메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 286, Issue 5447, 1999, Pages 2184-2188

Impact of El Nino and logging on canopy tree recruitment in Borneo

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTHROPOGENIC EFFECT; EL NINO; LOGGING; SEED DISPERSAL;

EID: 0032787362     PISSN: 00368075     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1126/science.286.5447.2184     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (280)

References (56)
  • 1
    • 0025598720 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • P. W. Glynn, Ed. Elsevier, Amsterdam
    • E. G. Leigh Jr., D. M. Windsor, A. S. Rand, R. B. Foster, in Global Consequences of the 1982-3 El Niño-Southern Oscillation, P. W. Glynn, Ed. (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1990), pp. 473-486; B. R. Grant and P. R. Grant, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London Ser. B 336, 111 (1993); R. Condit, S. P. Hubbell, R. B. Foster, J. Trop. Ecol. 12, 231 (1996); P. J. Webster and T. N. Palmer, Nature 390, 562 (1997); M. Bove et al., Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 79, 2477 (1998); M. D. McField, Bull. Mar. Sci. 64, 155 (1999); J. B. Elners, A. B. Kara, M. A. Owens, J. Climate 12, 427 (1999).
    • (1990) Global Consequences of the 1982-3 El Niño-Southern Oscillation , pp. 473-486
    • Leigh E.G., Jr.1    Windsor, D.M.2    Rand, A.S.3    Foster, R.B.4
  • 2
    • 0025598720 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • E. G. Leigh Jr., D. M. Windsor, A. S. Rand, R. B. Foster, in Global Consequences of the 1982-3 El Niño-Southern Oscillation, P. W. Glynn, Ed. (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1990), pp. 473-486; B. R. Grant and P. R. Grant, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London Ser. B 336, 111 (1993); R. Condit, S. P. Hubbell, R. B. Foster, J. Trop. Ecol. 12, 231 (1996); P. J. Webster and T. N. Palmer, Nature 390, 562 (1997); M. Bove et al., Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 79, 2477 (1998); M. D. McField, Bull. Mar. Sci. 64, 155 (1999); J. B. Elners, A. B. Kara, M. A. Owens, J. Climate 12, 427 (1999).
    • (1993) Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London Ser. B , vol.336 , pp. 111
    • Grant, B.R.1    Grant, P.R.2
  • 3
    • 0029661475 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • E. G. Leigh Jr., D. M. Windsor, A. S. Rand, R. B. Foster, in Global Consequences of the 1982-3 El Niño-Southern Oscillation, P. W. Glynn, Ed. (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1990), pp. 473-486; B. R. Grant and P. R. Grant, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London Ser. B 336, 111 (1993); R. Condit, S. P. Hubbell, R. B. Foster, J. Trop. Ecol. 12, 231 (1996); P. J. Webster and T. N. Palmer, Nature 390, 562 (1997); M. Bove et al., Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 79, 2477 (1998); M. D. McField, Bull. Mar. Sci. 64, 155 (1999); J. B. Elners, A. B. Kara, M. A. Owens, J. Climate 12, 427 (1999).
    • (1996) J. Trop. Ecol. , vol.12 , pp. 231
    • Condit, R.1    Hubbell, S.P.2    Foster, R.B.3
  • 4
    • 0031445520 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • E. G. Leigh Jr., D. M. Windsor, A. S. Rand, R. B. Foster, in Global Consequences of the 1982-3 El Niño-Southern Oscillation, P. W. Glynn, Ed. (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1990), pp. 473-486; B. R. Grant and P. R. Grant, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London Ser. B 336, 111 (1993); R. Condit, S. P. Hubbell, R. B. Foster, J. Trop. Ecol. 12, 231 (1996); P. J. Webster and T. N. Palmer, Nature 390, 562 (1997); M. Bove et al., Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 79, 2477 (1998); M. D. McField, Bull. Mar. Sci. 64, 155 (1999); J. B. Elners, A. B. Kara, M. A. Owens, J. Climate 12, 427 (1999).
    • (1997) Nature , vol.390 , pp. 562
    • Webster, P.J.1    Palmer, T.N.2
  • 5
    • 0025598720 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • E. G. Leigh Jr., D. M. Windsor, A. S. Rand, R. B. Foster, in Global Consequences of the 1982-3 El Niño-Southern Oscillation, P. W. Glynn, Ed. (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1990), pp. 473-486; B. R. Grant and P. R. Grant, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London Ser. B 336, 111 (1993); R. Condit, S. P. Hubbell, R. B. Foster, J. Trop. Ecol. 12, 231 (1996); P. J. Webster and T. N. Palmer, Nature 390, 562 (1997); M. Bove et al., Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 79, 2477 (1998); M. D. McField, Bull. Mar. Sci. 64, 155 (1999); J. B. Elners, A. B. Kara, M. A. Owens, J. Climate 12, 427 (1999).
