A new role for vitamin D receptor activation in chronic kidney disease

American Journal of Physiology - Renal Physiology

Volumn 297, Issue 6, 2009, Pages

  Valdivielso, José M ^a   Cannata Andía, Jorge ^b   Coll, Blai ^a   Fernández, Elvira ^a  

^a HOSPITAL UNIVERSITARI ARNAU DE VILANOVA   (Spain)

^b HOSPITAL UNIVERSITARIO CENTRAL DE ASTURIAS   (Spain)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

2 METHYLENE 19 NOR 1ALPHA HYDROXYBISHOMOPREGNACALCIFEROL; 2 METHYLENE 19 NOR 1ALPHA,25 DIHYDROXYVITAMIN D3; 2ALPHA METHYL 19 NOR 1ALPHA,25 DIHYDROXYVITAMIN D3; ANGIOTENSIN 1 RECEPTOR; ANGIOTENSIN 2 RECEPTOR; ANGIOTENSIN II; C REACTIVE PROTEIN; CALCITRIOL; CALCIUM; CCAAT ENHANCER BINDING PROTEIN DELTA; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE; DOXERCALCIFEROL; ENALAPRIL; ENDOTHELIN 1; EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR; LOSARTAN; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE 1; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE 3; OSTEOCLAST DIFFERENTIATION FACTOR; PARATHYROID HORMONE; PARICALCITOL; PHOSPHORUS; RENIN; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VASCULOTROPIN; VITAMIN D; VITAMIN D RECEPTOR;

BLOOD VESSEL CALCIFICATION; CALCIUM BLOOD LEVEL; CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE; DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY; DISEASE COURSE; DRUG EFFICACY; GLOMERULOSCLEROSIS; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE FAILURE; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE HYPERTROPHY; HUMAN; HYPERCALCEMIA; HYPERPHOSPHATEMIA; KIDNEY HYPERTROPHY; KIDNEY INJURY; KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION; MINERAL METABOLISM; NONHUMAN; PARATHYROID HORMONE BLOOD LEVEL; PHOSPHATE BLOOD LEVEL; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEINURIA; RECEPTOR UPREGULATION; REVIEW; SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM; VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY;

EID: 71449115474     PISSN: 1931857X     EISSN: 15221466     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00130.2009     Document Type: Review

References (135)

1. Agarwal R, Acharya M, Tian J, Hippensteel RL, Melnick JZ, Qiu P, Williams L, Batlle D. Antiproteinuric effect of oral paricalcitol in chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int 68: 2823-2828, 2005. (Pubitemid 43251029)
2. Aihara K, Azuma H, Akaike M, Ikeda Y, Yamashita M, Sudo T, Hayashi H, Yamada Y, Endoh F, Fujimura M, Yoshida T, Yamaguchi H, Hashizume S, Kato M, Yoshimura K, Yamamoto Y, Kato S, Matsumoto T. Disruption of nuclear vitamin D receptor gene causes enhanced thrombogenicity in mice. J Biol Chem 279: 35798-35802, 2004. (Pubitemid 39100586)
3. Almaden Y, Canalejo A, Hernandez A, Ballesteros E, GarciaNavarro S, Torres A, Rodriguez M. Direct effect of phosphorus on PTH secretion from whole rat parathyroid glands in vitro. J Bone Miner Res 11: 970-976, 1996. (Pubitemid 26200048)
4. Amuchastegui S, Daniel KC, Adorini L. Inhibition of acute and chronic allograft rejection in mouse models by BXL-628, a nonhypercalcemic vitamin D receptor agonist. Transplantation 80: 81-87, 2005. (Pubitemid 40980899)
5. Arcidiacono MV, Sato T, Alvarez-Hernandez D, Yang J, Tokumoto M, Gonzalez-Suarez I, Lu Y, Tominaga Y, Cannata-Andia J, Slatopolsky E, Dusso AS. EGFR activation increases parathyroid hyperplasia and calcitriol resistance in kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 19: 310-320, 2008. (Pubitemid 351240653)
6. 3 alters the transforming growth factor beta signaling pathway in renal tissue. J Surg Res 100: 171-175, 2001.
7. Ayus JC, Frommer JP, Young JB. Cardiac and circulatory abnormalities in chronic renal failure. Semin Nephrol 1: 112-123, 1981.
