Environmental synergisms and extinctions of tropical species

Conservation Biology

Volumn 23, Issue 6, 2009, Pages 1427-1437

  Laurance, William F ^a,b   Useche, Diana C ^a  

^a SMITHSONIAN TROPICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (Panama)

^b JAMES COOK UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

Climatic change; Endangered species; Environmental synergisms; Extinction; Fire; Habitat fragmentation; Hunting; IUCN Red Data Book; Logging; Species invasions; Tropical forests

Indexed keywords

AMPHIBIAN; BIODIVERSITY; BIOLOGICAL INVASION; BIRD; DATA SET; ENDANGERED SPECIES; EXTINCTION; FOREST FIRE; HABITAT FRAGMENTATION; HUMAN ACTIVITY; HUNTING; LOGGING (TIMBER); MAMMAL; RED LIST; SYNERGISM; TROPICAL FOREST; VULNERABILITY;

AMPHIBIA; ANIMAL; ARTICLE; BIODIVERSITY; BIRD; CLIMATE CHANGE; ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION; FIRE; MAMMAL; PHYSIOLOGY; SPECIES EXTINCTION; TREE; TROPIC CLIMATE;

AMPHIBIANS; ANIMALS; BIODIVERSITY; BIRDS; CLIMATE CHANGE; CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES; EXTINCTION, BIOLOGICAL; FIRES; MAMMALS; TREES; TROPICAL CLIMATE;

AMPHIBIA; AVES; MAMMALIA;

EID: 70450253294     PISSN: 08888892     EISSN: 15231739     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2009.01336.x     Document Type: Article

References (119)

