Dude looks like a lady: Exploring the malleability of person categorization

European Journal of Social Psychology

Volumn 39, Issue 6, 2009, Pages 1109-1119

  Brebner, Joanne L ^a   Martin, Douglas ^b   Neil Macrae, C ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ABERDEEN   (United Kingdom)

^b NORTHUMBRIA UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 73049105393     PISSN: 00462772     EISSN: 10990992     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.600     Document Type: Article

References (61)

1. Allport, G. W. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Reading, MA: Addison Wesley.
2. Bartlett, J. C., & Searcy, J. H. (1993). Inversion and configuration of faces. Cognitive Psychology, 25, 281-316.
3. Bargh, J. A. (1999). The cognitive monster: The case against controllability of automatic stereotype effects. In S. Chaiken, & Y. Trope (Eds.), Dual process theories in social psychology (pp. 361-382). New York: Guilford.
4. Beck, D. M., & Lavie, N. (2005). Look here but ignore what you see: Effects of distractors at fixation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 31, 592-607.
5. Blair, I. V. (2002). The malleability of automatic stereotypes and prejudice. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 6, 242-261.
6. Blair, I. V., & Banaji, M. R. (1996). Automatic and controlled processes in stereotype priming. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 1142-1163.
7. Blair, I. V., Chapleau, K. M., & Judd, C. M. (2005). The use of Afrocentric features as cues for judgment in the presence of diagnostic information. European Journal of Social Psychology, 35, 59-68.
8. Blair, I. V., Judd, C. M., & Chapleau, K. M. (2004). The influence of Afrocentric facial features in criminal sentencing. Psychological Science, 15, 674-679.
9. Blair, I. V., Judd, C. M., Sadler, M. S., & Jenkins, C. (2002). The role of Afrocentric features in person perception: Judging by features and categories. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 5-25.
10. Brebner, J. L., & Macrae, C. N. (2008). Faces, flowers and football boots: Capacity limits in distractor processing. Cognition, 107, 718-728.
11. Brewer, M. B. (1988). A dual-process model of impression formation. In R. S. Wyer, Jr, & T. K. Srull (Eds.), Advances in social cognition (Vol. 1, pp. 1-36). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
12. Brown, E., & Perrett, D. I. (1993). What gives a face its gender? Perception, 22, 829-840.
13. Bruce, V., & Young, A. W. (1986). Understanding face recognition. British Journal of Psychology, 77, 305-327.
14. Bryden, M. P. (1961). The role of post-exposural eye movements in tachistoscopic perception. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 15, 220-225.
15. Burton, A. M., Bruce, V., & Dench, N. (1993). What's the difference between men and women? Evidence from facial measurement. Perception, 22, 153-176.
16. Cloutier, J., & Macrae, C. N. (2007). Who or what are you? Facial orientation and person construal. European Journal of Social Psychology, 37, 1298-1309.
17. Cloutier, J., Mason, M. F., & Macrae, C. N. (2005). The perceptual determinants of person construal: Reopening the social-cognitive toolbox. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 885-894.
18. Collins, A. M., & Loftus, E. F. (1975). A spreading-activation theory of semantic processing. Psychological Review, 82, 407-428.
19. Crovitz, H. F., & Daves, W. (1962). Tendencies to eye movements and perceptual accuracy. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 63, 495-498.
20. Diamond, R., & Carey, S. (1986). Why faces are and are not special: An effect of expertise. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 115, 107-117.
21. Eriksen, B. A., & Eriksen, C.W. (1974). Effects of noise letters upon the identification of a target letter in a non search task. Perception & Psychophysics, 16, 143-149.
22. Farah, M. J., Tanaka, J.W., & Drain, H. M. (1995). What causes the face inversion effect? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 21, 628-634.
23. Fiske, S. T., & Neuberg, S. L. (1990). A continuum model of impression formation from category based to individuating processes: Influences of information and motivation on attention and interpretation. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 3, pp. 1-74). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
24. Freeman, J. B., Ambady, N., Rule, N. O., & Johnson, K. L. (2008). Will a category cue attract you? Motor output reveals dynamic competition across person construal. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 137, 673-690.
25. Gauthier, I., & Tarr,M. J. (1997). Orientation priming of novel shapes in the context of viewpoint-dependent recognition. Perception, 26, 51-73.
26. Ganel, T., & Goshen-Gottstein, Y. (2002). The perceptual integrality of sex and identity of faces: Further evidence for the single-route hypothesis. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 28, 854-867.
27. Goshen-Gottstein, Y., & Ganel, T. (2000). Repetition priming for familiar and unfamiliar faces in a sex-judgment task: Evidence for a common route for the processing of sex and identity. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 26, 1198-1214.
28. Haxby, J. V., Hoffman, E. A., & Gobbini, M. I. (2000). The distributed human neural system for face perception. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 4, 223-233.
29. Haxby, J. V., Hoffman, E. A., & Gobbini, M. I. (2002). Human neural systems for face recognition and social communication. Biological Psychiatry, 51, 59-67.