8. Ayus JC, Mizani MR, Achinger SG, Thadhani R, Go AS, Lee SK. Effects of short daily versus conventional hemodialysis on left ventricular hypertrophy and inflammatory markers: a prospective, controlled study. J Am Soc Nephrol 16: 2778-2788, 2005.
9. Baldwin BR, Timchenko NA, Zahnow CA. Epidermal growth factor receptor stimulation activates the RNA binding protein CUG-BP1 and increases expression of C/EBPbeta-LIP in mammary epithelial cells. Mol Cell Biol 24: 3682-3691, 2004.
10. Block GA, Hulbert-Shearon TE, Levin NW, Port FK. Association of serum phosphorus and calcium × phosphate product with mortality risk in chronic hemodialysis patients: a national study. Am J Kidney Dis 31: 607-617, 1998. (Pubitemid 28158000)
11. Block GA, Klassen PS, Lazarus JM, Ofsthun N, Lowrie EG, Chertow GM. Mineral metabolism, mortality, and morbidity in maintenance hemodialysis. J Am Soc Nephrol 15: 2208-2218, 2004. (Pubitemid 39031360)
12. Block GA, Port FK. Re-evaluation of risks associated with hyperphosphatemia and hyperparathyroidism in dialysis patients: recommendations for a change in management. Am J Kidney Dis 35: 1226-1237, 2000.
13. Branisteanu DD, Leenaerts P, Vandamme B, Bouillon R. Partial prevention of active Heymann nephritis by 1alpha,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3. Clin Exp Immunol 94: 412-417, 1993. (Pubitemid 24005276)
14. 3. J Neuroimmunol 61: 151-160, 1995.
15. 3 on intestinal calcium and phosphate transport. J Lab Clin Med 139: 279-284, 2002.
16. Canaff L, Hendy GN. Human calcium-sensing receptor gene - vitamin D response elements in promoters P1 and P2 confer transcriptional responsiveness to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. J Biol Chem 277: 30337-30350, 2002.
17. Cardus A, Gallego C, Muray S, Marco MP, Parisi E, Aldea M, Fernandez E. Differential effect of vitamin D analogues on the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells [in Spanish]. Nefrologia 23, Suppl 2: 117-121, 2003.
18. 3 regulates VEGF production through a vitamin D response element in the VEGF promoter. Atherosclerosis 204: 85-89, 2009.
19. Cardus A, Panizo S, Parisi E, Fernandez E, Valdivielso JM. Differential effects of vitamin D analogues on vascular calcification. J Bone Miner Res 22: 860-866, 2007. (Pubitemid 351339746)
20. 3 stimulates vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation through a VEGF-mediated pathway. Kidney Int 69: 1377-1384, 2006.
21. Carrillo-Lopez N, Alvarez-Hernandez D, Gonzalez-Suarez I, Roman-Garcia P, Valdivielso JM, Fernandez-Martin JL, Cannata- Andia JB. Simultaneous changes in the calcium-sensing receptor and the vitamin D receptor under the influence of calcium and calcitriol. Nephrol Dial Transplant 23: 3479-3484, 2008.
22. 3 analog and cyclosporine. Transplantation 65: 1225-1232, 1998.
23. WAF1 and TGF-alpha mediate parathyroid growth arrest by vitamin D and high calcium. Kidney Int 60: 2109-2117, 2001.
24. Dhawan P, Peng XR, Sutton ALM, MacDonald PN, Croniger CM, Trautwein C, Centrella M, McCarthy TL, Christakos S. Functional cooperation between CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins and the vitamin D receptor in regulation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 24-hydroxylase. Mol Cell Biol 25: 472-487, 2005. (Pubitemid 40039836)
25. Dobnig H, Pilz S, Scharnagl H, Renner W, Seelhorst U, Wellnitz B, Kinkeldei J, Boehm BO, Weihrauch G, Maerz W. Independent association of low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin d and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Arch Intern Med 168: 1340-1349, 2008. (Pubitemid 351930842)
26. Dusso A, Cozzolino M, Lu Y, Sato T, Slatopolsky E. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D downregulation of TGFalpha/EGFR expression and growth signaling: a mechanism for the antiproliferative actions of the sterol in parathyroid hyperplasia of renal failure. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 89-90: 507-511, 2004. (Pubitemid 38844339)
27. Dusso AS, Pavlopoulos T, Naumovich L, Lu Y, Finch J, Brown AJ, Morrissey J, Slatopolsky E. p21WAF1 and transforming growth factor-α mediate dietary phosphate regulation of parathyroid cell growth. Kidney Int 59: 855-865, 2001. (Pubitemid 32206848)
28. Equils O, Naiki Y, Shapiro AM, Michelsen K, Lu D, Adams J, Jordan S. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced immune activation in human endothelial cells. Clin Exp Immunol 143: 58-64, 2006.