1. Alencar, A., D. Nepstad, and M. Vera Diaz. 2006. Forest understory fire in the Brazilian Amazon in ENSO and non-ENSO years: area burned and committed carbon emissions. Earth Interactions 10 : 1 17.
2. Alencar, A., L. Solórzano, and D. Nepstad. 2004. Modeling forest understory fires in an eastern Amazonian landscape. Ecological Applications 14 : S139 S149.
3. Alford, R. A., K. Bradfield, and S. Richards. 2007. Global warming and amphibian losses. Nature 447 : E3 E4.
4. Aragão, L., Y. Malhi, N. Barbier, A. Lima, Y. Shimabukuro, L. Anderson, and S. Saatchi. 2008. Interactions between rainfall, deforestation and fires during recent years in the Brazilian Amazonia. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 363 : 1779 1785.
5. Asner, G., D. Knapp, E. Broadbent, P. Oliveira, M. Keller, and J. Silva. 2005. Selective logging in the Brazilian Amazon. Science 310 : 480 482.
6. Asner, G., E. Broadbent, P. Oliveira, M. Keller, D. Knapp, and J. Silva. 2006. Condition and fate of logged forests in the Brazilian Amazon. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 103 : 12947 12950.
7. Baidya Roy, S., and R. Avissar. 2002. Impact of land use/land cover change on regional hydrometeorology in the Amazon. Journal of Geophysical Research 107 : DOI : 10.1029/2000JD00266.
8. Barlow, J., and C. Peres. 2004. Ecological responses to El Niño-induced surface fires in central Amazonia: management implications for flammable tropical forests. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 59 : 367 380.
9. Barlow, J., C. Peres, B. Lagan, and T. Haugaasen. 2003. Large tree mortality and the decline of forest biomass following Amazonian wildfires. Ecology Letters 6 : 6 8.
10. Bennett, E. L., and M. Gumal. 2001. The interrelationships of commercial logging, hunting, and wildlife in Sarawak: recommendations for forest management. Pages 359 374 in R. Fimbel, A. Grajal, and J. G. Robinson, editors. The cutting edge: conserving wildlife in logged tropical forests. Columbia University Press, New York.
11. Berger, L., et al. 1998. Chytridiomycosis causes amphibian mortality associated with population declines in the rain forests of Australia and Central America. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 95 : 9031 9036.
12. Blake, S., S. Deem, S. Strindberg, F. Maisel, L. Momonts, I.-B. Isia, I. Douglas-Hamilton, W. Karesh, and M. Kock. 2008. Roadless wilderness area determined forest elephant movements in the Congo Basin. Public Library of Science ONE DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0003546.
13. Brashares, J., P. Arcese, M. Sam, P. Coppolillo, A. Sinclair, and A. Balmford. 2004. Bushmeat hunting, wildlife declines, and fish supply in west Africa. Science 306 : 1180 1183.
14. Brook, B., N. Sodhi, and C. Bradshaw. 2008. Synergisms among extinction drivers under global change. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 23 : 453 460.
15. Casagrandi, R., and M. Gatto. 2002. Habitat destruction, environmental catastrophes, and metapopulation extinction. Theoretical Population Biology 61 : 127 140.
16. Cavalier, J., D. Solis, and M. Jaramillo. 1996. Fog interception in montane forests across the Central Cordillera of Panama. Journal of Tropical Ecology 12 : 357 369.
17. Chandler, C. 1995. Practical considerations in the use of simultaneous inference for multiple tests. Animal Behaviour 49 : 524 527.
18. Chave, J., et al. 2008. Assessing evidence for a pervasive alteration in tropical tree communities. Public Library of Science Biology DOI : 10.1371/journal.pbio.0060045.
19. Chiarello, A. 2000. Density and population size of mammals in remnants of Brazilian Atlantic forest. Conservation Biology 14 : 1649 1657.
20. Clark, D. A., S. Piper, C, Keeling, and D. B. Clark. 2003. Tropical rain forest tree growth and atmospheric carbon dynamics linked to interannual temperature variation during 1984-2000. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 100 : 5852 5857.
21. Cochrane, M. 2001. In the line of fire: understanding the dynamics of tropical forest fires. Environment 43 : 28 38.
22. Cochrane, M., and M. Schulze. 1999. Fire as a recurrent event in tropical forests of the eastern Amazon: effects on forest structure, biomass, and species composition. Biotropica 31 : 2 16.
23. Cochrane, M., and W. F. Laurance. 2002. Fire as a large-scale edge effect in Amazonian forests. Journal of Tropical Ecology 18 : 311 325.
24. Cochrane, M., and W. F. Laurance. 2009. Synergisms among fire, land use, and climate change in the Amazon. Ambio 37 : 522 527.
25. Cochrane, M., A. Alencar, M. Schulze, C. Souza, D. Nepstad, P. Lefebvre, and E. Davidson. 1999. Positive feedbacks in the fire dynamic of closed canopy tropical forests. Science 284 : 1837 1841.
26. Colwell, R. K., G. Brehm, C. Cardelus, A. Gilman, and J. Longino. 2008. Global warming, elevational range shifts, and lowland biotic attrition in the wet tropics. Science 322 : 258 261.
