The influence of forward-looking antecedents, uncertainty, and anticipatory emotions on project escalation

Decision Sciences

Volumn 40, Issue 4, 2009, Pages 759-782

  Harvey, Paul ^a   Victoravich, Lisa M ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF DENVER   (United States)

Author keywords

Anticipatory emotions; Completion effect; Escalation of commitment

Indexed keywords

EID: 72449142194     PISSN: 00117315     EISSN: 15405915     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-5915.2009.00250.x     Document Type: Article

References (64)

1. Alhakami, A. S., & Slovic, P. (1994). A psychological study of the inverse relationship between perceived risk and perceived benefit. Risk Analysis, 14(6), 1085-1096.
2. Arkes, H. R., & Blumer, C. (1985). The psychology of sunk cost. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 35(1), 124-140.
3. Aronson, E. (1995). The social animal. New York: W.H. Freeman.
4. Astebro, T., Jeffrey, S. A., & Adomoza, G. K. (2007). Investor perseverance after being told to quit: The role of cognitive biases. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 20(3), 253-272.
5. Averill, J. R., Catlin, G., & Chon, K. K. (1990). Rules of hope. New York: SpringerVerlag.
6. Bagozzi, R. P., Baumgartner, H., & Pieters, R. (1998). Goal-directed emotions. Cognition and Emotion, 12(1), 1-26.
7. Baumeister, R. F, Vohs, K. D., DeWall, C. N., & Zhang, L. (2007). How emotion shapes behavior: Feedback, anticipation, and reflection, rather than direct causation. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 11(2), 167-203.
8. Baumgartner, H., Pieters, R., & Bagozzi, R. P. (2007). Future-oriented emotions: Conceptualization and behavioral effects. European Journal of Social Psychology, 38(4), 685-696.
9. Bodenhausen, G. V., Sheppard, L. A., & Kramer, G. P (1994). Negative affect and social judgment: The differential impact of anger and sadness. European Journal of Social Psychology, 24(1), 45-62.
10. Boehne, D. M., & Paese, P W. (2000). Deciding whether to complete or terminate an unfinished project: A strong test of the project completion hypothesis. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 81(2), 178-194.
11. Brockner, J. (1992). The escalation of commitment to a failing course of action: Toward theoretical progress. Academy of Management Review, 17(1), 39-62.
12. Brockner, J., Rubin, J. Z., & Lang, E. (1981). Face-saving and entrapment. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 17(1), 68-79.
13. Buhr, K., & Dugas, M. J. (2002 The intolerance of uncertainty scale: Psychometric properties of the English version. Behavior Research and Therapy, 40(8), 931-945. (Pubitemid 34786749)
14. Conlon, D. E., & Garland, H. (1993). The role of project completion information in resource allocation decisions. Academy of Management Journal, 36(2), 402-413.
15. DeSteno, D., Petty, R. E., Wegener, D. T, & Rucker, D. D. (2000). Beyond valence in the perception of likelihood: The role of emotion specificity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(3), 397-416.
16. Diener, E., Sandvik, E., & Larsen, R. J. (1985). Age and sex effects for emotional intensity. Developmental Psychology, 21(3), 542-546.
17. Elster, J. (1996). Rationality and the emotions. The Economic Journal, 706(438), 1386-1397.
18. Evers, C, Fischer, A. H., Mosquera, P M. R., & Manstead, A. S. R. (2005). Anger and social appraisal: A spicy sex difference? Emotion, 5(3), 258-266.
19. Fessier, D. M. T., Pillsworth, E. G., & Flamson, T. J. (2004). Angry men and disgusted women: An evolutionary approach to the influence of emotions on risk taking. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 95(1), 107-123.
20. Festinger, L. (1957). A theory of cognitive dissonance. Evanston, IL: Row, Perterson & Company.
21. Galinsky, A. D., Stone, J., & Cooper, J. (2000). The reinstatement of dissonance and psychological discomfort following failed affirmation. European Journal of Social Psychology, 30(1), 123-147.
22. Gao, G., & Gudykunst, W. B. (1990). Uncertainty, anxiety, and adaptation. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 14(3), 301-317.
23. Garland, H. & Conlon, B. E. (1998 Too close to quit: The role of project completion in maintaining commitment. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 28(22), 2025-2048. (Pubitemid 128166058)
24. Garland, H., & Newport, S. (1991). Effects of absolute and relative sunk costs on the decision to persist with a course of action. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 48(1), 402-413.
25. Gault, B. A., & Sabini, J. (2000). The roles of empathy, anger, and gender in predicting attitudes toward punitive, reparative, and preventative public policies. Cognition and Emotion, 14(4), 495-520.
26. Harmon-Jones, E. (2000). Cognitive dissonance and experienced negative affect: Evidence that dissonance increases experienced negatives affect even in the absence of aversive consequences. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26(Dec), 1490-1501.
27. He, X., & Mittal, V (2007). The effect of decision risk and project stage on escalation of commitment. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 103(2), 225-237.
28. Isen, A. M. (1993). Positive affect and decision making. In M. Lewis & J. M. Haviland-Jones (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford, 261-277.
29. Jonas, E., Graupmann, V, & Frey, D. (2006 The influence of mood on the search for supporting versus conflicting information: Dissonance reduction as a means of mood regulation? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32(1), 3-15. (Pubitemid 43058345)
