메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 287, Issue 5452, 2000, Pages 443-449

Emerging infectious diseases of wildlife - Threats to biodiversity and human health

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BIODIVERSITY; INFECTIOUS DISEASE; MEDICAL GEOGRAPHY; NATURE CONSERVATION; WILD POPULATION;

EID: 0034695526     PISSN: 00368075     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1126/science.287.5452.443     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (3176)

References (145)
  • 1
    • 0003844330 scopus 로고
    • Institute of Medicine, National Academy Press, Washington, DC
    • J. Lederberg, R. E. Shope, S. C. Oakes Jr., Eds., Emerging Infections: Microbial Threats to Health in the United States (Institute of Medicine, National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 1992); B. W. J. Mahy and F. A. Murphy, in Topley and Wilson's Microbiology and Microbial Infections, vol. 1, Virology, B. W. J. Mahy and L. Collier, Eds. (Arnold, London, 1997), chap. 47; S. Binder et al., Science 284, 1311 (1999).
    • (1992) Emerging Infections: Microbial Threats to Health in the United States
    • Lederberg, J.1    Shope, R.E.2    Oakes S.C., Jr.3
  • 2
    • 0039222227 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • B. W. J. Mahy and L. Collier, Eds. Arnold, London, chap. 47
    • J. Lederberg, R. E. Shope, S. C. Oakes Jr., Eds., Emerging Infections: Microbial Threats to Health in the United States (Institute of Medicine, National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 1992); B. W. J. Mahy and F. A. Murphy, in Topley and Wilson's Microbiology and Microbial Infections, vol. 1, Virology, B. W. J. Mahy and L. Collier, Eds. (Arnold, London, 1997), chap. 47; S. Binder et al., Science 284, 1311 (1999).
    • (1997) Topley and Wilson's Microbiology and Microbial Infections, Vol. 1, Virology , vol.1
    • Mahy, B.W.J.1    Murphy, F.A.2
  • 3
    • 0033591287 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • J. Lederberg, R. E. Shope, S. C. Oakes Jr., Eds., Emerging Infections: Microbial Threats to Health in the United States (Institute of Medicine, National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 1992); B. W. J. Mahy and F. A. Murphy, in Topley and Wilson's Microbiology and Microbial Infections, vol. 1, Virology, B. W. J. Mahy and L. Collier, Eds. (Arnold, London, 1997), chap. 47; S. Binder et al., Science 284, 1311 (1999).
    • (1999) Science , vol.284 , pp. 1311
    • Binder, S.1
  • 4
    • 0343312433 scopus 로고
    • S. S. Morse, Ed. Oxford Univ. Press, New York, chap. 2
    • S. S. Morse, in Emerging Viruses, S. S. Morse, Ed. (Oxford Univ. Press, New York, 1993), chap. 2; R. M. Krause, J. Infect. Dis. 170, 265 (1994).
    • (1993) Emerging Viruses
    • Morse, S.S.1
  • 5
    • 0028342479 scopus 로고
    • S. S. Morse, in Emerging Viruses, S. S. Morse, Ed. (Oxford Univ. Press, New York, 1993), chap. 2; R. M. Krause, J. Infect. Dis. 170, 265 (1994).
    • (1994) J. Infect. Dis. , vol.170 , pp. 265
    • Krause, R.M.1
  • 6
    • 0033520444 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Marine EIDs are dealt with in a parallel paper: C. D. Harvell et al., Science 285, 1505 (1999).
    • (1999) Science , vol.285 , pp. 1505
    • Harvell, C.D.1
  • 7
    • 85044685816 scopus 로고
    • Noninfectious emerging diseases of wildlife and emerging plant diseases are not reviewed here. R. M Anderson and R. M. May [Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London Ser. B 314, 533 (1986)] give notable examples of plant diseases that could be considered emerging using the criteria in (1, 2).
    • (1986) Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London Ser. B , vol.314 , pp. 533
    • Anderson, R.M.1    May, R.M.2
  • 8
    • 0342877370 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An expanded version of Table 1 (Web table 1) is available to Science Online subscribers at www. sciencemag.org/feature/data/1041321.shl.
  • 9
    • 0001878541 scopus 로고
    • W. Plowright, Symp. Zool. Soc. London 50, 1 (1982); A. P. Dobson and P. J. Hudson, Trends Ecol. Evol. 1, 11 (1986).
    • (1982) Symp. Zool. Soc. London , vol.50 , pp. 1
    • Plowright, W.1
  • 12
  • 13
    • 0027333144 scopus 로고
    • K. L. Viggers, D. B. Lindenmayer, D. M. Spratt, Wildl. Res. 20, 687 (1993); M. H. Woodford, J. Zoo Wildl. Med. 24, 265 (1993); A. A. Cunningham, Conserv. Biol. 10, 349 (1996).
    • (1993) J. Zoo Wildl. Med. , vol.24 , pp. 265
    • Woodford, M.H.1
  • 14
    • 0029730347 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • K. L. Viggers, D. B. Lindenmayer, D. M. Spratt, Wildl. Res. 20, 687 (1993); M. H. Woodford, J. Zoo Wildl. Med. 24, 265 (1993); A. A. Cunningham, Conserv. Biol. 10, 349 (1996).
    • (1996) Conserv. Biol. , vol.10 , pp. 349
    • Cunningham, A.A.1
  • 16
    • 0018656345 scopus 로고
    • R. M. Anderson and R. M. May, Nature 280, 361 (1979); P. Hudson and J. Greenman, Trends Ecol. Evol. 13, 387 (1998); D. M. Tompkins and M. Begon, Parasitol. Today 15, 311 (1999).
    • (1979) Nature , vol.280 , pp. 361
    • Anderson, R.M.1    May, R.M.2
  • 17
    • 0031691011 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • R. M. Anderson and R. M. May, Nature 280, 361 (1979); P. Hudson and J. Greenman, Trends Ecol. Evol. 13, 387 (1998); D. M. Tompkins and M. Begon, Parasitol. Today 15, 311 (1999).
