riley M.T. A method for the routine assessment of fore- and hindlimb grip strength of rats and mice. Neurobehavioral Toxicology 1 (1979) 233-236
    • (1979) Neurobehavioral Toxicology , vol.1 , pp. 233-236
    • Meyer, O.A.1    Tilson, H.A.2    Byrd, W.C.3    Riley, M.T.4
  • 62
    • 4644303812 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Levetiracetam: pharmacology and therapeutics in the treatment of epilepsy and other neurological conditions
    • Patsalos P.N. Levetiracetam: pharmacology and therapeutics in the treatment of epilepsy and other neurological conditions. Reviews in Contemporary Pharmacotherapy 13 (2004) 1-168
    • (2004) Reviews in Contemporary Pharmacotherapy , vol.13 , pp. 1-168
    • Patsalos, P.N.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.