30. Juliusson, A. (2006). Optimism as a modifier of escalation of commitment. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 47(5), 345-348.
31. Kahneman, A., & Tversky, D. (1974). Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. Science, 185(21), 1124-1131.
32. Kenny, D. A., Kashy, D. A., & Bolger, N. (1998). Data analysis in social psychology. In D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology. Boston: McGraw-Hill, 233-265.
33. Keil, M., Dupledge, G., & Rai, A. (2007). Escalation: The role of problem recognition and cognitive bias. Decision Sciences Journal, 38(3), 391-421.
34. Keil, M., Truex, D. P, & Mixon, R. (1995). The effects of sunk cost and project completion on information technology project escalation. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 42(4), 372-381.
35. Krech, D., Crutchfield, R. S., & Livson, N. (1969). Elements of psychology (2nd ed.). New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
36. Lazarus, R. S. (1991). Emotion and adaptation. London: Oxford University Press. Lerner, J. S. & Keltner, D. (2001). Fear, anger, and risk. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(1), 146-159.
37. Lewin, K. (1935). A dynamic theory of personality. New York: McGraw-Hill.
38. Loewenstein, G. F, Weber, E. U., Hsee, C. K., & Welch, N. (2001). Risk as feelings. Psychological Bulletin, 127(2), 267-286.
39. MacKinnon, D. P., Lockwood, C. M., Hoffman, J. M., West, S. G., & Sheets, V. (2002). A comparison of methods to test mediation and other intervening variable effects. Psychological Methods, 7(1), 83-104.
40. Mähring, M., & Keil, M. (2008). Information technology project escalation: A process model. Decision Sciences, 39(2), 239-272.
41. Mehrabian, A., & Russell, J. A. (1974). A verbal measure of information rate for studies in environmental psychology. Environment and Behavior, 6(6), 233-252.
42. Meilers, B., Schwartz, A., & Ritov, I. (1999). Emotion-based choice. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 128(3), 332-345.
43. Miller, N. E. (1944). Experimental studies of conflict. In J. Hunt (Ed.), Personality and the behavior disorders (Vol. 1). New York: Ronald Press, 421-465.
44. Moon, H. (2001). Looking forward and looking back: Integrating completion and sunk cost effects within an escalation-of-commitment progress decision. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(1), 104-113.
45. Northcraft, G. B., & Neale, M. A. (1986). Opportunity costs and the framing of resource allocation decisions. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 37(3), 348-356.
46. Ortony, A., Clore, G. L., & Collins, A. (1988). The cognitive structure of emotions. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
47. Plutchik, R. (1980). Emotion: A psychoevolutionary synthesis. New York: Harper and Row.
48. Podsakoff, P. M., & Organ, D. W. (1986). Self-reports in organizational research: Problems and prospects. Journal of Management, 12(4), 531-544.
49. Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2004). SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 36(4), 717-731.
50. Roseman, I. J., Antoniou, A. A., & Jose, P. E. (1996). Appraisal determinants of emotions: Constructing a more accurate and comprehensive theory. Cognition and Emotion, 10(3), 241-277.
51. Ryan, T. A. (1970). Intentional behavior. New York: Ronald Press.
52. Scott, B. A., & Judge, T. (2006). Insomnia, emotions, and job satisfaction: A multilevel study. Journal of Management, 32(5), 622-645.
53. Shiota, M. N., Keltner, D., & John, O. P. (2006). Positive emotion dispositions differentially associated with Big Five personality and attachment style. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 1(2), 61-71.
54. Sobel, M. E. (1982). Asymptotic intervals for indirect effects in structural equations models. In S. Leinhart (Ed.), Sociological methodology. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 290-312.
55. Staw, B. M. (1981). The escalation of commitment to a course of action. Academy of Management Review, 6(4), 577-591.
56. Tan, H. T., & Yates, J. F (1995). Sunk cost effects: The influences of instruction and future return estimates. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 63(3), 311-319.
57. Tykocinski, O. E., & Pittman, T. S. (1998). The consequences of doing nothing: Inaction inertia as avoidance of anticipated counterfactual regret. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75(3), 607-616.
58. Urlichs, R. (2006). Patterns of resource allocation decisions in organisations. Wiesbaden, Germany: Deutscher Universitäts-Verlag.
59. Van Boven, L., & Ashworth, L. (2007). Looking forward, looking back: Anticipation is more evocative than retrospection. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 136(2), 289-300.
60. Vroom, V. H. (1964). Work and motivation. New York: Wiley.
61. Watson, D., & Clark, L. A. (1984). Negative affectivity: The disposition to experience aversive emotional states. Psychological Bulletin, 96(3), 465-490.
62. Watson, D., & Clark, L. A. (1994). The PANAS-X: Manual for the positive and negative affect schedule - expanded form. University of Iowa, IA.
63. Wong, K. F. E., Yik, M., & Kwong, J. Y. Y. (2006). Understanding the emotional aspects of escalation of commitment: The role of negative affect. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(2), 282-297.
64. Zeelenberg, M., & Beattie, J. (1997 Consequences of regret aversion 2: Additional evidence for effects of feedback on decision making. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 72(11), 63-78. (Pubitemid 127340882)