29. 2 on calcium and phosphorus resorption in bone. J Am Soc Nephrol 10: 980-985, 1999.
30. Foley RN, Parfrey PS, Harnett JD, Kent GM, Murray DC, Barre PE. The prognostic importance of left ventricular geometry in uremic cardiomyopathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 5: 2024-2031, 1995.
31. Foley RN, Parfrey PS, Harnett JD, Kent GM, Murray DC, Barre PE. Impact of hypertension on cardiomyopathy, morbidity and mortality in end-stage renal disease. Kidney Int 49: 1379-1385, 1996. (Pubitemid 26166411)
32. Forman JP, Giovannucci E, Holmes MD, Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Tworoger SS, Willett WC, Curhan GC. Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and risk of incident hypertension. Hypertension 49: 1063-1069, 2007. (Pubitemid 351664326)
33. Fryer RM, Rakestraw PA, Nakane M, Dixon D, Banfor PN, Koch KA, Wu-Wong JR, Reinhart GA. Differential inhibition of renin mRNA expression by paricalcitol and calcitriol in C57/BL6 mice. Nephron Physiol 106: 76-81, 2007. (Pubitemid 47172363)
34. 3 receptor density is associated with a more severe form of parathyroid hyperplasia in chronic uremic patients. J Clin Invest 92: 1436-1443, 1993.
35. Gallieni M, Kamimura S, Ahmed A, Bravo E, Delmez J, Slatopolsky E, Dusso A. Kinetics of monocyte 1α-hydroxylase in renal failure. Am J Physiol Renal Fluid Electrolyte Physiol 268: F746-F753, 1995.
36. Ganesh SK, Hulbert-Shearon T, Port FK, Eagle K, Stack AG. Mortality differences by dialysis modality among incident ESRD patients with and without coronary artery disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 14: 415-424, 2003. (Pubitemid 36150865)
37. Giovannucci E, Liu Y, Hollis BW, Rimm EB. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and risk of myocardial infarction in men: a prospective study. Arch Intern Med 168: 1174-1180, 2008. (Pubitemid 351831400)
38. 3 and mycophenolate mofetil treatment mediate transplantation tolerance. J Immunol 167: 1945-1953, 2001.
39. 3 and its analogs: a vitamin D receptor-dependent pathway that promotes a persistent state of immaturity in vitro and in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98: 6800-6805, 2001.
40. Griffin MD, Lutz WH, Phan VA, Bachman LA, Mckean DJ, Kumar R. Potent inhibition of dendritic cell differentiation and maturation by vitamin D analogs. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 270: 701-708, 2000. (Pubitemid 30444768)
41. 3 (2MD) reduces potency but allows bone selectivity. Arch Biochem Biophys 460: 274-284, 2007.
42. Gysemans C, van Etten E, Overbergh L, Verstuyf A, Waer M, Bouillon R, Mathieu C. Treatment of autoimmune diabetes recurrence in non-obese diabetic mice by mouse interferon-beta in combination with an analogue of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Clin Exp Immunol 128: 213-220, 2002. (Pubitemid 34534033)
43. 3 on experimental rat nephrotoxic serum nephritis [in Japanese]. Nippon Jinzo Gakkai Shi 32: 147-159, 1990.
44. 3 upregulates the renal vitamin D receptor through indirect gene activation and receptor stabilization. Arch Biochem Biophys 433: 466-473, 2005.
45. Hintzpeter B, Mensink GBM, Thierfelder W, Muller MJ, Scheidt- Nave C. Vitamin D status and health correlates among German adults. Eur J Clin Nutr 62: 1079-1089, 2008.