30. Jenkins, R., Lavie, N., & Driver, J. (2003). Ignoring famous faces: Category-specific dilution of distractor interference. Perception & Psychophysics, 65, 298-309.
31. Lepore, L., & Brown, R. (1997). Category and stereotype activation: Is prejudice inevitable? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 275-287.
32. Liu, J., Harris, A., & Kanwisher, N. (2002). Stages of processing in face perception: A MEG study. Nature Neuroscience, 5, 910-916.
33. Livingston, R.W., & Brewer, M. B. (2002). What are we really priming? Cue-based versus category based processing of facial stimuli. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 5-81.
34. Locke, V., Macrae, C. N., & Eaton, J. L. (2005). Is person categorization modulated by goodness-of-category-fit? Social Cognition, 23, 417-428.
35. Locke, V., MacLeod, C., & Walker, I. (1994). Automatic activation of stereotypes: Individual differences associated with prejudice. British Journal of Social Psychology, 33, 29-46.
36. Macrae, C. N., & Bodenhausen, G. V. (2000). Social cognition: Thinking categorically about others. Annual Review of Psychology, 51, 93-120.
37. Macrae, C. N., & Bodenhausen, G. V. (2001). Social cognition: Categorical person perception. British Journal of Psychology, 92, 239-255.
38. Macrae, C. N., Bodenhausen, G. V., Milne, A. B., Thorn, T. M. J., & Castelli, L. (1997). On the activation of social stereotypes: The moderating role of processing objectives. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 22, 471-489.
39. Macrae, C. N., & Martin, D. (2007). A boy primed Sue: Feature-based processing and person construal. European Journal of Social Psychology, 37, 793-805.
40. Macrae, C. N., Quinn, K. A., Mason, M. F., & Quadflieg, S. (2005). Understanding others: The face and person construal. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89, 686-695.
41. Maddox, K. B.,& Gray, S. A. (2002). Cognitive representations of Black Americans: Re-exploring the role of skin tone. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 250-259.
42. Martin, D., & Macrae, C. N. (2007). A face with a cue: Exploring the inevitability of person categorization. European Journal of Social Psychology, 37, 806-816.
43. Marr, D. (1982). Vision. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman.
44. Maurer, D., Le Grand, R.,&Mondloch, C. J. (2002). The many faces of configural processing. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 6, 255-260.
45. Moscovitch, M.,Winocur, G., & Behrmann, M. (1997). What is special about face recognition? Nineteen experiments on a person with visual object agnosia and dyslexia but normal face recognition. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 9, 555-604.
46. Mouchetant-Rostaing, Y., & Giard, M. H. (2003). Electrophysiological correlates of age and gender perception on human faces. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 15, 900-910.
47. Neely, J. (1977). Semantic priming and retrieval from lexical memory: Roles of inhibitionless spreading activation and limited-capacity attention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 106, 226-254.
48. Neely, J. (1991). Semantic priming effects in visual word recognition: A selective review of current findings and theories. In D. Besner, & G. Humphreys (Eds.), Basic processes in reading: Visual word recognition (pp. 264-336). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
49. Ozgen, E., Sowden, P. T., Schyns, P. G.,& Daoutis, C. (2005). Top-down attentional modulation of spatial frequency processing in scene perception. Visual Cognition, 12, 925-937.
50. Pendry, L. F., & Macrae, C. N. (1996). What the disinterested perceiver overlooks: Goal-directed social categorization. Personality and. Social Psychology Bulletin, 3, 250-257.
51. Posner, M. I., & Snyder, C. R. (1975). Attention and cognitive control. In R. L. Solso (Ed.), Information processing and cognition: The Loyola symposium (pp. 55-85). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
52. Quinn, K., & Macrae, C. N. (2005). Categorizing others: The dynamics of person construal. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 467-479.
53. Quinn, K., Mason, M. F., & Macrae, C. N. (in press). When Arnold is 'The Terminator' we no longer see him as a man: The temporal determinants of person perception. Experimental Psychology.
54. Rhodes, G., Brake, S., & Atkinson, A. P. (1993). What's lost in inverted faces? Cognition, 47, 25-57.
55. Rhodes, G., Tan, S., Brake, S., & Taylor, K. (1989). Expertise and configural coding in face recognition. British Journal of Psychology, 80, 313-331.
56. Schyns, P. G., Bonnar, L., & Gosselin, F. (2002). Show me the features! Understanding recognition from the use of visual information. Psychological Science, 13, 402-409.
57. Schyns, P. G.,&Oliva, A. (1999). Dr. Angry and Mr. Smile: When categorization flexibly modifies the perception of faces in rapid visual presentations. Cognition 69, 243-265.
58. Searcy, J. H., & Bartlett, J. C. (1996). Inversion and processing of component and spatial-relational information in faces. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 22, 904-915.
59. Wheeler, M. E., & Fiske, S. T. (2005). Controlling racial prejudice. Psychological Science, 16, 56-62.
60. Witkin, H. A., Oltman, P. K., Raskin, E., & Karp, S. A. (1971). Manual for the embedded figures test, children's embedded figures test, and group embedded figures test. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
61. Zebrowitz, L. A. (1997). Reading faces: Window to the soul?. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.