Pathogenomics of the virulence plasmids of Escherichia coli

Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews

Volumn 73, Issue 4, 2009, Pages 750-774

  Johnson, Timothy J ^a   Nolan, Lisa K ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA   (United States)

^b IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BACTERIAL GENE; BACTERIAL STRAIN; BACTERIAL VIRULENCE; BACTERIUM ISOLATE; BACTERIUM ISOLATION; ENTEROHEMORRHAGIC ESCHERICHIA COLI; ENTEROINVASIVE ESCHERICHIA COLI; ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI; ESCHERICHIA COLI; GENE SEQUENCE; GENETIC RECOMBINATION; GENOMICS; HUMAN; MOLECULAR EVOLUTION; NECROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI; NONHUMAN; NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE; PHYLOGENY; PLASMID; REVIEW; SHIGA TOXIN PRODUCING ESCHERICHIA COLI; UNINDEXED SEQUENCE;

ANIMALS; ESCHERICHIA COLI; ESCHERICHIA COLI INFECTIONS; EVOLUTION, MOLECULAR; GENOME, BACTERIAL; GENOMICS; HUMANS; PHYLOGENY; PLASMIDS; RECOMBINATION, GENETIC; VIRULENCE;

BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); ESCHERICHIA COLI;

EID: 71449086126     PISSN: 10922172     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1128/MMBR.00015-09     Document Type: Review

References (200)

1. Actis, L. A., M. E. Tolmasky, and J. H. Crosa. 1999. Bacterial plasmids: replication of extrachromosomal genetic elements encoding resistance to antimicrobial compounds. Front. Biosci. 4:D43-D62.
2. Aguero, M., G. de la Fuente, E. Vivaldi, and F. Cabello. 1989. ColV increases the virulence of Escherichia coli K1 strains in animal models of neonatal meningitis and urinary infection. Med. Microbiol. Immunol. 178:211-216.
3. An, H., J. M. Fairbrother, C. Desautels, and J. Harel. 1999. Distribution of a novel locus called paa (porcine attaching and effacing associated) among enteric Escherichia coli. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 473:179-184.
4. Ansuini, A., P. Candotti, G. Vecchi, V. Falbo, F. Minelli, and A. Caprioli. 1994. Necrotoxigenic E. coli in rabbits and horses. Vet. Res. 134:608.
5. Bakker, D., C. E. Vader, B. Roosendaal, F. R. Mooi, B. Oudega, and F. K. de Graaf. 1991. Structure and function of periplasmic chaperone-like proteins involved in the biosynthesis of K88 and K99 fimbriae in enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Mol. Microbiol. 5:875-886. (Pubitemid 21896111)
6. Baldini, M. M., J. B. Kaper, M. M. Levine, D. C. Candy, and H. W. Moon. 1983. Plasmid-mediated adhesion in enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 2:534-538.
7. Baldini, M. M., J. B. Kaper, M. M. Levine, and H. W. Moon. 1983. Molecular nature of adhesion in enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. Lancet ii:218.
8. Baudry, B., S. J. Savarino, P. Vial, J. B. Kaper, and M. M. Levine. 1990. A sensitive and specific DNA probe to identify enteroaggregative Escherichia coli, a recently discovered diarrheal pathogen. J. Infect. Dis. 161:1249-1251.
9. Bernier, C., P. Gounon, and C. Le Bouguenec. 2002. Identification of an aggregative adhesion fimbria (AAF) type III-encoding operon in enteroaggregative Escherichia coli as a sensitive probe for detecting the AAFencoding operon family. Infect. Immun. 70:4302-4311.
10. Bertin, Y., C. Martin, E. Oswald, and J. P. Girardeau. 1996. Rapid and specific detection of F17-related pilin and adhesin genes in diarrheic and septicemic Escherichia coli strains by multiplex PCR. J. Clin. Microbiol. 34:2921-2928.
11. Binns, M., J. Mayden, and R. Levine. 1982. Further characterization of complement resistance conferred on Escherichia coli by the plasmid genes traT of R100 and iss of ColV, I-K94. Infect. Immun. 35:654-659. (Pubitemid 12164766)
12. Binns, M. M., D. L. Davies, and K. G. Hardy. 1979. Cloned fragments of the plasmid ColV, I-K94 specifying virulence and serum resistance. Nature 279:778-781.
13. Blanco, J. E., M. Blanco, and J. Blanco. 1995. Enterotoxigenic, verotoxigenic, and necrotoxigenic Escherichia coli in food and clinical samples. Role of animals as reservoirs of strains pathogenic for humans. Microbiologia 11:97-110.
14. Bodero, M. D., E. A. Harden, and G. P. Munson. 2008. Transcriptional regulation of subclass 5b fimbriae. BMC Microbiol. 8:180.
15. Boerlin, P., R. Travis, C. L. Gyles, R. Reid-Smith, N. Janecko, H. Lim, V. Nicholson, S. A. McEwen, R. Friendship, and M. Archambault. 2005. Antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes of Escherichia coli isolates from swine in Ontario. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71:6753-6761.
16. Boisen, N., C. Struve, F. Scheutz, K. A. Krogfelt, and J. P. Nataro. 2008. New adhesin of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli related to the Afa/Dr/ AAF family. Infect. Immun. 76:3281-3292.
17. Bradley, D. E. 1985. Transfer systems of K88 and K99 plasmids. Plasmid 13:118-128.
18. Breitschwerdt, E. B., C. DebRoy, A. M. Mexas, T. T. Brown, and A. K. Remick. 2001. 2005. Isolation of necrotoxigenic Escherichia coli from a dog with hemorrhagic pneumonia. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 226:2016-2019.
19. Brinkley, C., V. Burland, R. Keller, D. J. Rose, A. T. Boutin, S. A. Klink, F. R. Blattner, and J. B. Kaper. 2006. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the enteropathogenic Escherichia coli adherence factor plasmid pMAR7. Infect. Immun. 74:5408-5413.
20. Brunder, W., H. Karch, and H. Schmidt. 2006. Complete sequence of the large virulence plasmid pSFO157 of the sorbitol-fermenting enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H strain 3072/96. Int. J. Med. Microbiol. 296:467-474.
21. -. Infect. Immun. 69:4447-4457.