46. Hirata M, Makibayashi K, Katsumata K, Kusano K, Watanabe T, Fukushima N, Doi T. 22-Oxacalcitriol prevents progressive glomerulosclerosis without adversely affecting calcium and phosphorus metabolism in subtotally nephrectomized rats. Nephrol Dial Transplant 17: 2132-2137, 2002. (Pubitemid 35446668)
47. Holick MF. Vitamin D. Physiology, Molecular Biology, and Clinical Applications. Totowa, NJ: Humana, 1999.
48. Hu LF, Sealey JC, Chen R, Zhou Y, Merali C, Shy Y, Laragh JH, Catanzaro DF. Nitric oxide synthase inhibition accelerates the pressor response to low-dose angiotensin II, exacerbates target organ damage, and induces renin escape. Am J Hypertens 17: 395-403, 2004. (Pubitemid 38529960)
49. Hullett DA, Cantorna MT, Redaelli C, Humpal-Winter J, Hayes CE, Sollinger HW, Deluca HF. Prolongation of allograft survival by 1,25- dihydroxyvitamin D3. Transplantation 66: 824-828, 1998. (Pubitemid 28487452)
50. Hullett DA, Laeseke PF, Malin G, Nessel R, Sollinger HW, Becker BN. Prevention of chronic allograft nephropathy with vitamin D. Transpl Int 18: 1175-1186, 2005. (Pubitemid 41726762)
51. Issa LL, Leong GM, Sutherland RL, Eisman JA. Vitamin D analoguespecific recruitment of vitamin D receptor coactivators. J Bone Miner Res 17: 879-890, 2002. (Pubitemid 34441905)
52. 3. Semin Dial 20: 316-324, 2007.
53. Judd SE, Nanes MS, Ziegler TR, Wilson PW, Tangpricha V. Optimal vitamin D status attenuates the age-associated increase in systolic blood pressure in white Americans: results from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Am J Clin Nutr 87: 136-141, 2008.
54. Kalantar-Zadeh K, Kuwae N, Regidor DL, Kovesdy CP, Kilpatrick RD, Shinaberger CS, McAllister CJ, Budoff MJ, Salusky IB, Kopple JD. Survival predictability of time-varying indicators of bone disease in maintenance hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 70: 771-780, 2006. (Pubitemid 44215354)
55. Ke HZ, Qi H, Crawford DT, Simmons HA, Xu G, Li M, Plum L, Clagett-Dame M, DeLuca HF, Thompson DD, Brown TA. A New vitamin D analog, 2MD, restores trabecular and cortical bone mass and strength in ovariectomized rats with established osteopenia. J Bone Miner Res 20: 1742-1755, 2005. (Pubitemid 41361875)
56. Kifor O, MacLeod RJ, Diaz R, Bai M, Yamaguchi T, Yao T, Kifor I, Brown EM. Regulation of MAP kinase by calcium-sensing receptor in bovine parathyroid and CaR-transfected HEK293 cells. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 280: F291-F302, 2001. (Pubitemid 32473284)
57. Kim HW, Park CW, Shin YS, Kim YS, Shin SJ, Kim YS, Choi EJ, Chang YS, Bang BK. Calcitriol regresses cardiac hypertrophy and QT dispersion in secondary hyperparathyroidism on hemodialysis. Nephron Clin Pract 102: c21-c29, 2006.
58. 3 administration on lymphoproliferation and autoimmune disease in Mrl/Mp-Lpr/Lpr mice. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol 77: 396-404, 1985.
59. Koleganova N, Piecha G, Ritz E, Schmitt CP, Gross ML. A calcimimetic (R-568), but not calcitriol, prevents vascular remodeling in uremia. Kidney Int 75: 60-71, 2009.
60. Kristal-Boneh E, Froom P, Harari G, Ribak J. Association of calcitriol and blood pressure in normotensive men. Hypertension 30: 1289-1294, 1997. (Pubitemid 27476193)
61. 3 decreases podocyte loss and podocyte hypertrophy in the subtotally nephrectomized rat. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 286: F526-F533, 2004.
62. 3 analogue 1,25-dihydroxy-delta 16-cholecalciferol. Transplantation 54: 762-763, 1992.