    • (1998) Trends Ecol. Evol. , vol.13 , pp. 387
    • Hudson, P.1    Greenman, J.2
  • 18
    • 0032789787 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • R. M. Anderson and R. M. May, Nature 280, 361 (1979); P. Hudson and J. Greenman, Trends Ecol. Evol. 13, 387 (1998); D. M. Tompkins and M. Begon, Parasitol. Today 15, 311 (1999).
    • (1999) Parasitol. Today , vol.15 , pp. 311
    • Tompkins, D.M.1    Begon, M.2
  • 21
    • 84989436546 scopus 로고
    • R. M. May, Conserv. Biol. 2, 28 (1988); A. M. Lyles and A. P. Dobson, J. Zoo Wildl. Med. 24, 315 (1993); M. E. Scott, Conserv. Biol. 2, 40 (1988); L. A. Real, Bioscience 46, 88 (1996); G. Hess, Ecology 77, 1617 (1996).
    • (1988) Conserv. Biol. , vol.2 , pp. 28
    • May, R.M.1
  • 22
    • 84989436546 scopus 로고
    • R. M. May, Conserv. Biol. 2, 28 (1988); A. M. Lyles and A. P. Dobson, J. Zoo Wildl. Med. 24, 315 (1993); M. E. Scott, Conserv. Biol. 2, 40 (1988); L. A. Real, Bioscience 46, 88 (1996); G. Hess, Ecology 77, 1617 (1996).
    • (1993) J. Zoo Wildl. Med. , vol.24 , pp. 315
    • Lyles, A.M.1    Dobson, A.P.2
  • 23
    • 84989419197 scopus 로고
    • R. M. May, Conserv. Biol. 2, 28 (1988); A. M. Lyles and A. P. Dobson, J. Zoo Wildl. Med. 24, 315 (1993); M. E. Scott, Conserv. Biol. 2, 40 (1988); L. A. Real, Bioscience 46, 88 (1996); G. Hess, Ecology 77, 1617 (1996).
    • (1988) Conserv. Biol. , vol.2 , pp. 40
    • Scott, M.E.1
  • 24
    • 0030065323 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • R. M. May, Conserv. Biol. 2, 28 (1988); A. M. Lyles and A. P. Dobson, J. Zoo Wildl. Med. 24, 315 (1993); M. E. Scott, Conserv. Biol. 2, 40 (1988); L. A. Real, Bioscience 46, 88 (1996); G. Hess, Ecology 77, 1617 (1996).
    • (1996) Bioscience , vol.46 , pp. 88
    • Real, L.A.1
  • 25
    • 0030427822 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • R. M. May, Conserv. Biol. 2, 28 (1988); A. M. Lyles and A. P. Dobson, J. Zoo Wildl. Med. 24, 315 (1993); M. E. Scott, Conserv. Biol. 2, 40 (1988); L. A. Real, Bioscience 46, 88 (1996); G. Hess, Ecology 77, 1617 (1996).
    • (1996) Ecology , vol.77 , pp. 1617
    • Hess, G.1
  • 26
    • 0030114493 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Causal themes underlying the emergence of human EIDs are closely paralleled by factors driving the emergence of wildlife EIDs (for example, international travel is paralleled by the international movement of livestock and other animals). The "globalization" of agriculture, trade and human population movements [D. P. Fidler, Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2, 77 (1996); A. J. McMichael et al., Bioscience 49, 206 (1999)] can be equated, for wildlife EIDs, with increasing biogeographical homogeneity resulting from human influence on ecosystems [S. L. Pimm et al., Science 269, 347 (1995)].
    • (1996) Emerg. Infect. Dis. , vol.2 , pp. 77
    • Fidler, D.P.1
  • 27
    • 0039814155 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Causal themes underlying the emergence of human EIDs are closely paralleled by factors driving the emergence of wildlife EIDs (for example, international travel is paralleled by the international movement of livestock and other animals). The "globalization" of agriculture, trade and human population movements [D. P. Fidler, Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2, 77 (1996); A. J. McMichael et al., Bioscience 49, 206 (1999)] can be equated, for wildlife EIDs, with increasing biogeographical homogeneity resulting from human influence on ecosystems [S. L. Pimm et al., Science 269, 347 (1995)].
    • (1999) Bioscience , vol.49 , pp. 206
    • McMichael, A.J.1
  • 28
    • 0028976071 scopus 로고
    • Causal themes underlying the emergence of human EIDs are closely paralleled by factors driving the emergence of wildlife EIDs (for example, international travel is paralleled by the international movement of livestock and other animals). The "globalization" of agriculture, trade and human population movements [D. P. Fidler, Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2, 77 (1996); A. J. McMichael et al., Bioscience 49, 206 (1999)] can be equated, for wildlife EIDs, with increasing biogeographical homogeneity resulting from human influence on ecosystems [S. L. Pimm et al., Science 269, 347 (1995)].
    • (1995) Science , vol.269 , pp. 347
    • Pimm, S.L.1
  • 30
    • 0028943779 scopus 로고
    • K. Murray et al., Science 268, 94 (1995); J. S. Mackenzie, Emerg. Infect. Dis. 5, 1 (1999).
    • (1995) Science , vol.268 , pp. 94
    • Murray, K.1
  • 32
    • 0031772236 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • H.-D. Klenk, Ed., Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 235 (1999); T. P. Monath, J. Infect. Dis. 179, S127 (1999); H. Leirs et al., J. Infect. Dis. 179, S155 (1999); M. Hagmann, Science 286, 654 (1999).
    • (1999) Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. , vol.235
    • Klenk, H.-D.1
  • 33
    • 0033058379 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • H.-D. Klenk, Ed., Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 235 (1999); T. P. Monath, J. Infect. Dis. 179, S127 (1999); H. Leirs et al., J. Infect. Dis. 179, S155 (1999); M. Hagmann, Science 286, 654 (1999).