22. Buchrieser, C., P. Glaser, C. Rusniok, H. Nedjari, H. D'Hauteville, F. Kunst, P. Sansonetti, and C. Parsot. 2000. The virulence plasmid pWR100 and the repertoire of proteins secreted by the type III secretion apparatus of Shigella flexneri. Mol. Microbiol. 38:760-771.
23. Burland, V., Y. Shao, N. T. Perna, G. Plunkett, H. J. Sofia, and F. R. Blattner. 1998. The complete DNA sequence and analysis of the large virulence plasmid of Escherichia coli O157:H7. Nucleic Acids Res. 26:4196-4204.
24. Canizalez-Roman, A., and F. Navarro-Garcia. 2003. Fodrin CaM-binding domain cleavage by Pet from enteroaggregative Escherichia coli leads to actin cytoskeletal disruption. Mol. Microbiol. 48:947-958.
25. Carattoli, A., A. Bertini, L. Villa, V. Falbo, K. L. Hopkins, and E. J. Threlfall. 2005. Identification of plasmids by PCR-based replicon typing. J. Microbiol. Methods 63:219-228. (Pubitemid 41597366)
26. Caron, J., L. M. Coffield, and J. R. Scott. 1989. A plasmid-encoded regulatory gene, rns, required for expression of the CS1 and CS2 adhesins of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:963-967. (Pubitemid 19056272)
27. Casey, T. A., R. A. Schneider, and E. A. Dean-Nystrom. 1993. Identification of plasmid and chromosomal copies of 987P pilus genes in enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli 987. Infect. Immun. 61:2249-2252.
28. Chen, H. D., and G. Frankel. 2005. Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli: unravelling pathogenesis. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 29:83-98.
29. Cheng, D., H. Sun, J. Xu, and S. Gao. 2005. Prevalence of fimbrial colonization factors F18ab and F18ac in Escherichia coli isolates from weaned piglets with edema and/or diarrhea in China. Vet. Microbiol. 110:35-39.
30. Cheng, D., H. Sun, J. Xu, and S. Gao. 2006. PCR detection of virulence factor genes in Escherichia coli isolates from weaned piglets with edema disease and/or diarrhea in China. Vet. Microbiol. 115:320-328.
31. Christenson, J. K., and D. M. Gordon. 2009. Evolution of colicin BM plasmids: the loss of the colicin B activity gene. Microbiology 155:1645-1655.
32. Clarke, S. C., R. D. Haigh, P. P. Freestone, and P. H. Williams. 2003. Virulence of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, a global pathogen. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 16:365-378.
33. Cohen, S. N., A. C. Chang, H. W. Boyer, and R. B. Helling. 1973. Construction of biologically functional bacterial plasmids in vitro. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 70:3240-3244.
34. Couturier, M., F. Bex, P. L. Bergquist, and W. K. Maas. 1988. Identification and classification of bacterial plasmids. Microbiol. Rev. 52:375-395.
35. Czeczulin, J. R., S. Balepur, S. Hicks, A. Phillips, R. Hall, M. H. Kothary, F. Navarro-Garcia, and J. P. Nataro. 1997. Aggregative adherence fimbria II, a second fimbrial antigen mediating aggregative adherence in enteroaggregative Escherichia coli. Infect. Immun. 65:4135-4145.
36. Czeczulin, J. R., T. S. Whittam, I. R. Henderson, F. Navarro-Garcia, and J. P. Nataro. 1999. Phylogenetic analysis of enteroaggregative and diffusely adherent Escherichia coli. Infect. Immun. 67:2692-2699.
37. da Silva, A. S., G. F. Valadares, M. P. Penatti, B. G. Brito, and D. da Silva Leite. 2001. Escherichia coli strains from edema disease: O serogroups, and genes for Shiga toxin, enterotoxins, and F18 fimbriae. Vet. Microbiol. 80:227-233.
38. Dean, E. A., S. C. Whipp, and H. W. Moon. 1989. Age-specific colonization of porcine intestinal epithelium by 987P-piliated enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Infect. Immun. 57:82-87.
39. DebRoy, C., and C. W. Maddox. 2001. Identification of virulence attributes of gastrointestinal Escherichia coli isolates of veterinary significance. Anim. Health Res. Rev. 2:129-140.
40. De Rycke, J., A. Milon, and E. Oswald. 1999. Necrotoxic Escherichia coli (NTEC): two emerging categories of human and animal pathogens. Vet. Res. 30:221-233.
41. Do, N. T., H. P. Cu, N. N. Nguyen, X. H. Nguyen, X. T. Au, T. H. Van, N. Q. Vu, and D. J. Trott. 2006. Antimicrobial resistance phenotypes of ETEC isolates from piglets with diarrhea in North Vietnam. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1081:543-545.
42. Dozois, C. M., F. Daigle, and R. Curtiss III. 2003. Identification of pathogen-specific and conserved genes expressed in vivo by an avian pathogenic Escherichia coli strain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100:247-252.
43. Dozois, C. M., M. Dho-Moulin, A. Bree, J. M. Fairbrother, C. Desautels, and R. Curtiss III. 2000. Relationship between the Tsh autotransporter and pathogenicity of avian Escherichia coli and localization and analysis of the tsh genetic region. Infect. Immun. 68:4145-4154.
44. el Mazouari, K., E. Oswald, J. P. Hernalsteens, P. Lintermans, and H. De Greve. 1994. F17-like fimbriae from an invasive Escherichia coli strain producing cytotoxic necrotizing factor type 2 toxin. Infect. Immun. 62:2633-2638.
45. Eslava, C., F. Navarro-Garcia, J. R. Czeczulin, I. R. Henderson, A. Cravioto, and J. P. Nataro. 1998. Pet, an autotransporter enterotoxin from enteroaggregative Escherichia coli. Infect. Immun. 66:3155-3163.
46. Evans, D. G., and D. J. Evans, Jr. 1978. New surface-associated heat-labile colonization factor antigen (CFA/II) produced by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli of serogroups O6 and O8. Infect. Immun. 21:638-647.
47. Evans, D. G., R. P. Silver, D. J. Evans, Jr., D. G. Chase, and S. L. Gorbach. 1975. Plasmid-controlled colonization factor associated with virulence in Escherichia coli enterotoxigenic for humans. Infect. Immun. 12:656-667.