63. Lemmila S, Saha H, Virtanen V, Ala-Houhala I, Pasternack A. Effect of intravenous calcitriol on cardiac systolic and diastolic function in patients on hemodialysis. Am J Nephrol 18: 404-410, 1998. (Pubitemid 28442103)
64. 3 is a negative endocrine regulator of the renin-angiotensin system. J Clin Invest 110: 229-238, 2002.
65. Lind L, Hanni A, Lithell H, Hvarfner A, Sorensen OH, Ljunghall S. Vitamin D is related to blood pressure and other cardiovascular risk factors in middle-aged men. Am J Hypertens 8: 894-901, 1995.
66. London GM, Guerin AP, Verbeke FH, Pannier B, Boutouyrie P, Marchais SJ, Metivier F. Mineral metabolism and arterial functions in end-stage renal disease: potential role of 25-hydroxyvitamin D deficiency. J Am Soc Nephrol 18: 613-620, 2007. (Pubitemid 46193327)
67. Ma YF, Khalifa B, Yee YK, Lu JF, Memezawa A, Savkur RS, Yamamoto Y, Chintalacharuvu SR, Yamaoka K, Stayrook KR, Bramlett KS, Zeng QQ, Chandrasekhar S, Yu XP, Linebarger JH, Iturria SJ, Burris TP, Kato S, Chin WW, Nagpal S. Identification and characterization of noncalcemic, tissue-selective, nonsecosteroidal vitamin D receptor modulators. J Clin Invest 116: 892-904, 2006.
68. Makibayashi K, Tatematsu M, Hirata M, Fukushima N, Kusano K, Ohashi S, Abe H, Kuze K, Fukatsu A, Kita T, Doi T. A vitamin D analog ameliorates glomerular injury on rat glomerulonephritis. Am J Pathol 158: 1733-1741, 2001. (Pubitemid 32422938)
69. 3 treatment reduces cardiac hypertrophy and left ventricular diameter in spontaneously hypertensive heart failure-prone (Cp/+) rats independent of changes in serum leptin. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 51: 559-564, 2008.
70. Marco MP, Craver L, Betriu A, Fibla J, Fernandez E. Influence of vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms on mortality risk in hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 38: 965-974, 2001. (Pubitemid 33022173)
71. 3 inhibits tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced adhesion molecule expression in endothelial cells. Cell Biol Int 30: 365-375, 2006.
72. Martinez I, Saracho R, Montenegro J, Llach F. A deficit of calcitriol synthesis may not be the initial factor in the pathogenesis of secondary hyperparathyroidism. Nephrol Dial Transplant 11: 22-28, 1996. (Pubitemid 26278582)
73. Martins D, Wolf M, Pan D, Zadshir A, Tareen N, Thadhani R, Felsenfeld A, Levine B, Mehrotra R, Norris K. Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors and the serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in the United States - Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Arch Intern Med 167: 1159-1165, 2007. (Pubitemid 46919818)
74. McGonigle RJ, Fowler MB, Timmis AB, Weston MJ, Parsons V. Uremic cardiomyopathy: potential role of vitamin D and parathyroid hormone. Nephron 36: 94-100, 1984.
75. McGonigle RJ, Timmis AD, Keenan J, Jewitt DE, Weston MJ, Parsons V. The influence of 1 alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol on left ventricular function in end-stage renal failure. Proc Eur Dial Transplant Assoc 18: 579-585, 1981.
76. Melamed ML, Eustace JA, Plantinga L, Jaar BG, Fink NE, Coresh J, Klag MJ, Powe NR. Changes in serum calcium, phosphate, and PTH and the risk of death in incident dialysis patients: a longitudinal study. Kidney Int 70: 351-357, 2006. (Pubitemid 44086585)
77. Mizobuchi M, Finch JL, Martin DR, Slatopolsky E. Differential effects of vitamin D receptor activators on vascular calcification in uremic rats. Kidney Int 72: 709-715, 2007. (Pubitemid 47373790)
78. Mizobuchi M, Morrissey J, Finch JL, Martin DR, Liapis H, Akizawa T, Slatopolsky E. Combination therapy with an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and a vitamin D analog suppresses the progression of renal insufficiency in uremic rats. J Am Soc Nephrol 18: 1796 - 1806, 2007.