    • (1998) Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. , vol.79 , pp. 2477
    • Bove, M.1
  • 6
    • 0033303749 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • E. G. Leigh Jr., D. M. Windsor, A. S. Rand, R. B. Foster, in Global Consequences of the 1982-3 El Niño-Southern Oscillation, P. W. Glynn, Ed. (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1990), pp. 473-486; B. R. Grant and P. R. Grant, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London Ser. B 336, 111 (1993); R. Condit, S. P. Hubbell, R. B. Foster, J. Trop. Ecol. 12, 231 (1996); P. J. Webster and T. N. Palmer, Nature 390, 562 (1997); M. Bove et al., Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 79, 2477 (1998); M. D. McField, Bull. Mar. Sci. 64, 155 (1999); J. B. Elners, A. B. Kara, M. A. Owens, J. Climate 12, 427 (1999).
    • (1999) Bull. Mar. Sci. , vol.64 , pp. 155
    • McField, M.D.1
  • 7
    • 0033079628 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • E. G. Leigh Jr., D. M. Windsor, A. S. Rand, R. B. Foster, in Global Consequences of the 1982-3 El Niño-Southern Oscillation, P. W. Glynn, Ed. (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1990), pp. 473-486; B. R. Grant and P. R. Grant, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London Ser. B 336, 111 (1993); R. Condit, S. P. Hubbell, R. B. Foster, J. Trop. Ecol. 12, 231 (1996); P. J. Webster and T. N. Palmer, Nature 390, 562 (1997); M. Bove et al., Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 79, 2477 (1998); M. D. McField, Bull. Mar. Sci. 64, 155 (1999); J. B. Elners, A. B. Kara, M. A. Owens, J. Climate 12, 427 (1999).
    • (1999) J. Climate , vol.12 , pp. 427
    • Elners, J.B.1    Kara, A.B.2    Owens, M.A.3
  • 12
    • 0027705298 scopus 로고
    • J. V. Lafrankie and H. T. Chan, Biotropica 23, 200 (1991); S. Appanah, J. Biosci. 18, 457 (1993).
    • (1993) J. Biosci. , vol.18 , pp. 457
    • Appanah, S.1
  • 17
    • 85083605770 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • 2) in 1998-99. From 1998 to 1999, extensive searches for new seedlings from 48 dipterocarp spp. were conducted. Basal area (cross-sectional area) and tree diameter were measured at 1.37 m height (DBH).
  • 18
    • 0023516554 scopus 로고
    • 19 May
    • www.cdc.noaa.gov/∼kew/MEI/mei.html (19 May 1999); K. Wolter, J. Climate Appl. Meterol. 26, 540 (1987).
    • (1987) J. Climate Appl. Meterol. , vol.26 , pp. 540
    • Wolter, K.1
  • 20
    • 85083597912 scopus 로고
    • thesis, Princeton University
    • L. M. Curran, thesis, Princeton University (1994).
    • (1994)
    • Curran, L.M.1
  • 22
    • 84982009984 scopus 로고
    • J. W. Silvertown, Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 14, 235 (1980); D. A. Norton and D. Kelly, Funct. Ecol. 2, 399 (1988); C. C. Smith, J. L. Hamrick, C. L. Kramer, Am. Nat. 136, 154 (1990); V. L. Sork, J. Bramble, O. Sexton, Ecology 74, 528 (1993); W. D. Koenig, R. L. Mumme, W. J. Carmen, M. T. Stanback, Ecology 75, 99 (1994); M. J. Crawley and C. R. Long, J. Ecol. 83, 683 (1995).
    • (1980) Biol. J. Linn. Soc. , vol.14 , pp. 235
    • Silvertown, J.W.1
  • 23
    • 0024228526 scopus 로고
    • J. W. Silvertown, Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 14, 235 (1980); D. A. Norton and D. Kelly, Funct. Ecol. 2, 399 (1988); C. C. Smith, J. L. Hamrick, C. L. Kramer, Am. Nat. 136, 154 (1990); V. L. Sork, J. Bramble, O. Sexton, Ecology 74, 528 (1993); W. D. Koenig, R. L. Mumme, W. J. Carmen, M. T. Stanback, Ecology 75, 99 (1994); M. J. Crawley and C. R. Long, J. Ecol. 83, 683 (1995).
    • (1988) Funct. Ecol. , vol.2 , pp. 399
    • Norton, D.A.1    Kelly, D.2
  • 24
    • 0025607558 scopus 로고
    • J. W. Silvertown, Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 14, 235 (1980); D. A. Norton and D. Kelly, Funct. Ecol. 2, 399 (1988); C. C. Smith, J. L. Hamrick, C. L. Kramer, Am. Nat. 136, 154 (1990); V. L. Sork, J. Bramble, O. Sexton, Ecology 74, 528 (1993); W. D. Koenig, R. L. Mumme, W. J. Carmen, M. T. Stanback, Ecology 75, 99 (1994); M. J. Crawley and C. R. Long, J. Ecol. 83, 683 (1995).