    • (1999) J. Infect. Dis. , vol.179
    • Monath, T.P.1
  • 34
    • 0033041569 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • H.-D. Klenk, Ed., Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 235 (1999); T. P. Monath, J. Infect. Dis. 179, S127 (1999); H. Leirs et al., J. Infect. Dis. 179, S155 (1999); M. Hagmann, Science 286, 654 (1999).
    • (1999) J. Infect. Dis. , vol.179
    • Leirs, H.1
  • 35
    • 0033595699 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • H.-D. Klenk, Ed., Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 235 (1999); T. P. Monath, J. Infect. Dis. 179, S127 (1999); H. Leirs et al., J. Infect. Dis. 179, S155 (1999); M. Hagmann, Science 286, 654 (1999).
    • (1999) Science , vol.286 , pp. 654
    • Hagmann, M.1
  • 36
    • 0026676804 scopus 로고
    • D. W. Macdonald, Nature 360, 633 (1992); K. A. Alexander, P. W. Kat, L. A. Munson, A. Kalake, M. J. G. Appel, J. Zoo Wildl. Med. 27, 426 (1996).
    • (1992) Nature , vol.360 , pp. 633
    • Macdonald, D.W.1
  • 38
    • 18844466720 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • J. K. Kirkwood, Vet. Rec. 142, 468 (1998); T. W. Pennycott et al., Vet. Rec. 143, 155 (1998); J. R. Fischer, D. E. Stallknecht, M. P. Luttrell, A. A. Dhondt, K. A. Converse, Emerg. Infect. Dis. 3, 69 (1997).
    • (1998) Vet. Rec. , vol.142 , pp. 468
    • Kirkwood, J.K.1
  • 39
    • 0032497010 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • J. K. Kirkwood, Vet. Rec. 142, 468 (1998); T. W. Pennycott et al., Vet. Rec. 143, 155 (1998); J. R. Fischer, D. E. Stallknecht, M. P. Luttrell, A. A. Dhondt, K. A. Converse, Emerg. Infect. Dis. 3, 69 (1997).
    • (1998) Vet. Rec. , vol.143 , pp. 155
    • Pennycott, T.W.1
  • 41
    • 0030389634 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A. Dobson and M. Meagher, Ecology 77, 1026 (1996); M. E. Meyer and M. Meagher, J. Wildl. Dis. 31, 579 (1995).
    • (1996) Ecology , vol.77 , pp. 1026
    • Dobson, A.1    Meagher, M.2
  • 42
  • 44
    • 0031803792 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • D. Spratt, Int. J. Parasitol. 28, 925 (1998); G. C. Cook, J. R. Soc. Med. 85, 688 (1992); J. McCurry, Lancet 350, 1825 (1997); P. R. Epstein, Lancet 351, 1737 (1998).
    • (1998) Int. J. Parasitol. , vol.28 , pp. 925
    • Spratt, D.1
  • 45
    • 0026458083 scopus 로고
    • D. Spratt, Int. J. Parasitol. 28, 925 (1998); G. C. Cook, J. R. Soc. Med. 85, 688 (1992); J. McCurry, Lancet 350, 1825 (1997); P. R. Epstein, Lancet 351, 1737 (1998).
    • (1992) J. R. Soc. Med. , vol.85 , pp. 688
    • Cook, G.C.1
  • 46
    • 0031803792 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • D. Spratt, Int. J. Parasitol. 28, 925 (1998); G. C. Cook, J. R. Soc. Med. 85, 688 (1992); J. McCurry, Lancet 350, 1825 (1997); P. R. Epstein, Lancet 351, 1737 (1998).
    • (1997) Lancet , vol.350 , pp. 1825
    • McCurry, J.1
  • 47
    • 0032490242 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • D. Spratt, Int. J. Parasitol. 28, 925 (1998); G. C. Cook, J. R. Soc. Med. 85, 688 (1992); J. McCurry, Lancet 350, 1825 (1997); P. R. Epstein, Lancet 351, 1737 (1998).
    • (1998) Lancet , vol.351 , pp. 1737
    • Epstein, P.R.1
  • 48
    • 0003276560 scopus 로고
    • D. G. A. Meltzer, J. Zoo Wildl. Med. 24, 237 (1993); P. S. Mellor and J. Boorman, Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 89, 1 (1995).
    • (1993) J. Zoo Wildl. Med. , vol.24 , pp. 237
    • Meltzer, D.G.A.1
  • 51
    • 13344277363 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • J. R. Ginsberg, G. M. Mace, S. Albon, Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. B. 262, 221 (1995); M. E. Roelke-Parker et al., Nature 379, 441 (1996), K. Laurenson, Anim. Conserv. 1, 273 (1998).
    • (1996) Nature , vol.379 , pp. 441
    • Roelke-Parker, M.E.1
  • 52
    • 0001217280 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • J. R. Ginsberg, G. M. Mace, S. Albon, Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. B. 262, 221 (1995); M. E. Roelke-Parker et al., Nature 379, 441 (1996), K. Laurenson, Anim. Conserv. 1, 273 (1998).
    • (1998) Anim. Conserv. , vol.1 , pp. 273
    • Laurenson, K.1
  • 54
    • 0031917496 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • P. W. Kat, K. A. Alexander, J. S. Smith, L. Munson, Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. B. 262, 229 (1995); S. Cleaveland, Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 92, 131 (1998); S. Cleaveland and C. Dye, Parasitology 111, S33 (1995).
    • (1998) Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. , vol.92 , pp. 131
    • Cleaveland, S.1
  • 55
    • 0029556007 scopus 로고
    • P. W. Kat, K. A. Alexander, J. S. Smith, L. Munson, Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. B. 262, 229 (1995); S. Cleaveland, Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 92, 131 (1998); S. Cleaveland and C. Dye, Parasitology 111, S33 (1995).