27. Cullen, L., R. E. Bodmer, and C. Valladares-Pádua. 2000. Effects of hunting in habitat fragments of the Atlantic forests, Brazil. Biological Conservation 95 : 49 56.
28. Curran, L., I. Caniago, G. Paoli, D. Astianti, M. Kusneti, M. Leighton, C. Nirarita, and H. Haeruman. 1999. Impact of El Niño and logging on canopy tree recruitment in Borneo. Science 286 : 2184 2188.
29. Daszak, P., A. Cunningham, and A. Hyatt. 2000. Emerging infectious diseases of wildlife - threats to biodiversity and human health. Science 287 : 443 449.
30. Davidson, C., H. Shaffer, and M. Jennings. 2002. Spatial tests of the pesticide drift, habitat destruction, UV-B, and climate-change hypotheses for California amphibian declines. Conservation Biology 16 : 1588 1601.
31. de Castro, F., and B. Bolker. 2005. Mechanisms of disease-induced extinction. Ecology Letters 8 : 117 126.
32. Deutsch, C., J. Tewksbury, R. Huey, K. Sheldon, C. Ghalambour, D. Haak, and P. Martin. 2008. Impacts of climate warming on terrestrial ectotherms across latitude. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 105 : 6668 6672.
33. Didham, R., J. Tylianakis, N. Gemmell, T. Rand, and R. Ewers. 2007. Interactive effects of habitat loss and species invasion on native species decline. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 22 : 489 496.
34. Epstein, P. R. 2001. Climate change and emerging infectious diseases. Microbes and Infection 3 : 747 754.
35. Fa, J., C. Peres, and J. Meeuwig. 2002. Bushmeat exploitation in tropical forests: an intercontinental comparison. Conservation Biology 16 : 232 237.
36. Feeley, K., S. J. Wright, M. Supardi, A. Kassim, and S. Davies. 2007. Decelerating growth in tropical forest trees. Ecology Letters 10 : 461 469.
37. Fjeldså, J., and J. Lovett. 1997. Geographical patterns of old and young species in African forest biota: the significance of specific montane areas as evolutionary centres. Biodiversity and Conservation 6 : 325 346.
38. Gascon, C., G. Williamson, and G. Fonseca. 2000. Receding edges and vanishing reserves. Science 288 : 1356 1358.
39. Gerber, L., H. McCallum, K. Lafferty, J. Sabo, and A. Dobson. 2005. Exposing extinction risk analysis to pathogens: is disease just another form of density dependence? Ecological Applications 15 : 1402 1414.
40. Geist, H., and E. Lambin. 2001. What drives tropical deforestation? LUCC report series 4. University of Louvain, Leuven, Belgium.
41. Griffiths, M., and C. van Shaik. 1993. The impact of human traffic on the abundance and activity periods of Sumatran rain forest wildlife. Conservation Biology 3 : 623 626.
42. Harvell, C., C. Mitchell, J. Ward, S. Altizer, A. Dobson, R. Ostfield, and M. Samuel. 2002. Climate warming and disease risk for terrestrial and marine biota. Science 296 : 2158 2162.
43. Hilbert, D., M. Bradford, T. Parker, and D. Westcott. 2004. Golden bowerbird (Prionodura newtoniana) habitat in past, present and future climates: predicted extinction of a vertebrate in tropical highlands due to global warming. Biological Conservation 116 : 367 377.
44. Hobbs, R. 2001. Synergisms among habitat fragmentation, livestock grazing, and biotic invasions in southwestern Australia. Conservation Biology 15 : 1522 1528.
45. Holdsworth, A., and C. Uhl. 1997. Fire in the eastern Amazonian logged rain forest and the potential for fire reduction. Ecological Applications 7 : 713 725.
46. Howard, J. 2002. Environmental 'nasty surprise' as a window on precautionary thinking. Technology and Society Magazine 21 : 19 22.
47. Humphries, S., and P. Stanton. 1992. Environmental weeds of the Wet Tropics of Queensland World Heritage Area. Wet Tropics Management Authority, Cairns, Queensland.
48. Janzen, D. H. 1967. Why mountain passes are higher in the tropics. The American Naturalist 101 : 233 249.
49. Jipp, P., D. Nepstad, and K. Cassell. 1998. Deep soil moisture storage and transpiration in forests and pastures of seasonally-dry Amazonia. Climate Change 39 : 395 412.
50. Johns, A. G. 1997. Timber production and biodiversity conservation in tropical rain forests. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
51. 2 on the foliar chemistry of seedlings of two rainforest trees from north-east Australia: implications for folivorous marsupials. Austral Ecology 26 : 165 172.
52. Kapos, V. 1989. Effects of isolation on the water status of forest patches in the Brazilian Amazon. Journal of Tropical Ecology 5 : 173 185.
53. Kiesecker, J. 2002. Synergism between trematode infection and pesticide exposure: a link to amphibian limb deformities in nature? Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 99 : 9900 9904.
54. Kiesecker, J., and A. Blaustein. 1995. Synergism between UV-B radiation and a pathogen magnifies amphibian embryo mortality in nature. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 92 : 11049 11052.
55. Koren, I., Y. Kaufman, L. Remer, and J. Martins. 2004. Measurement of the effect of Amazon smoke on inhibition of cloud formation. Science 303 : 1342 1345.