48. Evans, D. J., Jr., and D. G. Evans. 1973. Three characteristics associated with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli isolated from man. Infect. Immun. 8:322-328.
49. Fairbrother, J. M., E. Nadeau, and C. L. Gyles. 2005. Escherichia coli in postweaning diarrhea in pigs: an update on bacterial types, pathogenesis, and prevention strategies. Anim. Health Res. Rev. 6:17-39.
50. Falkow, S. 1975. Infectious multiple drug resistance. Pion, London, United Kingdom.
51. Fekete, P. Z., J. Gerardin, E. Jacquemin, J. G. Mainil, and B. Nagy. 2002. Replicon typing of F18 fimbriae encoding plasmids of enterotoxigenic and verotoxigenic Escherichia coli strains from porcine postweaning diarrhoea and oedema disease. Vet. Microbiol. 85:275-284.
52. Fekete, P. Z., G. Schneider, F. Olasz, G. Blum-Oehler, J. H. Hacker, and B. Nagy. 2003. Detection of a plasmid-encoded pathogenicity island in F18+ enterotoxigenic and verotoxigenic Escherichia coli from weaned pigs. Int. J. Med. Microbiol. 293:287-298.
53. Feng, P., K. A. Lampel, H. Karch, and T. S. Whittam. 1998. Genotypic and phenotypic changes in the emergence of Escherichia coli O157:H7. J. Infect. Dis. 177:1750-1753.
54. Fleckenstein, J. M., K. Roy, J. F. Fischer, and M. Burkitt. 2006. Identification of a two-partner secretion locus of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Infect. Immun. 74:2245-2258.
55. Francia, M. V., A. Varsaki, M. P. Garcillan-Barcia, A. Latorre, C. Drainas, and F. de la Cruz. 2004. A classification scheme for mobilization regions of bacterial plasmids. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 28:79-100.
56. Fredericq, P., and G. Cornelis. 1978. Formation of a cointegrate between phage phi80 and Col, Trp plasmid. J. Gen. Microbiol. 105:347-349.
57. Fredericq, P., and E. Dehalle. 1969. Recombination of R factors with Col factors and chromosomal genes in Escherichia coli. J. Gen. Microbiol. 55:xi-xii.
58. Fredericq, P., and E. Delhalle. 1972. Recombinations between R and colicinogenic factors in Escherichia coli K12. I. Production of recombinants. Ann. Inst. Pasteur (Paris) 122:909-921.
59. Fredericq, P., V. Kromery, and M. Kettner. 1971. Transferable colicinogenic factors as mobilizing agents for extrachromosomal streptomycin resistance. Z. Allg. Mikrobiol. 11:11-17. (In German.)
60. Fricke, W. F., P. F. McDermott, M. K. Mammel, S. Zhao, T. J. Johnson, D. A. Rasko, P. J. Fedorka-Cray, A. Pedroso, J. M. Whichard, J. E. Leclerc, D. G. White, T. A. Cebula, and J. Ravel. 2009. Antimicrobial resistance-conferring plasmids with similarity to virulence plasmids from avian pathogenic Escherichia coli strains in Salmonella enterica serovar Kentucky isolates from poultry. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 75:5963-5971.
61. Fricke, W. F., M. S. Wright, A. H. Lindell, D. M. Harkins, C. Baker-Austin, J. Ravel, and R. Stepanauskas. 2008. Insights into the environmental resistance gene pool from the genome sequence of the multidrug-resistant environmental isolate Escherichia coli SMS-3-5. J. Bacteriol. 190:6779-6794.
62. Froehlich, B., J. Parkhill, M. Sanders, M. A. Quail, and J. R. Scott. 2005. The pCoo plasmid of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli is a mosaic cointegrate. J. Bacteriol. 187:6509-6516.
63. Frost, L. S., R. Leplae, A. O. Summers, and A. Toussaint. 2005. Mobile genetic elements: the agents of open source evolution. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 3:722-732.
64. 63a.Funnell, B. E., and G. J. Phillips (ed.). 2004. Plasmid biology. ASM Press, Washington, DC.
65. Gaastra, W., and A. M. Svennerholm. 1996. Colonization factors of human enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC). Trends Microbiol. 4:444-452.
66. Garcillan-Barcia, M. P., M. V. Francia, and F. de la Cruz. 2009. The diversity of conjugative relaxases and its application in plasmid classification. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 33:657-687.
67. Goswami, P. S., C. L. Gyles, R. M. Friendship, C. Poppe, G. K. Kozak, and P. Boerlin. 2008. Effect of plasmid pTENT2 on severity of porcine post-weaning diarrhoea induced by an O149 enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Vet. Microbiol. 131:400-405.
68. Gotz, A., R. Pukall, E. Smit, E. Tietze, R. Prager, H. Tschape, J. D. van Elsas, and K. Smalla. 1996. Detection and characterization of broad-hostrange plasmids in environmental bacteria by PCR. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62:2621-2628.
69. Gratia, A. 1925. Sur un remarquable exemple d'antagisme entre deux souches de collibacille. C. R. Soc. Biol. 93:1041.
70. Hantke, K., G. Nicholson, W. Rabsch, and G. Winkelmann. 2003. Salmochelins, siderophores of Salmonella enterica and uropathogenic Escherichia coli strains, are recognized by the outer membrane receptor IroN. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100:3677-3682.
71. Harnett, N. M., and C. L. Gyles. 1983. Enterotoxigenicity of bovine and porcine Escherichia coli of O groups 8, 9, 20, 64, 101, and X46. Am. J. Vet. Res. 44:1210-1214.
72. Harnett, N. M., and C. L. Gyles. 1985. Enterotoxin plasmids in bovine and porcine enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli of O groups 9, 20, 64 and 101. Can. J. Comp. Med. 49:79-87.
73. Harrington, S. M., E. G. Dudley, and J. P. Nataro. 2006. Pathogenesis of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli infection. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 254:12-18.
74. Helgerson, A. F., V. Sharma, A. M. Dow, R. Schroeder, K. Post, and N. A. Cornick. 2006. Edema disease caused by a clone of Escherichia coli O147. J. Clin. Microbiol. 44:3074-3077.