    • (1995) Parasitology , vol.111
    • Cleaveland, S.1    Dye, C.2
  • 56
    • 0001672248 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A. A. Cunningham et al., Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London Ser. B 351, 1529 (1996); J. K. Jancovich, E. W. Davidson, J. F. Morado, B. L. Jacobs, J. P. Collins, Dis. Aquat. Org. 31, 161 (1997); R. J. Whittington, C. Kearns, A. D. Hyatt, S. Hengstberger, T. Rutzou, Austral. Vet. J. 73, 112 (1996); R. P. Hedrick and T. S. McDowell, Vet. Res. 26, 423 (1995).
    • (1996) Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London Ser. B , vol.351 , pp. 1529
    • Cunningham, A.A.1
  • 57
    • 0031592277 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A. A. Cunningham et al., Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London Ser. B 351, 1529 (1996); J. K. Jancovich, E. W. Davidson, J. F. Morado, B. L. Jacobs, J. P. Collins, Dis. Aquat. Org. 31, 161 (1997); R. J. Whittington, C. Kearns, A. D. Hyatt, S. Hengstberger, T. Rutzou, Austral. Vet. J. 73, 112 (1996); R. P. Hedrick and T. S. McDowell, Vet. Res. 26, 423 (1995).
    • (1997) Dis. Aquat. Org. , vol.31 , pp. 161
    • Jancovich, J.K.1    Davidson, E.W.2    Morado, J.F.3    Jacobs, B.L.4    Collins, J.P.5
  • 58
    • 0030098837 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A. A. Cunningham et al., Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London Ser. B 351, 1529 (1996); J. K. Jancovich, E. W. Davidson, J. F. Morado, B. L. Jacobs, J. P. Collins, Dis. Aquat. Org. 31, 161 (1997); R. J. Whittington, C. Kearns, A. D. Hyatt, S. Hengstberger, T. Rutzou, Austral. Vet. J. 73, 112 (1996); R. P. Hedrick and T. S. McDowell, Vet. Res. 26, 423 (1995).
    • (1996) Austral. Vet. J. , vol.73 , pp. 112
    • Whittington, R.J.1    Kearns, C.2    Hyatt, A.D.3    Hengstberger, S.4    Rutzou, T.5
  • 59
    • 0029441791 scopus 로고
    • A. A. Cunningham et al., Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London Ser. B 351, 1529 (1996); J. K. Jancovich, E. W. Davidson, J. F. Morado, B. L. Jacobs, J. P. Collins, Dis. Aquat. Org. 31, 161 (1997); R. J. Whittington, C. Kearns, A. D. Hyatt, S. Hengstberger, T. Rutzou, Austral. Vet. J. 73, 112 (1996); R. P. Hedrick and T. S. McDowell, Vet. Res. 26, 423 (1995).
    • (1995) Vet. Res. , vol.26 , pp. 423
    • Hedrick, R.P.1    McDowell, T.S.2
  • 62
    • 0033582783 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • L. K. Richman et al., Science 283, 1171 (1999).
    • (1999) Science , vol.283 , pp. 1171
    • Richman, L.K.1
  • 63
    • 0029831213 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • J. Collinge et al., Nature 383, 685 (1996); R. M. Anderson et al., Nature 382, 779 (1996); M. E. Bruce et al., Nature 389, 498 (1997).
    • (1996) Nature , vol.383 , pp. 685
    • Collinge, J.1
  • 64
    • 9544238083 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • J. Collinge et al., Nature 383, 685 (1996); R. M. Anderson et al., Nature 382, 779 (1996); M. E. Bruce et al., Nature 389, 498 (1997).
    • (1996) Nature , vol.382 , pp. 779
    • Anderson, R.M.1
  • 65
    • 0030775632 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • J. Collinge et al., Nature 383, 685 (1996); R. M. Anderson et al., Nature 382, 779 (1996); M. E. Bruce et al., Nature 389, 498 (1997).
    • (1997) Nature , vol.389 , pp. 498
    • Bruce, M.E.1
  • 66
    • 0004554798 scopus 로고
    • J. K. Kirkwood and A. A. Cunningham, Proc. Am. Assoc. Zoo Vet. 26 (1992); J. K. Kirkwood and A. A. Cunningham, in Zoo & Wild Animal Medicine, Current Therapy 4, M. E. Fowler and R. E. Miller, Eds. (Saunders, Philadelphia, 1999), pp. 662-663; N. Bons et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., U.S.A. 96, 4046 (1999); J. K. Kirkwood and A. A. Cunningham, paper presented at the World Veterinary Congress, Lyon, France, 23 to 26 September 1999, in press.
    • (1992) Proc. Am. Assoc. Zoo Vet. , pp. 26
    • Kirkwood, J.K.1    Cunningham, A.A.2
  • 67
    • 0039814093 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • M. E. Fowler and R. E. Miller, Eds. Saunders, Philadelphia
    • J. K. Kirkwood and A. A. Cunningham, Proc. Am. Assoc. Zoo Vet. 26 (1992); J. K. Kirkwood and A. A. Cunningham, in Zoo & Wild Animal Medicine, Current Therapy 4, M. E. Fowler and R. E. Miller, Eds. (Saunders, Philadelphia, 1999), pp. 662-663; N. Bons et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., U.S.A. 96, 4046 (1999); J. K. Kirkwood and A. A. Cunningham, paper presented at the World Veterinary Congress, Lyon, France, 23 to 26 September 1999, in press.
    • (1999) Zoo & Wild Animal Medicine, Current Therapy , vol.4 , pp. 662-663
    • Kirkwood, J.K.1    Cunningham, A.A.2
  • 68
    • 0033616722 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • J. K. Kirkwood and A. A. Cunningham, Proc. Am. Assoc. Zoo Vet. 26 (1992); J. K. Kirkwood and A. A. Cunningham, in Zoo & Wild Animal Medicine, Current Therapy 4, M. E. Fowler and R. E. Miller, Eds. (Saunders, Philadelphia, 1999), pp. 662-663; N. Bons et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., U.S.A. 96, 4046 (1999); J. K. Kirkwood and A. A. Cunningham, paper presented at the World Veterinary Congress, Lyon, France, 23 to 26 September 1999, in press.