79. Nakane M, Fey TA, Dixon DB, Ma J, Brune ME, Li YC, Wu-Wong JR. Differential effects of vitamin D analogs on bone formation and resorption. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 98: 72-77, 2006. (Pubitemid 43113247)
80. Naves-Diaz M, Alvarez-Hernandez D, Passlick-Deetjen J, Guinsburg A, Marelli C, Rodriguez-Puyol D, Cannata-Andia JB. Oral active vitamin D is associated with improved survival in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 74: 1070-1078, 2008.
81. 3 regulation of cardiac myocyte proliferation and hypertrophy. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 272: H1751-H1758, 1997.
82. 3. Endocrinology 136: 482-488, 1995.
83. 3 and its potential effects on renal allograft function. Am J Nephrol 22: 515-520, 2002.
84. Panda DK, Miao DS, Bolivar I, Li JR, Huo RJ, Hendy GN, Goltzman D. Inactivation of the 25-hydroxyvitamin D 1alpha-hydroxylase and vitamin D receptor demonstrates independent and interdependent effects of calcium and vitamin D on skeletal and mineral homeostasis. J Biol Chem 279: 16754-16766, 2004. (Pubitemid 38509378)
85. 3 in experimental mesangial proliferative nephritis in rats. Kidney Int 60: 87-95, 2001.
86. Panizo S, Cardus A, Encinas M, Parisi E, Valcheva P, Lopez-Ongil S, Coll B, Fernandez E, Valdivielso JM. RANKL increases vascular smooth muscle cell calcification through a RANK-BMP4-dependent pathway. Circ Res 104: 1041-1048, 2009.
87. Park CW, Oh YS, Shin YS, Kim CM, Kim YS, Kim SY, Choi EJ, Chang YS, Bang BK. Intravenous calcitriol regresses myocardial hypertrophy in hemodialysis patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism. Am J Kidney Dis 33: 73-81, 1999. (Pubitemid 29031211)
88. Patel SR, Ke HQ, Hsu CH. Regulation of calcitriol receptor and its messenger RNA in normal and renal failure rats. Kidney Int 45: 1020-1027, 1994.
89. Patel SR, Ke HQ, Vanholder R, Koenig RJ, Hsu CH. Inhibition of calcitriol receptor binding to vitamin D response elements by uremic toxins. J Clin Invest 96: 50-59, 1995.
90. Pearson TA, Mensah GA, Alexander RW, Anderson JL, Cannon RO, III, Criqui M, Fadl YY, Fortmann SP, Hong Y, Myers GL, Rifai N, Smith SC Jr, Taubert K, Tracy RP, Vinicor F. Markers of inflammation and cardiovascular disease: application to clinical and public health practice: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American Heart Association. Circulation 107: 499-511, 2003. (Pubitemid 36158056)
91. Plum LA, Prahl JM, Ma X, Sicinski RR, Gowlugari S, Clagett-Dame M, DeLuca HF. Biologically active noncalcemic analogs of 1alpha,25- dihydroxyvitamin D with an abbreviated side chain containing no hydroxyl. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101: 6900-6904, 2004. (Pubitemid 38596415)
92. Rahman A, Hershey S, Ahmed S, Nibbelink K, Simpson RU. Heart extracellular matrix gene expression profile in the vitamin D receptor knockout mice. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 103: 416-419, 2007. (Pubitemid 46415673)
93. RaisanenSokolowski AK, Pakkala IS, Samila SP, Binderup L, Hayry PJ, Pakkala ST. A vitamin D analog, MC1288, inhibits adventitial inflammation and suppresses intimal lesions in rat aortic allografts. Transplantation 63: 936-941, 1997. (Pubitemid 27173013)
94. 3 shows strong and additive immunomodulatory effects with cyclosporine A in rat renal allotransplants. Kidney Int 61: 288-296, 2002.
95. Redaelli CA, Wagner M, Tien YH, Mazzucchelli L, Stahel PF, Schilling MK, Dufour JF. 1alpha,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol reduces rejection and improves survival in rat liver allografts. Hepatology 34: 926-934, 2001. (Pubitemid 33032027)
96. Repo JM, Rantala IS, Honkanen TT, Mustonen JT, Koobi P, Tahvanainen AM, Niemela OJ, Tikkanen I, Rysa JM, Ruskoaho HJ, Porsti IH. Paricalcitol aggravates perivascular fibrosis in rats with renal insufficiency and low calcitriol. Kidney Int 72: 977-984, 2007. (Pubitemid 47530574)
97. Rodriguez ME, Almaden Y, Canadillas S, Canalejo A, Siendones E, Lopez I, Aguilera-Tejero E, Martin D, Rodriguez M. The calcimimetic R-568 increases vitamin D receptor expression in rat parathyroid glands. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 292: F1390-F1395, 2007. (Pubitemid 46701865)
98. 3 and phosphorus in vivo. J Biol Chem 280: 2543-2549, 2005.