75. Hicks, S. J., and R. J. Rowbury. 1986. Virulence plasmid-associated adhesion of Escherichia coli and its significance for chlorine resistance. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 61:209-218.
76. Hinnebusch, B. J., M. L. Rosso, T. G. Schwan, and E. Carniel. 2002. High-frequency conjugative transfer of antibiotic resistance genes to Yersinia pestis in the flea midgut. Mol. Microbiol. 46:349-354.
77. Hu, Y. 1992. The effect of plasmids on the resistance of E. coli to phages. Wei Sheng Wu Xue Bao 32:456-458. (In Chinese.)
78. Huang, D. B., A. Mohanty, H. L. DuPont, P. C. Okhuysen, and T. Chiang. 2006. A review of an emerging enteric pathogen: enteroaggregative Escherichia coli. J. Med. Microbiol. 55:1303-1311.
79. Huisman, T. T., D. Bakker, P. Klaasen, and F. K. de Graaf. 1994. Leucine-responsive regulatory protein, IS1 insertions, and the negative regulator FaeA control the expression of the fae (K88) operon in Escherichia coli. Mol. Microbiol. 11:525-536.
80. Iguchi, A., N. R. Thomson, Y. Ogura, D. Saunders, T. Ooka, I. R. Henderson, D. Harris, M. Asadulghani, K. Kurokawa, P. Dean, B. Kenny, M. A. Quail, S. Thurston, G. Dougan, T. Hayashi, J. Parkhill, and G. Frankel. 2009. Complete genome sequence and comparative genome analysis of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli O127:H6 strain E2348/69. J. Bacteriol. 191:347-354.
81. Isaacson, R. E., B. Nagy, and H. W. Moon. 1977. Colonization of porcine small intestine by Escherichia coli: colonization and adhesion factors of pig enteropathogens that lack K88. J. Infect. Dis. 135:531-539.
82. Isaacson, R. E., and G. L. Start. 1992. Analysis of K99 plasmids from enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 69:141-146.
83. Jacob, F., and S. Brenner. 1963. On the regulation of DNA synthesis in bacteria: the hypothesis of the replicon. C. R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci. 256:298-300. (In French.)
84. Jenkins, C., C. van Ijperen, E. G. Dudley, H. Chart, G. A. Willshaw, T. Cheasty, H. R. Smith, and J. P. Nataro. 2005. Use of a microarray to assess the distribution of plasmid and chromosomal virulence genes in strains of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 253:119-124. (Pubitemid 41605403)
85. Johnson, J. R., and T. A. Russo. 2002. Extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli: "the other bad E coli." J. Lab. Clin. Med. 139:155-162.
86. Johnson, J. R., and T. A. Russo. 2005. Molecular epidemiology of extraintestinal pathogenic (uropathogenic) Escherichia coli. Int. J. Med. Microbiol. 295:383-404.
87. Johnson, T. J., C. W. Giddings, S. M. Horne, P. S. Gibbs, R. E. Wooley, J. Skyberg, P. Olah, R. Kercher, J. S. Sherwood, S. L. Foley, and L. K. Nolan. 2002. Location of increased serum survival gene and selected virulence traits on a conjugative R plasmid in an avian Escherichia coli isolate. Avian Dis. 46:342-352.
88. Johnson, T. J., S. J. Johnson, and L. K. Nolan. 2006. Complete DNA sequence of a ColBM plasmid from avian pathogenic Escherichia coli suggests that it evolved from closely related ColV virulence plasmids. J. Bacteriol. 188:5975-5983.
89. Johnson, T. J., K. E. Siek, S. J. Johnson, and L. K. Nolan. 2006. DNA sequence of a ColV plasmid and prevalence of selected plasmid-encoded virulence genes among avian Escherichia coli strains. J. Bacteriol. 188:745-758.
90. Johnson, T. J., Y. M. Wannemuehler, S. J. Johnson, C. M. Logue, D. G. White, C. Doetkott, and L. K. Nolan. 2007. Plasmid replicon typing of commensal and pathogenic Escherichia coli isolates. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 73:1976-1983.
91. Kaper, J. B. 2005. Pathogenic Escherichia coli. Int. J. Med. Microbiol. 295:355-356.
92. Kaper, J. B., J. P. Nataro, and H. L. Mobley. 2004. Pathogenic Escherichia coli. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2:123-140.
93. Kim, S. R., and T. Komano. 1997. The plasmid R64 thin pilus identified as a type IV pilus. J. Bacteriol. 179:3594-3603.
94. Knutton, S., M. M. Baldini, J. B. Kaper, and A. S. McNeish. 1987. Role of plasmid-encoded adherence factors in adhesion of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli to HEp-2 cells. Infect. Immun. 55:78-85.
95. Komano, T., T. Yoshida, K. Narahara, and N. Furuya. 2000. The transfer region of IncI1 plasmid R64: similarities between R64 tra and Legionella icm/dot genes. Mol. Microbiol. 35:1348-1359.
96. Kotloff, K. L., J. P. Winickoff, B. Ivanoff, J. D. Clemens, D. L. Swerdlow, P. J. Sansonetti, G. K. Adak, and M. M. Levine. 1999. Global burden of Shigella infections: implications for vaccine development and implementation of control strategies. Bull. W. H. O. 77:651-666.
97. Krcmery, V., P. Fredericq, B. Wiedemann, and C. Hurwitz. 1971. Mobilization of extrachromosomal determinants for streptomycin resistance by transferable colicinogenic factors. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 182:118-122.
98. Kuehn, M. J., D. J. Ogg, J. Kihlberg, L. N. Slonim, K. Flemmer, T. Bergfors, and S. J. Hultgren. 1993. Structural basis of pilus subunit recognition by the PapD chaperone. Science 262:1234-1241. (Pubitemid 24036088)
99. Lan, R., B. Lumb, D. Ryan, and P. R. Reeves. 2001. Molecular evolution of large virulence plasmid in Shigella clones and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli. Infect. Immun. 69:6303-6309. (Pubitemid 32885195)
100. Lederberg, J., and E. L. Tatum. 1953. Sex in bacteria; genetic studies, 1945-1952. Science 118:169-175.
101. Le Gall, T., M. Mavris, M. C. Martino, M. L. Bernardini, E. Denamur, and C. Parsot. 2005. Analysis of virulence plasmid gene expression defines three classes of effectors in the type III secretion system of Shigella flexneri. Microbiology 151:951-962. (Pubitemid 40425029)
102. Levine, M. M., J. P. Nataro, H. Karch, M. M. Baldini, J. B. Kaper, R. E. Black, M. L. Clements, and A. D. O'Brien. 1985. The diarrheal response of humans to some classic serotypes of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli is dependent on a plasmid encoding an enteroadhesiveness factor. J. Infect. Dis. 152:550-559.