    • (1999) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., U.S.A. , vol.96 , pp. 4046
    • Bons, N.1
  • 69
    • 0342877356 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lyon, France, 23 to 26 September, in press
    • J. K. Kirkwood and A. A. Cunningham, Proc. Am. Assoc. Zoo Vet. 26 (1992); J. K. Kirkwood and A. A. Cunningham, in Zoo & Wild Animal Medicine, Current Therapy 4, M. E. Fowler and R. E. Miller, Eds. (Saunders, Philadelphia, 1999), pp. 662-663; N. Bons et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., U.S.A. 96, 4046 (1999); J. K. Kirkwood and A. A. Cunningham, paper presented at the World Veterinary Congress, Lyon, France, 23 to 26 September 1999, in press.
    • (1999) World Veterinary Congress
    • Kirkwood, J.K.1    Cunningham, A.A.2
  • 70
    • 0026669211 scopus 로고
    • A. A. Cunningham, D. Buxton, K. M. Thomson, J. Comp. Pathol. 107, 207 (1992); J. K. Frenkel, Am. Zool. 29, 455 (1989); C. Pertz, R. R. Dubielzig, D. S. Lindsay, J. Zoo Wildl. Med. 28, 491 (1997); R. J. Montali et al., Am. J. Pathol. 148, 1141 (1995).
    • (1992) J. Comp. Pathol. , vol.107 , pp. 207
    • Cunningham, A.A.1    Buxton, D.2    Thomson, K.M.3
  • 71
    • 77957210577 scopus 로고
    • A. A. Cunningham, D. Buxton, K. M. Thomson, J. Comp. Pathol. 107, 207 (1992); J. K. Frenkel, Am. Zool. 29, 455 (1989); C. Pertz, R. R. Dubielzig, D. S. Lindsay, J. Zoo Wildl. Med. 28, 491 (1997); R. J. Montali et al., Am. J. Pathol. 148, 1141 (1995).
    • (1989) Am. Zool. , vol.29 , pp. 455
    • Frenkel, J.K.1
  • 72
    • 0031303877 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A. A. Cunningham, D. Buxton, K. M. Thomson, J. Comp. Pathol. 107, 207 (1992); J. K. Frenkel, Am. Zool. 29, 455 (1989); C. Pertz, R. R. Dubielzig, D. S. Lindsay, J. Zoo Wildl. Med. 28, 491 (1997); R. J. Montali et al., Am. J. Pathol. 148, 1141 (1995).
    • (1997) J. Zoo Wildl. Med. , vol.28 , pp. 491
    • Pertz, C.1    Dubielzig, R.R.2    Lindsay, D.S.3
  • 73
    • 0026669211 scopus 로고
    • A. A. Cunningham, D. Buxton, K. M. Thomson, J. Comp. Pathol. 107, 207 (1992); J. K. Frenkel, Am. Zool. 29, 455 (1989); C. Pertz, R. R. Dubielzig, D. S. Lindsay, J. Zoo Wildl. Med. 28, 491 (1997); R. J. Montali et al., Am. J. Pathol. 148, 1141 (1995).
    • (1995) Am. J. Pathol. , vol.148 , pp. 1141
    • Montali, R.J.1
  • 74
    • 0016854037 scopus 로고
    • J. M. Hime et al., Vet. Rec. 97, 392 (1975); T. M. Butynski and J. Kalina, in Conservation of Biological Resources, E. J. Milner-Gulland and R. Mace, Eds. (Blackwell Science, Oxford, 1998), pp. 294-313; J. Goodall, In the Shadow of Man (Weidenfeld & Nicholson, London, rev. ed., 1988), pp. 214-224.
    • (1975) Vet. Rec. , vol.97 , pp. 392
    • Hime, J.M.1
  • 75
    • 0001856959 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • E. J. Milner-Gulland and R. Mace, Eds. Blackwell Science, Oxford
    • J. M. Hime et al., Vet. Rec. 97, 392 (1975); T. M. Butynski and J. Kalina, in Conservation of Biological Resources, E. J. Milner-Gulland and R. Mace, Eds. (Blackwell Science, Oxford, 1998), pp. 294-313; J. Goodall, In the Shadow of Man (Weidenfeld & Nicholson, London, rev. ed., 1988), pp. 214-224.
    • (1998) Conservation of Biological Resources , pp. 294-313
    • Butynski, T.M.1    Kalina, J.2
  • 76
    • 0039814153 scopus 로고
    • Weidenfeld & Nicholson, London, rev. ed.
    • J. M. Hime et al., Vet. Rec. 97, 392 (1975); T. M. Butynski and J. Kalina, in Conservation of Biological Resources, E. J. Milner-Gulland and R. Mace, Eds. (Blackwell Science, Oxford, 1998), pp. 294-313; J. Goodall, In the Shadow of Man (Weidenfeld & Nicholson, London, rev. ed., 1988), pp. 214-224.
    • (1988) The Shadow of Man , pp. 214-224
    • Goodall, J.1
  • 78
    • 0006150692 scopus 로고
    • E. A. Harris, Parasitology 87, R29 (1983); D. A. Windsor, Nature 348, 104 (1990); N. E. Stork and C. H. C. Lyal, Nature 366, 307 (1993); M. E. Gompper and E. S. Williams, Conserv. Biol. 12, 730 (1998).