99. 3 analogs strongly stimulate osteoclast formation both in vivo and in vitro. Bone 40: 293-304, 2007.
100. Schiavi SC, Kumar R. The phosphatonin pathway: new insights in phosphate homeostasis. Kidney Int 65: 1-14, 2004. (Pubitemid 38037486)
101. 3 on glomerulosclerosis in subtotally nephrectomized rats. Kidney Int 53: 1696-1705, 1998.
102. Scragg R, Sowers M, Bell C. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, ethnicity, and blood pressure in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Am J Hypertens 20: 713-719, 2007. (Pubitemid 46936167)
103. 3 selectively induces bone formation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99: 13487-13491, 2002.
104. 3 with high potency in induction of osteoclastogenesis and prevention of dendritic cell differentiation: synthesis and biological evaluation of 2-substituted 19-norvitamin D analogs. Bioorg Med Chem 14: 4645-4656, 2006.
105. 3 users in a haemodialysis population. Nephrol Dial Transplant 19: 179-184, 2004.
106. Shroff R, Egerton M, Bridel M, Shah V, Donald AE, Cole TJ, Hiorns MP, Deanfield JE, Rees L. A bimodal association of vitamin D levels and vascular disease in children on dialysis. J Am Soc Nephrol 19: 1239-1246, 2008.
107. Shvil Y, Naveh-Many T, Barach P, Silver J. Regulation of parathyroid cell gene expression in experimental uremia. J Am Soc Nephrol 1: 99-104, 1990.
108. 3 compounds of high biological activity: synthesis and biological evaluation of 2-hydroxymethyl, 2-methyl, and 2-methylene analogues. J Med Chem 41: 4662-4674, 1998.
109. Silberberg JS, Barre PE, Prichard SS, Sniderman AD. Impact of left ventricular hypertrophy on survival in end-stage renal disease. Kidney Int 36: 286-290, 1989. (Pubitemid 19202488)
110. Silver J, Russell J, Sherwood LM. Regulation by vitamin D metabolites of messenger ribonucleic acid for preproparathyroid hormone in isolated bovine parathyroid cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 82: 4270-4273, 1985. (Pubitemid 15053625)
111. Slatopolsky E, Finch J, Denda M, Ritter C, Zhong M, Dusso A, MacDonald PN, Brown AJ. Phosphorus restriction prevents parathyroid gland growth - high phosphorus directly stimulates PTH secretion in vitro. J Clin Invest 97: 2534-2540, 1996. (Pubitemid 26187341)
112. 2, suppresses parathyroid hormone secretion in uremic rats in the absence of hypercalcemia. Am J Kidney Dis 26: 852-860, 1995.
113. 2, a new analogue of calcitriol, on secondary hyperparathyroidism in uremic rats. Am J Kidney Dis 32: S40-S47, 1998.
114. Slatopolsky E, Finch JL, Brown AJ, Ritter CS, Mizobuchi M, Plum LA, Clagett-Dame M, Sicinski RR, Deluca HF. Effect of 2-methylene- 19-nor-(20S)-1alpha-hydroxy-bishomopregnacalciferol (2MbisP), an analog of vitamin D, on secondary hyperparathyroidism. J Bone Miner Res 22: 686-694, 2007. (Pubitemid 351339096)
115. Sprague SM, Llach F, Amdahl M, Taccetta C, Batlle D. Paricalcitol versus calcitriol in the treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism. Kidney Int 63: 1483-1490, 2003. (Pubitemid 36350014)
116. 3 inhibits parathyroid cell proliferation in experimental uremia. Kidney Int 35: 1049-1056, 1989.