103. Levine, M. M., J. G. Xu, J. B. Kaper, H. Lior, V. Prado, B. Tall, J. Nataro, H. Karch, and K. Wachsmuth. 1987. A DNA probe to identify enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli of O157:H7 and other serotypes that cause hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome. J. Infect. Dis. 156:175-182.
104. Liu, J., P. Keelan, P. M. Bennett, and V. I. Enne. 2009. Characterization of a novel macrolide efflux gene, mef(B), found linked to sul3 in porcine Escherichia coli. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 63:423-426.
105. Lopez-Alvarez, J., and C. L. Gyles. 1980. Occurrence of the Vir plasmid among animal and human strains of invasive Escherichia coli. Am. J. Vet. Res. 41:769-774.
106. Lopez-Alvarez, J., C. L. Gyles, P. L. Shipley, and S. Falkow. 1980. Genetic and molecular characteristics of Vir plasmids of bovine septicemic Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 141:758-769. (Pubitemid 10106281)
107. Mahillon, J., and M. Chandler. 1998. Insertion sequences. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 62:725-774.
108. Mainil, J. G., F. Bex, P. Dreze, A. Kaeckenbeeck, and M. Couturier. 1992. Replicon typing of virulence plasmids of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli isolates from cattle. Infect. Immun. 60:3376-3380.
109. Mainil, J. G., G. Daube, E. Jacquemin, P. Pohl, and A. Kaeckenbeeck. 1998. Virulence plasmids of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli isolates from piglets. Vet. Microbiol. 62:291-301.
110. Mainil, J. G., J. Gerardin, and E. Jacquemin. 2000. Identification of the F17 fimbrial subunit- and adhesin-encoding (f17A and f17G) gene variants in necrotoxigenic Escherichia coli from cattle, pigs and humans. Vet. Microbiol. 73:327-335.
111. Mainil, J. G., E. Jacquemin, P. Pohl, A. Kaeckenbeeck, and I. Benz. 2002. DNA sequences coding for the F18 fimbriae and AIDA adhesin are localised on the same plasmid in Escherichia coli isolates from piglets. Vet. Microbiol. 86:303-311.
112. Makino, K., K. Ishii, T. Yasunaga, M. Hattori, K. Yokoyama, C. H. Yutsudo, Y. Kubota, Y. Yamaichi, T. Iida, K. Yamamoto, T. Honda, C. G. Han, E. Ohtsubo, M. Kasamatsu, T. Hayashi, S. Kuhara, and H. Shinagawa. 1998. Complete nucleotide sequences of 93-kb and 3.3-kb plasmids of an enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 derived from Sakai outbreak. DNA Res. 5:1-9.
113. Martinez-Abarca, F., and N. Toro. 2000. Group II introns in the bacterial world. Mol. Microbiol. 38:917-926.
114. Massie, B., D. Dea, and A. Sasarman. 1984. A detailed physical and genetic map of two R. ColBM IncFIII plasmids. Plasmid 11:105-108.
115. Maynard, C., J. M. Fairbrother, S. Bekal, F. Sanschagrin, R. C. Levesque, R. Brousseau, L. Masson, S. Lariviere, and J. Harel. 2003. Antimicrobial resistance genes in enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli O149:K91 isolates obtained over a 23-year period from pigs. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 47:3214-3221.
116. McConnell, M. M., H. Chart, S. M. Scotland, H. R. Smith, G. A. Willshaw, and B. Rowe. 1989. Properties of adherence factor plasmids of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli and the effect of host strain on expression of adherence to HEp-2 cells. J. Gen. Microbiol. 135:1123-1134.
117. McDaniel, T. K., K. G. Jarvis, M. S. Donnenberg, and J. B. Kaper. 1995. A genetic locus of enterocyte effacement conserved among diverse enterobacterial pathogens. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92:1664-1668.
118. Mellata, M., J. W. Touchman, and R. Curtiss. 2009. Full sequence and comparative analysis of the plasmid pAPEC-1 of avian pathogenic E. coli chi7122 (O78:K80:H9). PLoS ONE 4:e4232.
119. Morales, C., M. D. Lee, C. Hofacre, and J. J. Maurer. 2004. Detection of a novel virulence gene and a Salmonella virulence homologue among Escherichia coli isolated from broiler chickens. Foodborne Pathog. Dis. 1:160-165.
120. Nagel De Zwaig, R. 1966. Association between colicinogenic and fertility factors. Genetics 54:381-390.
121. Nagy, B., and P. Z. Fekete. 2005. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in veterinary medicine. Int. J. Med. Microbiol. 295:443-454.
122. Nagy, B., H. W. Moon, and R. E. Isaacson. 1976. Colonization of porcine small intestine by Escherichia coli: ileal colonization and adhesion by pig enteropathogens that lack K88 antigen and by some acapsular mutants. Infect. Immun. 13:1214-1220.
123. Nagy, B., H. W. Moon, and R. E. Isaacson. 1977. Colonization of porcine intestine by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli: selection of piliated forms in vivo, adhesion of piliated forms to epithelial cells in vitro, and incidence of a pilus antigen among porcine enteropathogenic E. coli. Infect. Immun. 16:344-352. (Pubitemid 8087931)
124. Nagy, B., S. C. Whipp, H. Imberechts, H. U. Bertschinger, E. A. Dean-Nystrom, T. A. Casey, and E. Salajka. 1997. Biological relationship between F18ab and F18ac fimbriae of enterotoxigenic and verotoxigenic Escherichia coli from weaned pigs with oedema disease or diarrhoea. Microb. Pathog. 22:1-11.
125. Nakaya, R., A. Nakamura, and Y. Murata. 1960. Resistance transfer agents in Shigella. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 3:654-659.
126. Nataro, J. P. 2005. Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli pathogenesis. Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol. 21:4-8.