    • (1983) Parasitology , vol.87
    • Harris, E.A.1
  • 79
    • 0025703326 scopus 로고
    • E. A. Harris, Parasitology 87, R29 (1983); D. A. Windsor, Nature 348, 104 (1990); N. E. Stork and C. H. C. Lyal, Nature 366, 307 (1993); M. E. Gompper and E. S. Williams, Conserv. Biol. 12, 730 (1998).
    • (1990) Nature , vol.348 , pp. 104
    • Windsor, D.A.1
  • 80
    • 0027378576 scopus 로고
    • E. A. Harris, Parasitology 87, R29 (1983); D. A. Windsor, Nature 348, 104 (1990); N. E. Stork and C. H. C. Lyal, Nature 366, 307 (1993); M. E. Gompper and E. S. Williams, Conserv. Biol. 12, 730 (1998).
    • (1993) Nature , vol.366 , pp. 307
    • Stork, N.E.1    Lyal, C.H.C.2
  • 81
    • 0031832369 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • E. A. Harris, Parasitology 87, R29 (1983); D. A. Windsor, Nature 348, 104 (1990); N. E. Stork and C. H. C. Lyal, Nature 366, 307 (1993); M. E. Gompper and E. S. Williams, Conserv. Biol. 12, 730 (1998).
    • (1998) Conserv. Biol. , vol.12 , pp. 730
    • Gompper, M.E.1    Williams, E.S.2
  • 83
    • 0031725120 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • R. T. Trevejo et al., J. Infect. Dis. 178, 1457 (1998); J. M. Bouma, JAMA 278, 1772 (1997); T. J. Doyle, R. T. Bryan, C. J. Peters, Infect. Dis. Clin. N. Am. 12, 95 (1998); R. R. Colwell, Science 274, 2025 (1996); K. J. Linthicum et al., Science 285, 397 (1999).
    • (1998) J. Infect. Dis. , vol.178 , pp. 1457
    • Trevejo, R.T.1
  • 84
    • 0030704257 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • R. T. Trevejo et al., J. Infect. Dis. 178, 1457 (1998); J. M. Bouma, JAMA 278, 1772 (1997); T. J. Doyle, R. T. Bryan, C. J. Peters, Infect. Dis. Clin. N. Am. 12, 95 (1998); R. R. Colwell, Science 274, 2025 (1996); K. J. Linthicum et al., Science 285, 397 (1999).
    • (1997) JAMA , vol.278 , pp. 1772
    • Bouma, J.M.1
  • 85
    • 0031917609 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • R. T. Trevejo et al., J. Infect. Dis. 178, 1457 (1998); J. M. Bouma, JAMA 278, 1772 (1997); T. J. Doyle, R. T. Bryan, C. J. Peters, Infect. Dis. Clin. N. Am. 12, 95 (1998); R. R. Colwell, Science 274, 2025 (1996); K. J. Linthicum et al., Science 285, 397 (1999).
    • (1998) Infect. Dis. Clin. N. Am. , vol.12 , pp. 95
    • Doyle, T.J.1    Bryan, R.T.2    Peters, C.J.3
  • 86
    • 0030446912 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • R. T. Trevejo et al., J. Infect. Dis. 178, 1457 (1998); J. M. Bouma, JAMA 278, 1772 (1997); T. J. Doyle, R. T. Bryan, C. J. Peters, Infect. Dis. Clin. N. Am. 12, 95 (1998); R. R. Colwell, Science 274, 2025 (1996); K. J. Linthicum et al., Science 285, 397 (1999).
    • (1996) Science , vol.274 , pp. 2025
    • Colwell, R.R.1
  • 87
    • 0033575369 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • R. T. Trevejo et al., J. Infect. Dis. 178, 1457 (1998); J. M. Bouma, JAMA 278, 1772 (1997); T. J. Doyle, R. T. Bryan, C. J. Peters, Infect. Dis. Clin. N. Am. 12, 95 (1998); R. R. Colwell, Science 274, 2025 (1996); K. J. Linthicum et al., Science 285, 397 (1999).
    • (1999) Science , vol.285 , pp. 397
    • Linthicum, K.J.1
  • 88
    • 0032514553 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • B. T. Grenfell et al., Nature 394, 674 (1998).
    • (1998) Nature , vol.394 , pp. 674
    • Grenfell, B.T.1
  • 91
    • 0033617004 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • L. Berger et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95, 9031 (1998); V. Morrell, Science 284, 728 (1999).
    • (1999) Science , vol.284 , pp. 728
    • Morrell, V.1
  • 94
    • 14444284599 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • K. Subbarao et al., Science 279, 393 (1998).
    • (1998) Science , vol.279 , pp. 393
    • Subbarao, K.1
  • 95
    • 0040406648 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • F. Gao et al., Nature 397, 385 (1999).
    • (1999) Nature , vol.397 , pp. 385
    • Gao, F.1
  • 96
    • 0033539354 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • N. I. Paton et al., Lancet 354,1253 (1999); K. B. Chua et al., Lancet 354, 1257 (1999); J. Aziz et al., paper presented at the 11th International Congress of Virology, Sydney, Australia, 9-13 August, 1999.
    • (1999) Lancet , vol.354 , pp. 1253
    • Paton, N.I.1
  • 97
    • 0033539349 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • N. I. Paton et al., Lancet 354,1253 (1999); K. B. Chua et al., Lancet 354, 1257 (1999); J. Aziz et al., paper presented at the 11th International Congress of Virology, Sydney, Australia, 9-13 August, 1999.
    • (1999) Lancet , vol.354 , pp. 1257
    • Chua, K.B.1
  • 98
    • 0033539354 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sydney, Australia, 9-13 August
    • N. I. Paton et al., Lancet 354,1253 (1999); K. B. Chua et al., Lancet 354, 1257 (1999); J. Aziz et al., paper presented at the 11th International Congress of Virology, Sydney, Australia, 9-13 August, 1999.
    • (1999) 11th International Congress of Virology
    • Aziz, J.1
  • 99
    • 0031111147 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • S. R. Telford et al., Emerg. Infect. Dis. 3, 165 (1997); G. D. Ebel et al., Emerg. Infect. Dis. 5, 570 (1999).