56. Lafferty, K., and R. Holt. 2003. How should environmental stress affect the population dynamics of disease? Ecology Letters 6 : 654 664.
57. Laporte, N., J. Stabach, R. Grosch, T. Lin, and S. Goetz. 2007. Expansion of industrial logging in central Africa. Science 316 : 1451.
58. Laurance, W. F. 2001. Tropical logging and human invasions. Conservation Biology 15 : 4 5.
59. Laurance, W. F. 2004. Forest-climate interactions in fragmented tropical landscapes. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 359 : 345 352.
60. Laurance, W. F. 2008a. Global warming and amphibian declines in eastern Australia. Austral Ecology 33 : 1 9.
61. Laurance, W. F. 2008b. Expect the unexpected. New Scientist 12 April: 17.
62. Laurance, W. F. 2009. Move over, polar bear. New Scientist 10 November: 14.
63. Laurance, W. F., and M. Cochrane. 2001. Synergistic effects in fragmented landscapes. Conservation Biology 15 : 1488 1489.
64. Laurance, W. F., M. Cochrane, S. Bergen, P. M. Fearnside, P. Delamonica, C. Barber, S. D'Angelo, and T. Fernandes. 2001. The future of the Brazilian Amazon. Science 291 : 438 439.
65. Laurance, W. F., J. M. Fay, R. Parnell, A. Formia, and M. Lee. 2008. Does rainforest logging threaten marine turtles? Oryx 42 : 246 251.
66. Laurance, W. F., L. Ferreira, J. Rankin-de Merona, and S. Laurance. 1998. Rain forest fragmentation and the dynamics of Amazonian tree communities. Ecology 79 : 2032 2040. (Pubitemid 28448026)
67. Laurance, W. F., and G. Harrington. 1997. Ecological associations of feral pig foraging sites in tropical Queensland. Wildlife Research 24 : 579 590.
68. Laurance, W. F., K. R. McDonald, and R. Speare. 1996. Epidemic disease and the catastrophic decline of Australian rain forest frogs. Conservation Biology 10 : 406 413.
69. Laurance, W. F., H. Nascimento, S. Laurance, A. Andrade, K. Harms, R. Ewers, K. Harms, R. Luizão, and J. Ribeiro. 2007. Habitat fragmentation, variable edge effects, and the landscape-divergence hypothesis. Public Library of Science ONE DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0001017.
70. Laurance, W. F., et al. 2004. Pervasive alteration of tree communities in undisturbed Amazonian forests. Nature 428 : 171 175.
71. Laurance, W. F., and G. Williamson. 2001. Positive feedbacks among forest fragmentation, drought, and climate change in the Amazon. Conservation Biology 15 : 1529 1535.
72. Lewis, S., Y. Malhi, and O. Phillips. 2004. Fingerprinting agents of global change in tropical forests. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 359 : 437 462. (Pubitemid 38370778)
73. Malcolm, J., C. Liu, R. Nielson, L. Hansen, and L. Hannah. 2006. Global warming and extinctions of endemic species from biodiversity hotspots. Conservation Biology 20 : 538 548.
74. Meggers, B. 1994. Archeological evidence for the impact of mega-Niño events on Amazonian forests during the past two millennia. Climatic Change 28 : 321 338.
75. Mikalski, F., and C. Peres. 2005. Anthropogenic determinants of primate and carnivore local extinctions in a fragmented forest landscape of southern Amazonia. Biological Conservation 124 : 383 396.
76. Myers, N. 1986. The extinction spasm impending: synergisms at work. Conservation Biology 1 : 14 21.
77. Myers, N. 1996. Two key challenges for biodiversity: discontinuities and synergisms. Biodiversity and Conservation 5 : 1025 1034.
78. Nascimento, H., and W. F. Laurance. 2004. Biomass dynamics in Amazonian forest fragments. Ecological Applications 14 : S127 S138.
79. Navas, C. A. 1997. Thermal extremes at high elevations in the Andes: physiological ecology of frogs. Journal of Thermal Biology 22 : 467 477.
80. Negri, A., R. Adler, L. Xu, and J. Surratt. 2004. The impact of Amazonian deforestation on dry season rainfall. Journal of Climate 17 : 1306 1319.
81. Nepstad, D., et al. 1999. Large-scale impoverishment of Amazonian forests by logging and fire. Nature 398 : 505 508.
82. Nobre, C., P. Sellers, and J. Shukla. 1991. Amazonian deforestation and regional climate change. Journal of Climate 4 : 411 413.
83. Noss, A. 1998. The impacts of cable snare hunting on wildlife populations in the forests of the Central African Republic. Conservation Biology 12 : 390 398.
84. O'Dowd, D., P. Green, and P. Lake. 2003. Invasional meltdown on an oceanic island. Ecology Letters 6 : 812 817.
85. Peres, C. 2001. Synergistic effects of subsistence hunting and habitat fragmentation on Amazonian forest vertebrates. Conservation Biology 15 : 1490 1505.
86. Phillips, O., et al. 1998. Changes in the carbon balance of tropical forests: evidence from long-term plots. Science 282 : 439 442.
87. Pimm, S. 1996. Lessons from a kill. Biodiversity and Conservation 5 : 1059 1067.
88. Porter, W., J. Jaeger, and I. Carlson. 1999. Endocrine, immune, and behavioural effects of aldicarb (carbamate), atrazine (triazine) and nitrate (fertilizer) mixtures at groundwater concentrations. Toxicology and Industrial Health 15 : 133 150.