127. Nataro, J. P., Y. Deng, S. Cookson, A. Cravioto, S. J. Savarino, L. D. Guers, M. M. Levine, and C. O. Tacket. 1995. Heterogeneity of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli virulence demonstrated in volunteers. J. Infect. Dis. 171:465-468.
128. Nataro, J. P., Y. Deng, D. R. Maneval, A. L. German, W. C. Martin, and M. M. Levine. 1992. Aggregative adherence fimbriae I of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli mediate adherence to HEp-2 cells and hemagglutination of human erythrocytes. Infect. Immun. 60:2297-2304.
129. Nataro, J. P., and J. B. Kaper. 1998. Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 11:142-201.
130. Nataro, J. P., J. B. Kaper, R. Robins-Browne, V. Prado, P. Vial, and M. M. Levine. 1987. Patterns of adherence of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli to HEp-2 cells. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 6:829-831.
131. Nataro, J. P., I. C. Scaletsky, J. B. Kaper, M. M. Levine, and L. R. Trabulsi. 1985. Plasmid-mediated factors conferring diffuse and localized adherence of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. Infect. Immun. 48:378-383.
132. Nataro, J. P., D. Yikang, D. Yingkang, and K. Walker. 1994. AggR, a transcriptional activator of aggregative adherence fimbria I expression in enteroaggregative Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 176:4691-4699.
133. Neter, E., O. Westpahl, O. Luderitz, R. M. Gino, and E. A. Gorzynski. 1955. Demonstration of antibodies against enteropathogenic Escherichia coli in sera of children of various ages. Pediatrics 16:801-808.
134. Newton, H. J., J. Sloan, D. M. Bulach, T. Seemann, C. C. Allison, M. Tauschek, R. M. Robins-Browne, J. C. Paton, T. S. Whittam, A. W. Paton, and E. L. Hartland. 2009. Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli strains negative for locus of enterocyte effacement. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 15:372-380.
135. Olasz, F., P. Z. Fekete, G. Blum-Oehler, Z. Boldogkoi, and B. Nagy. 2005. Characterization of an F18 enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strain from post weaning diarrhoea of swine, and of its conjugative virulence plasmid pTC. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 244:281-289.
136. Orden, J. A., G. Dominguez-Bernal, S. Martinez-Pulgarin, M. Blanco, J. E. Blanco, A. Mora, J. Blanco, J. Blanco, and R. de la Fuente. 2007. Necrotoxigenic Escherichia coli from sheep and goats produce a new type of cytotoxic necrotizing factor (CNF3) associated with the eae and ehxA genes. Int. Microbiol. 10:47-55.
137. Orskov, I., and F. Orskov. 1966. Episome-carried surface antigen K88 of Escherichia coli. I. Transmission of the determinant of the K88 antigen and influence on the transfer of chromosomal markers. J. Bacteriol. 91:69-75.
138. Orskov, I., F. Orskov, W. J. Sojka, and J. M. Leach. 1961. Simultaneous occurrence of E. coli B and L antigens in strains from diseased swine. Influence of cultivation temperature. Two new E. coli K antigens: K87 and K88. Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand. 53:404-422.
139. Ostroff, S. M., P. I. Tarr, M. A. Neill, J. H. Lewis, N. Hargrett-Bean, and J. M. Kobayashi. 1989. Toxin genotypes and plasmid profiles as determinants of systemic sequelae in Escherichia coli O157:H7 infections. J. Infect. Dis. 160:994-998.
140. Oswald, E., M. Sugai, A. Labigne, H. C. Wu, C. Fiorentini, P. Boquet, and A. D. O'Brien. 1994. Cytotoxic necrotizing factor type 2 produced by virulent Escherichia coli modifies the small GTP-binding proteins Rho involved in assembly of actin stress fibers. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:3814-3818.
141. Parsot, C. 2005. Shigella spp. and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli pathogenicity factors. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 252:11-18.
142. Patel, S. K., J. Dotson, K. P. Allen, and J. M. Fleckenstein. 2004. Identification and molecular characterization of EatA, an autotransporter protein of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Infect. Immun. 72:1786-1794. (Pubitemid 38263804)
143. Peres, S. Y., O. Marches, F. Daigle, J. P. Nougayrede, F. Herault, C. Tasca, J. De Rycke, and E. Oswald. 1997. A new cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) from Escherichia coli producing CNF2 blocks HeLa cell division in G2/M phase. Mol. Microbiol. 24:1095-1107.
144. Perez-Casal, J., J. S. Swartley, and J. R. Scott. 1990. Gene encoding the major subunit of CS1 pili of human enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Infect. Immun. 58:3594-3600 . 144. Reference deleted. (Pubitemid 20353358)
145. Picken, R. N., A. J. Mazaitis, S. Saadi, and W. K. Maas. 1984. Characterization of the basic replicons of the chimeric R/Ent plasmid pCG86 and the related Ent plasmid P307. Plasmid 12:10-18. (Pubitemid 14046087)
146. Provence, D. L., and R. Curtiss III. 1994. Isolation and characterization of a gene involved in hemagglutination by an avian pathogenic Escherichia coli strain. Infect. Immun. 62:1369-1380.
147. Qadri, F., A. M. Svennerholm, A. S. Faruque, and R. B. Sack. 2005. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in developing countries: epidemiology, microbiology, clinical features, treatment, and prevention. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 18:465-483.
148. Quackenbush, R., and S. Falkow. 1979. Relationship between colicin V activity and virulence in Escherichia coli. Infect. Immun. 24:562-564.
149. Raja, N., M. Goodson, W. C. Chui, D. G. Smith, and R. J. Rowbury. 1991. Habituation to acid in Escherichia coli: conditions for habituation and its effects on plasmid transfer. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 70:59-65.
150. Rasko, D. A., M. J. Rosovitz, G. S. Myers, E. F. Mongodin, W. F. Fricke, P. Gajer, J. Crabtree, M. Sebaihia, N. R. Thomson, R. Chaudhuri, I. R. Henderson, V. Sperandio, and J. Ravel. 2008. The pangenome structure of Escherichia coli: comparative genomic analysis of E. coli commensal and pathogenic isolates. J. Bacteriol. 190:6881-6893.