    • (1997) Emerg. Infect. Dis. , vol.3 , pp. 165
    • Telford, S.R.1
  • 100
    • 0032871265 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • S. R. Telford et al., Emerg. Infect. Dis. 3, 165 (1997); G. D. Ebel et al., Emerg. Infect. Dis. 5, 570 (1999).
    • (1999) Emerg. Infect. Dis. , vol.5 , pp. 570
    • Ebel, G.D.1
  • 101
    • 0030316729 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • P. M. Vitousek et al., Am. Sci. 84, 468 (1996); P. M. Vitousek et al., Science 277, 494 (1997).
    • (1996) Am. Sci. , vol.84 , pp. 468
    • Vitousek, P.M.1
  • 102
    • 0030812939 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • P. M. Vitousek et al., Am. Sci. 84, 468 (1996); P. M. Vitousek et al., Science 277, 494 (1997).
    • (1997) Science , vol.277 , pp. 494
    • Vitousek, P.M.1
  • 105
    • 0028973848 scopus 로고
    • D. W. Steadman, Science 267, 1123 (1995); G. H. Rodda, T. H. Fritts, D. Chiszar, Bioscience 47, 565 (1997); A. S. Cheke, in Studies of Mascarene Island Birds, A. W. Diamond, Ed. (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, UK, 1987), chap. 1.
    • (1995) Science , vol.267 , pp. 1123
    • Steadman, D.W.1
  • 106
    • 0030758290 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • D. W. Steadman, Science 267, 1123 (1995); G. H. Rodda, T. H. Fritts, D. Chiszar, Bioscience 47, 565 (1997); A. S. Cheke, in Studies of Mascarene Island Birds, A. W. Diamond, Ed. (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, UK, 1987), chap. 1.
    • (1997) Bioscience , vol.47 , pp. 565
    • Rodda, G.H.1    Fritts, T.H.2    Chiszar, D.3
  • 107
    • 0028973848 scopus 로고
    • A. W. Diamond, Ed. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, UK, chap. 1
    • D. W. Steadman, Science 267, 1123 (1995); G. H. Rodda, T. H. Fritts, D. Chiszar, Bioscience 47, 565 (1997); A. S. Cheke, in Studies of Mascarene Island Birds, A. W. Diamond, Ed. (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, UK, 1987), chap. 1.
    • (1987) Studies of Mascarene Island Birds
    • Cheke, A.S.1
  • 108
    • 0002035910 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • S. M. Goodman and B. D. Patterson, Eds. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, chap. 7
    • R. D. E. MacPhee and P. A. Marx, in Natural Change and Human Impact in Madagascar, S. M. Goodman and B. D. Patterson, Eds. (Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, 1997), chap. 7.
    • (1997) Natural Change and Human Impact in Madagascar
    • MacPhee, R.D.E.1    Marx, P.A.2
  • 109
    • 0002762405 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sciurus vulgaris L., J. Gurnell and P. W. W. Lurz, Eds. Peoples Trust for Endangered Species, London
    • A. W. Sainsbury, P. Nettleton, J. Gurnell, in The Conservation of Red Squirrels, Sciurus vulgaris L., J. Gurnell and P. W. W. Lurz, Eds. (Peoples Trust for Endangered Species, London, 1997), pp. 105-108.
    • (1997) The Conservation of Red Squirrels , pp. 105-108
    • Sainsbury, A.W.1    Nettleton, P.2    Gurnell, J.3
  • 110
    • 0030979284 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Galapagos Conservation Trust, Shaftsbury. Dorset, UK
    • Symposium on Invasive Species on Oceanic Islands, Galapagos Conservation Trust, Shaftsbury. Dorset, UK, 1996); K. R. Kerry, M. J. Riddle, J. R. Clarke, Diseases of Antarctic Wildlife (Australian Antarctic Division, Kingston, Tasmania, 1999); H. Gardner, K. Kerry, M. Riddle, S. Brouwer, L. Gleeson, Nature 387, 245 (1997).
    • (1996) Symposium on Invasive Species on Oceanic Islands
  • 111
    • 0030979284 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Australian Antarctic Division, Kingston, Tasmania
    • Symposium on Invasive Species on Oceanic Islands, Galapagos Conservation Trust, Shaftsbury. Dorset, UK, 1996); K. R. Kerry, M. J. Riddle, J. R. Clarke, Diseases of Antarctic Wildlife (Australian Antarctic Division, Kingston, Tasmania, 1999); H. Gardner, K. Kerry, M. Riddle, S. Brouwer, L. Gleeson, Nature 387, 245 (1997).
    • (1999) Diseases of Antarctic Wildlife
    • Kerry, K.R.1    Riddle, M.J.2    Clarke, J.R.3
  • 112
    • 0030979284 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Symposium on Invasive Species on Oceanic Islands, Galapagos Conservation Trust, Shaftsbury. Dorset, UK, 1996); K. R. Kerry, M. J. Riddle, J. R. Clarke, Diseases of Antarctic Wildlife (Australian Antarctic Division, Kingston, Tasmania, 1999); H. Gardner, K. Kerry, M. Riddle, S. Brouwer, L. Gleeson, Nature 387, 245 (1997).
    • (1997) Nature , vol.387 , pp. 245
    • Gardner, H.1    Kerry, K.2    Riddle, M.3    Brouwer, S.4    Gleeson, L.5
  • 113
    • 0000871201 scopus 로고
    • R. E. Warner, Condor 70, 101 (1968); C. van Riper, S. G. van Riper, M. L. Goff, M. Laird, Ecol. Monogr. 56, 327 (1986).
    • (1968) Condor , vol.70 , pp. 101
    • Warner, R.E.1
  • 117
    • 0031729329 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • E. Maes, P. Lecomte, N. Ray, Curr. Ther. 20, 993 (1998); D. L. Noah et al., Am. J. Publ. Health 86, 1149 (1996).