117. Takeyama KI, Masuhiro Y, Fuse H, Endoh H, Murayama A, Kitanaka S, Suzawa M, Yanagisawa J, Kato S. Selective interaction of vitamin D receptor with transcriptional coactivators by a vitamin D analog. Mol Cell Biol 19: 1049-1055, 1999. (Pubitemid 29046848)
118. Tan XY, Li YJ, Liu YH. Paricalcitol attenuates renal interstitial fibrosis in obstructive nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 17: 3382-3393, 2006. (Pubitemid 44865281)
119. Teng M, Wolf M, Lowrie E, Ofsthun N, Lazarus JM, Thadhani R. Survival of patients undergoing hemodialysis with paricalcitol or calcitriol therapy. N Engl J Med 349: 446-456, 2003. (Pubitemid 36910023)
120. Teng M, Wolf M, Ofsthun MN, Lazarus JM, Hernan MA, Camargo CA Jr, Thadhani R. Activated injectable vitamin D and hemodialysis survival: a historical cohort study. J Am Soc Nephrol 16: 1115-1125, 2005. (Pubitemid 41710323)
121. Tentori F, Hunt WC, Stidley CA, Rohrscheib MR, Bedrick EJ, Meyer KB, Johnson HK, Zager PG. Mortality risk among hemodialysis patients receiving different vitamin D analogs. Kidney Int 70: 1858-1865, 2006.
122. Timms PM, Mannan N, Hitman GA, Noonan K, Mills PG, Syndercombe- Court Aganna E, Price CP, Boucher BJ. Circulating MMP9, vitamin D and variation in the TIMP-1 response with VDR genotype: mechanisms for inflammatory damage in chronic disorders? QJM 95: 787-796, 2002. (Pubitemid 36032948)
123. Tishkoff DX, Nibbelink KA, Holmberg KH, Dandu L, Simpson RU. Functional vitamin D receptor (VDR) in the t-tubules of cardiac myocytes: VDR knockout cardiomyocyte contractility. Endocrinology 149: 558-564, 2008. (Pubitemid 351159356)
124. US Renal Data System. USRDS 2003 Annual Data Report: Atlas of End-Stage Renal Disease in the United States. Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health, National Institutes of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease, 2003.
125. Valdivielso JM, Fernandez E. Vitamin D receptor polymorphisms and diseases. Clin Chim Acta 371: 1-12, 2006.
126. 3 as dose-reducing agents for classical immunosuppressants. Transplantation 69: 1932-1942, 2000.
127. 2+ uptake by cultured adult rat ventricular cardiac muscle cells. J Biol Chem 262: 2536-2541, 1987.
128. Wang TJ, Pencina MJ, Booth SL, Jacques PF, Ingelsson E, Lanier K, Benjamin EJ, D'Agostino RB, Wolf M, Vasan RS. Vitamin D deficiency and risk of cardiovascular disease. Circulation 117: 503-511, 2008.
129. Wolf M, Shah A, Gutierrez O, Ankers E, Monroy M, Tamez H, Steele D, Chang Y, Camargo CA Jr, Tonelli M, Thadhani R. Vitamin D levels and early mortality among incident hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 72: 1004-1013, 2007. (Pubitemid 47530570)
130. 3 and retinoic acid antagonize endothelin-stimulated hypertrophy of neonatal rat cardiac myocytes. J Clin Invest 97: 1577-1588, 1996.
131. Xiang W, Kong J, Chen SC, Cao LP, Qiao GL, Zheng W, Liu WH, Li XM, Gardner DG, Li YC. Cardiac hypertrophy in vitamin D receptor knockout mice: role of the systemic and cardiac renin-angiotensin systems. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 288: E125-E132, 2005. (Pubitemid 40023798)
132. 3 suppresses renin gene transcription by blocking the activity of the cyclic AMP response element in the renin gene promoter. J Biol Chem 282: 29821-29830, 2007.
133. Zhang Z, Sun L, Wang Y, Ning G, Minto AW, Kong J, Quigg RJ, Li YC. Renoprotective role of the vitamin D receptor in diabetic nephropathy. Kidney Int 73: 163-171, 2008.
134. Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Ning G, Deb DK, Kong J, Li YC. Combination therapy with AT1 blocker and vitamin D analog markedly ameliorates diabetic nephropathy: blockade of compensatory renin increase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105: 15896-15901, 2008.
135. Zittermann A. Vitamin D and disease prevention with special reference to cardiovascular disease. Prog Biophys Mol Biol 92: 39-48, 2006. (Pubitemid 43831966)