89. Pounds, J. A., et al. 2006. Widespread amphibian extinctions from epidemic disease driven by global warming. Nature 439 : 161 167.
90. Rahbek, C. 1997. The relationship among area, elevation, and regional species richness in Neotropical birds. The American Naturalist 149 : 875 902.
91. Reed, S., and A. Merenlender. 2008. Quiet, nonconsumptive recreation reduces protected area effectiveness. Conservation Letters 1 : 146 154.
92. Robinson, J., and E. Bennett. 2000. Hunting for sustainability in tropical forests. Columbia University Press, New York.
93. Robinson, J., K. Redford, and E. Bennett. 1999. Wildlife harvest in logged tropical forests. Science 284 : 595 596. (Pubitemid 29289574)
94. Rosenfeld, D. 1999. TRMM observed first direct evidence of smoke from forest fires inhibiting rainfall. Geophysical Research Letters 26 : 3105 3108.
95. Sala, O., et al. 2000. Global biodiversity scenarios for the year 2100. Science 287 : 1770 1774.
96. Salafsky, N., et al. 2008. A standard lexicon for biodiversity conservation: unified classifications of threats and actions. Conservation Biology 22 : 897 911.
97. Sanford, R., J. Saldarriaga, K. Clark, C. Uhl, and R. Herrera. 1985. Amazon rain-forest fires. Science 227 : 53 55.
98. Schipper, J., et al. 2008. The status of the world's land and marine mammals: diversity, threat, and knowledge. Science 322 : 225 230.
99. Shearman, P., J. Bryan, J. Ash, P. Hunnam, B. Mackey, and B. Lokes. 2008. The state of the forests of Papua New Guinea. University of Papua New Guinea, Port Moresby.
100. Siegert, F., G. Ruecker, A. Hinrichs, and A. Hoffmann. 2001. Increased damage from fires in logged forests during droughts caused by El Niño. Nature 414 : 437 440.
101. Simberloff, D., and B. Von Holle. 1999. Positive interactions of nonindigenous species: invasional meltdown? Biological Invasions 1 : 21 32.
102. Smith, K. F., D. Sax, and K. Lafferty. 2006. Evidence for the role of infectious disease in species extinction and endangerment. Conservation Biology 20 : 1349 1357.
103. Taylor, M., S. Klaine, F. Carvalho, D. Barcelo, and J. Everaarts. 2003. Pesticide residues in coastal tropical ecosystems: distribution, fate and effects. Taylor & Francis, New York.
104. Terborgh, J., et al. 2001 Ecological meltdown in predator-free forest fragments. Science 294 : 1923 1926.
105. Thomas, C. D., et al. 2004. Extinction risk from climate change. Nature 427 : 145 148.
106. Traill, L., C. Bradshaw, H. Field, and B. Brook. 2009. Climate change enhances the potential impact of infectious disease and hunting on tropical waterfowl. Biotropica. 41 : DOI : 10.1111/j.1744-7429.2009.00508.x.
107. Turton, S., editor. 2008. Ecological impacts of tropical cyclones on Australian terrestrial vegetation: insights from Cyclones Larry and Monica. Austral Ecology 33 : 365 584.
108. Vera, C., G. Silvestri, B. Liebmann, and P. González. 2006. Climate change scenarios for seasonal precipitation in South America from IPCC-AR4 models. Geophysical Research Letters 33 : DOI : 10.1029/2006GL025759.
109. Vié, J.-C., C. Hilton-Taylor, C. Pollock, J. Ragle, J. Smart, S. N. Stuart, and R. Tong. 2008. The IUCN Red List: a key conservation tool. International Union for Conservation of Nature, Gland, Switzerland.
110. Walsh, K., and B. Ryan. 2000. Tropical cyclone intensity increases near Australia as a result of climate change. Journal of Climate 13 : 3029 3036.
111. Walsh, P., et al. 2003. Catastrophic ape decline in western equatorial Africa. Science 422 : 611 614.
112. Weathers, K., M. Cadenasso, and S. Pickett. 2001. Forest edges as nutrient and pollution concentrators: potential synergisms between fragmentation, forest canopies, and the atmosphere. Conservation Biology 15 : 1506 1514.
113. Wilkie, D., E. Shaw, F. Rotberg, G. Morelli, and P. Auzel. 2000. Roads, development, and conservation in the Congo Basin. Conservation Biology 14 : 1614 1622.
114. Williams, S., E. Bolitho, and S. Fox. 2003. Climate change in Australian tropical rainforests: an impending environmental catastrophe. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 270 : 1887 1892.
115. Williams, J., S. Jackson, and J. Kutzbach. 2007. Projected distributions of novel and disappearing climates by 2100 AD. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 104 : 5738 5742.
116. Woodroffe, R., and J. Ginsberg. 1998. Edge effects and the extinction of populations inside protected areas. Science 280 : 2126 2128.
117. Wright, S. J. 2005. Tropical forests in a changing environment. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 20 : 553 560.
118. Wright, S. J., and H. C. Muller-Landau. 2006. The uncertain future of tropical forest species. Biotropica 38 : 443 445
119. Zala, S., and D. Penn. 2004. Abnormal behaviors induced by chemical pollution: a review of the evidence and new challenges. Animal Behaviour 68 : 649 664.