151. Ratnam, S., S. B. March, R. Ahmed, G. S. Bezanson, and S. Kasatiya. 1988. Characterization of Escherichia coli serotype O157:H7. J. Clin. Microbiol. 26:2006-2012.
152. Ravi, M., M. Ngeleka, S. H. Kim, C. Gyles, F. Berthiaume, M. Mourez, D. Middleton, and E. Simko. 2007. Contribution of AIDA-I to the pathogenicity of a porcine diarrheagenic Escherichia coli and to intestinal colonization through biofilm formation in pigs. Vet. Microbiol. 120:308-319.
153. Reis, M. H., M. Heloiza, T. Affonso, L. R. Trabulsi, A. J. Mazaitis, R. Maas, and W. K. Maas. 1980. Transfer of a CFA/I-ST plasmid promoted by a conjugative plasmid in a strain of Escherichia coli of serotype O128ac:H12. Infect. Immun. 29:140-143.
154. Roosendaal, B., and F. K. de Graaf. 1989. The nucleotide sequence of the fanD gene encoding the large outer membrane protein involved in the biosynthesis of K99 fimbriae. Nucleic Acids Res. 17:1263.
155. Rychlik, I., D. Gregorova, and H. Hradecka. 2006. Distribution and function of plasmids in Salmonella enterica. Vet. Microbiol. 112:1-10.
156. Saadi, S., W. K. Maas, D. F. Hill, and P. L. Bergquist. 1987. Nucleotide sequence analysis of RepFIC, a basic replicon present in IncFI plasmids P307 and F, and its relation to the RepA replicon of IncFII plasmids. J. Bacteriol. 169:1836-1846. (Pubitemid 17081734)
157. Saitou, N., and M. Nei. 1987. The neighbor-joining method: a new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees. Mol. Biol. Evol. 4:406-425.
158. Sǎsǎrman, A., B. Massie, M. Zollinger, H. Gagne-Tellier, F. Shareck, S. Garzon, and R. Morisset. 1980. Naturally occurring R.ColBM plasmids belonging to the IncFIII incompatibility group. J. Gen. Microbiol. 119:475-483.
159. Schifferli, D. M., E. H. Beachey, and R. K. Taylor. 1990. The 987P fimbrial gene cluster of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli is plasmid encoded. Infect. Immun. 58:149-156.
160. Schifferli, D. M., E. H. Beachey, and R. K. Taylor. 1991. Genetic analysis of 987P adhesion and fimbriation of Escherichia coli: the fas genes link both phenotypes. J. Bacteriol. 173:1230-1240.
161. Sherlock, O., R. M. Vejborg, and P. Klemm. 2005. The TibA adhesin/invasin from enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli is self recognizing and induces bacterial aggregation and biofilm formation. Infect. Immun. 73:1954-1963.
162. Shipley, P. L., C. L. Gyles, and S. Falkow. 1978. Characterization of plasmids that encode for the K88 colonization antigen. Infect. Immun. 20:559-566.
163. Simons, B. L., P. Rathman, C. R. Malij, B. Oudega, and F. K. de Graaf. 1990. The penultimate tyrosine residue of the K99 fibrillar subunit is essential for stability of the protein and its interaction with the periplasmic carrier protein. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 55:107-112.
164. Skyberg, J. A., T. J. Johnson, J. R. Johnson, C. Clabots, C. M. Logue, and L. K. Nolan. 2006. Acquisition of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli plasmids by a commensal E. coli isolate enhances its abilities to kill chicken embryos, grow in human urine, and colonize the murine kidney. Infect. Immun. 74:6287-6292.
165. Smajs, D., and G. M. Weinstock. 2001. The iron- and temperature-regulated cjrBC genes of Shigella and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli strains code for colicin Js uptake. J. Bacteriol. 183:3958-3966.
166. Smith, H. W. 1974. A search for transmissible pathogenic characters in invasive strains of Escherichia coli: the discovery of a plasmid-controlled toxin and a plasmid-controlled lethal character closely associated, or identical, with colicine V. J. Gen. Microbiol. 83:95-111.
167. Smith, H. W. 1978. Transmissible pathogenic characteristics of invasive strains of Escherichia coli. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 173:601-607.
168. Smith, H. W., and M. B. Huggins. 1976. Further observations on the association of the colicine V plasmid of Escherichia coli with pathogenicity and with survival in the alimentary tract. J. Gen. Microbiol. 92:335-350.
169. Smith, H. W., and M. A. Linggood. 1971. Observations on the pathogenic properties of the K88, Hly and Ent plasmids of Escherichia coli with particular reference to porcine diarrhoea. J. Med. Microbiol. 4:467-485.
170. Smith, H. W., and Z. Parsell. 1975. Transmissible substrate-utilizing ability in enterobacteria. J. Gen. Microbiol. 87:129-140.
171. Smith, J. L., P. M. Fratamico, and N. W. Gunther. 2007. Extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli. Foodborne Pathog. Dis. 4:134-163.
172. Smyth, C. J. 1982. Two mannose-resistant haemagglutinins on enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli of serotype O6:K15:H16 or H- isolated from travellers' and infantile diarrhoea. J. Gen. Microbiol. 128:2081-2096.
173. Sobecky, P. A., T. J. Mincer, M. C. Chang, and D. R. Helinski. 1997. Plasmids isolated from marine sediment microbial communities contain replication and incompatibility regions unrelated to those of known plasmid groups. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 63:888-895.
174. Starcic, M., A. L. Stell, J. van der Goot, H. G. C. J. M. Hendriks, C. van Vorstenbosch, L. van Dijk, and W. Gaastra. 2002. Haemolytic Escherichia coli isolated from dogs with diarrhea have characteristics of both uropathogenic and necrotoxigenic strains. Vet. Microbiol. 85:361-377.
175. Suzuki, H., M. Sota, C. J. Brown, and E. M. Top. 2008. Using Mahalanobis distance to compare genomic signatures between bacterial plasmids and chromosomes. Nucleic Acids Res. 36:e147.