    • (1998) Curr. Ther. , vol.20 , pp. 993
    • Maes, E.1    Lecomte, P.2    Ray, N.3
  • 118
    • 0029760926 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • E. Maes, P. Lecomte, N. Ray, Curr. Ther. 20, 993 (1998); D. L. Noah et al., Am. J. Publ. Health 86, 1149 (1996).
    • (1996) Am. J. Publ. Health , vol.86 , pp. 1149
    • Noah, D.L.1
  • 120
    • 0040406646 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A. Ault, Lancet 353, 2050 (1999).
    • (1999) Lancet , vol.353 , pp. 2050
    • Ault, A.1
  • 122
    • 0030618171 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • D. S. Wilcove, D. Rothstein, J. Dubow, A. Phillips, E. Losos, Bioscience 48, 607 (1998); R. Costanza et al., Nature 387, 253 (1997); D. Pimentel et al., Bioscience 47, 747 (1997).
    • (1997) Nature , vol.387 , pp. 253
    • Costanza, R.1
  • 123
    • 0030728154 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • D. S. Wilcove, D. Rothstein, J. Dubow, A. Phillips, E. Losos, Bioscience 48, 607 (1998); R. Costanza et al., Nature 387, 253 (1997); D. Pimentel et al., Bioscience 47, 747 (1997).
    • (1997) Bioscience , vol.47 , pp. 747
    • Pimentel, D.1
  • 125
    • 0343312409 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Program for Monitoring Emerging Diseases
    • The Program for Monitoring Emerging Diseases, available at http://www. promedmail.org
  • 127
    • 0033018330 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • D. M. Engelthaler et al., Emerg. Infect. Dis. 5, 87 (1999); J. N. Mills, T. G. Ksiazek, C. J. Peters, J. E. Childs, Emerg. Infect. Dis. 5, 135 (1999).
    • (1999) Emerg. Infect. Dis. , vol.5 , pp. 87
    • Engelthaler, D.M.1
  • 129
    • 0040406644 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • B. Williams, I. Barker, T. Thorne, Eds. (Iowa State Univ. Press, Ames, IA, in press)
    • W. R. Davidson, J. E. Dawson, S. A. Ewing, in Infectious Diseases of Wild Mammals, B. Williams, I. Barker, T. Thorne, Eds. (Iowa State Univ. Press, Ames, IA, in press); S. R. Telford et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93, 6209 (1996).
    • Infectious Diseases of Wild Mammals
    • Davidson, W.R.1    Dawson, J.E.2    Ewing, S.A.3
  • 130
    • 0030003084 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • W. R. Davidson, J. E. Dawson, S. A. Ewing, in Infectious Diseases of Wild Mammals, B. Williams, I. Barker, T. Thorne, Eds. (Iowa State Univ. Press, Ames, IA, in press); S. R. Telford et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93, 6209 (1996).
    • (1996) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. , vol.93 , pp. 6209
    • Telford, S.R.1
  • 133
    • 0022380683 scopus 로고
    • I. McCandlish, H. Thompson, C. Cornwell, E. Fisher, Vet. Rec. 105, 180 (1979); C. R. Parrish et al., Science 230, 1046 (1985).
    • (1985) Science , vol.230 , pp. 1046
    • Parrish, C.R.1
  • 134
    • 21144477549 scopus 로고
    • G. Wobeser et al., Can. Vet. J. 34, 353 (1993); C. U. Meteyer et al., Avian Dis. 41, 171 (1997).
    • (1993) Can. Vet. J. , vol.34 , pp. 353
    • Wobeser, G.1
  • 135
    • 0030905054 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • G. Wobeser et al., Can. Vet. J. 34, 353 (1993); C. U. Meteyer et al., Avian Dis. 41, 171 (1997).
    • (1997) Avian Dis. , vol.41 , pp. 171
    • Meteyer, C.U.1
  • 136
    • 0028177810 scopus 로고
    • E. Lindström et al., Ecology 75, 1042 (1994); L. F. Skerratt, R. Martin, K. Handasyde, Austral. Vet, J. 76, 408 (1998).
    • (1994) Ecology , vol.75 , pp. 1042
    • Lindström, E.1
  • 142
    • 0039222220 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • V. F. Nettles, ASM News 62, 589 (1996); World Animal Health in 1997 (Office International des Epizooties, Paris, France, 1997); Anonymous, Vet. Rec. 143, 378 (1998).
    • (1996) ASM News , vol.62 , pp. 589
    • Nettles, V.F.1
  • 143
    • 0039222202 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Office International des Epizooties, Paris, France
    • V. F. Nettles, ASM News 62, 589 (1996); World Animal Health in 1997 (Office International des Epizooties, Paris, France, 1997); Anonymous, Vet. Rec. 143, 378 (1998).
    • (1997) World Animal Health in 1997
  • 144
    • 0032480428 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • V. F. Nettles, ASM News 62, 589 (1996); World Animal Health in 1997 (Office International des Epizooties, Paris, France, 1997); Anonymous, Vet. Rec. 143, 378 (1998).
    • (1998) Vet. Rec. , vol.143 , pp. 378
  • 145
    • 0343748082 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • We thank B. W. J. Mahy, C. C. Brown, J. E. Dawson and J. K. Kirkwood for critical reviews of this manuscript; J. P. O'Connor for editorial assistance; J. E. Dawson, P. T. Hooper, K. R. Kerry, B. P. Oldroyd, D. Pimentel, M. J. Riddle and S. R. Telford for access to unpublished data; and M. A. Farmer, J. R. Fischer, C. S. Goldsmith, C. D. Humphrey, T. G. Ksiazek, R. McLean, D. Porter, J. W. Porter, W.-J. Shieh, T. Whistler, and S. R. Zaki for helpful discussions.


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.