176. Szczepanowski, R., S. Braun, V. Riedel, S. Schneiker, I. Krahn, A. Puhler, and A. Schluter. 2005. The 120 592 bp IncF plasmid pRSB107 isolated from a sewage-treatment plant encodes nine different antibiotic-resistance determinants, two iron-acquistition systems and other putative virulence-associated functions. Microbiology 151:1095-1111. (Pubitemid 40568006)
177. Tacket, C. O., G. Losonsky, H. Link, Y. Hoang, P. Guesry, H. Hilpert, and M. M. Levine. 1988. Protection by milk immunoglobulin concentrate against oral challenge with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. N. Engl. J. Med. 318:1240-1243. (Pubitemid 18120886)
178. Tamura, K., J. Dudley, M. Nei, and S. Kumar. 2007. MEGA4: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis (MEGA) software version 4.0. Mol. Biol. Evol. 24:1596-1599.
179. Tamura, K., M. Nei, and S. Kumar. 2004. Prospects for inferring very large phylogenies by using the neighbor-joining method. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101:11030-11035.
180. Tatum, E. L., and J. Lederberg. 1947. Gene recombination in the bacterium Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 53:673-684.
181. Tivendale, K. A., A. H. Noormohammadi, J. L. Allen, and G. F. Browning. 2009. The conserved portion of the putative virulence region contributes to virulence of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli. Microbiology 155:450-460.
182. Tobe, T., T. Hayashi, C. G. Han, G. K. Schoolnik, E. Ohtsubo, and C. Sasakawa. 1999. Complete DNA sequence and structural analysis of the enteropathogenic Escherichia coli adherence factor plasmid. Infect. Immun. 67:5455-5462.
183. Touchon, M., C. Hoede, O. Tenaillon, V. Barbe, S. Baeriswyl, P. Bidet, E. Bingen, S. Bonacorsi, C. Bouchier, O. Bouvet, A. Calteau, H. Chiapello, O. Clermont, S. Cruveiller, A. Danchin, M. Diard, C. Dossat, M. E. Karoui, E. Frapy, L. Garry, J. M. Ghigo, A. M. Gilles, J. Johnson, C. Le Bouguenec, M. Lescat, S. Mangenot, V. Martinez-Jehanne, I. Matic, X. Nassif, S. Oztas, M. A. Petit, C. Pichon, Z. Rouy, C. S. Ruf, D. Schneider, J. Tourret, B. Vacherie, D. Vallenet, C. Medigue, E. P. Rocha, and E. Denamur. 2009. Organised genome dynamics in the Escherichia coli species results in highly diverse adaptive paths. PLoS Genet. 5:e1000344.
184. Trabulsi, L. R., R. Keller, and T. A. Tardelli Gomes. 2002. Typical and atypical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 8:508-513.
185. Turner, S. M., A. Scott-Tucker, L. M. Cooper, and I. R. Henderson. 2006. Weapons of mass destruction: virulence factors of the global killer enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 263:10-20.
186. Van der Auwera, G. A., J. E. Krol, H. Suzuki, B. Foster, R. Van Houdt, C. J. Brown, M. Mergeay, and E. M. Top. 2009. Plasmids captured in C. metallidurans CH34: defining the PromA family of broad-host-range plasmids. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 96:193-204.
187. van der Woude, M. W., M. Braster, H. W. van Verseveld, and F. K. de Graaf. 1990. Control of temperature-dependent synthesis of K99 fimbriae. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 56:183-188.
188. Villaseca, J. M., F. Navarro-Garcia, G. Mendoza-Hernandez, J. P. Nataro, A. Cravioto, and C. Eslava. 2000. Pet toxin from enteroaggregative Escherichia coli produces cellular damage associated with fodrin disruption. Infect. Immun. 68:5920-5927.
189. Warner, P. J., P. H. Williams, A. Bindereif, and J. B. Neilands. 1981. ColV plasmid-specific aerobactin synthesis by invasive strains of Escherichia coli. Infect. Immun. 33:540-545.
190. Watanabe, T. 1963. Infective heredity of multiple drug resistance in bacteria. Bacteriol. Rev. 27:87-115.
191. Watanabe, T., H. Nishida, C. Ogata, T. Arai, and S. Sato. 1964. Episome-mediated transfer of drug resistance in Enterobacteriaceae. VII. Two types of naturally occurring R factors. J. Bacteriol. 88:716-726.
192. Waters, V. L., and J. H. Crosa. 1991. Colicin V virulence plasmids. Microbiol. Rev. 55:437-450.
193. Wick, L. M., W. Qi, D. W. Lacher, and T. S. Whittam. 2005. Evolution of genomic content in the stepwise emergence of Escherichia coli O157:H7. J. Bacteriol. 187:1783-1791.
194. Williams, P., and P. Warner. 1980. ColV plasmid-mediated, colicin V-independent iron uptake system of invasive strains of Escherichia coli. Infect. Immun. 29:411-416. (Pubitemid 10040151)
195. Wolf, M. K. 1997. Occurrence, distribution, and associations of O and H serogroups, colonization factor antigens, and toxins of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 10:569-584.
196. Wooley, R. E., L. K. Nolan, J. Brown, P. S. Gibbs, C. W. Giddings, and K. S. Turner. 1993. Association of K-1 capsule, smooth lipopolysaccharides, traT gene, and colicin V production with complement resistance and virulence of avian Escherichia coli. Avian Dis. 37:1092-1096.
197. Yoon, J. W., and C. J. Hovde. 2008. All blood, no stool: enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection. J. Vet. Sci. 9:219-231.
198. Zhang, W., W. Qi, T. J. Albert, A. S. Motiwala, D. Alland, E. K. Hyytia-Trees, E. M. Ribot, P. I. Fields, T. S. Whittam, and B. Swaminathan. 2006. Probing genomic diversity and evolution of Escherichia coli O157 by single nucleotide polymorphisms. Genome Res. 16:757-767.
199. Zhou, D., W. D. Hardt, and J. E. Galan. 1999. Salmonella typhimurium encodes a putative iron transport system within the centisome 63 pathogenicity island. Infect. Immun. 67:1974-1981.
200. Zienkiewicz, M., I. Kern-Zdanowicz, M. Golebiewski, J. Zyliñska, P. Mieczkowski, M. Gniadkowski, J. Bardowski, and P. Ceglowski. 2007. Mosaic structure of p1658/97, a 125-kilobase plasmid harboring an active amplicon with the extended-spectrum beta-lactamase gene blaSHV-5. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 51:1164-1171 (Pubitemid 46586789)