    • (1990) Am. Nat. , vol.136 , pp. 154
    • Smith, C.C.1    Hamrick, J.L.2    Kramer, C.L.3
  • 25
    • 0027519092 scopus 로고
    • J. W. Silvertown, Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 14, 235 (1980); D. A. Norton and D. Kelly, Funct. Ecol. 2, 399 (1988); C. C. Smith, J. L. Hamrick, C. L. Kramer, Am. Nat. 136, 154 (1990); V. L. Sork, J. Bramble, O. Sexton, Ecology 74, 528 (1993); W. D. Koenig, R. L. Mumme, W. J. Carmen, M. T. Stanback, Ecology 75, 99 (1994); M. J. Crawley and C. R. Long, J. Ecol. 83, 683 (1995).
    • (1993) Ecology , vol.74 , pp. 528
    • Sork, V.L.1    Bramble, J.2    Sexton, O.3
  • 26
    • 0028176210 scopus 로고
    • J. W. Silvertown, Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 14, 235 (1980); D. A. Norton and D. Kelly, Funct. Ecol. 2, 399 (1988); C. C. Smith, J. L. Hamrick, C. L. Kramer, Am. Nat. 136, 154 (1990); V. L. Sork, J. Bramble, O. Sexton, Ecology 74, 528 (1993); W. D. Koenig, R. L. Mumme, W. J. Carmen, M. T. Stanback, Ecology 75, 99 (1994); M. J. Crawley and C. R. Long, J. Ecol. 83, 683 (1995).
    • (1994) Ecology , vol.75 , pp. 99
    • Koenig, W.D.1    Mumme, R.L.2    Carmen, W.J.3    Stanback, M.T.4
  • 27
    • 0028975835 scopus 로고
    • J. W. Silvertown, Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 14, 235 (1980); D. A. Norton and D. Kelly, Funct. Ecol. 2, 399 (1988); C. C. Smith, J. L. Hamrick, C. L. Kramer, Am. Nat. 136, 154 (1990); V. L. Sork, J. Bramble, O. Sexton, Ecology 74, 528 (1993); W. D. Koenig, R. L. Mumme, W. J. Carmen, M. T. Stanback, Ecology 75, 99 (1994); M. J. Crawley and C. R. Long, J. Ecol. 83, 683 (1995).
    • (1995) J. Ecol. , vol.83 , pp. 683
    • Crawley, M.J.1    Long, C.R.2
  • 30
    • 85083614379 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 25 March www.kompas.com/9709/18/English/burn.htm
    • W. D. Sunderlin, www.cgiar.org/CIFOR/research/ projects/project1/crisis1-f.html (25 March 1999); www.kompas.com/9709/18/English/burn.htm.
    • (1999)
    • Sunderlin, W.D.1
  • 31
    • 0039492286 scopus 로고
    • U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID)-Natural Resource Management Project (NRMP), Jakarta, Indonesia
    • 4 ha or 35.9% of the mechanized production area operating in 1992. Data are compiled from Rencana Struktur Tata Ruang Propinsi Kalimantan Barat (BAPPEDA-KALBAR, Pontianak, Indonesia, 1992), vols. 1-5; Rencana Karya Tahunan Pengusahaan Hutan ( Timber Concessions, Pontianak, Indonesia, 1986-96); Statistik Kehutanan Tahunan (Departemen Kehutanan-KALBAR, Pontianak, Indonesia, 1986-99); Statistik Kehutanan Indonesia (Departemen Kehutanan, Jakarta, Indonesia, 1986-99); www. dephut.gov.id/utama.asp.
    • (1992) Production Forest Management and Practice: Reviews of Selected Policy Issues with West Kalimantan Case Studies
    • Curran, L.M.1
  • 33
    • 85083596913 scopus 로고
    • BAPPEDA-KALBAR, Pontianak, Indonesia
    • 4 ha or 35.9% of the mechanized production area operating in 1992. Data are compiled from Rencana Struktur Tata Ruang Propinsi Kalimantan Barat (BAPPEDA-KALBAR, Pontianak, Indonesia, 1992), vols. 1-5; Rencana Karya Tahunan Pengusahaan Hutan ( Timber Concessions, Pontianak, Indonesia, 1986-96); Statistik Kehutanan Tahunan (Departemen Kehutanan-KALBAR, Pontianak, Indonesia, 1986-99); Statistik Kehutanan Indonesia (Departemen Kehutanan, Jakarta, Indonesia, 1986-99); www. dephut.gov.id/utama.asp.
    • (1992) Rencana Struktur Tata Ruang Propinsi Kalimantan Barat , vol.1-5
  • 34
    • 0040084087 scopus 로고
    • Timber Concessions, Pontianak, Indonesia
    • 4 ha or 35.9% of the mechanized production area operating in 1992. Data are compiled from Rencana Struktur Tata Ruang Propinsi Kalimantan Barat (BAPPEDA-KALBAR, Pontianak, Indonesia, 1992), vols. 1-5; Rencana Karya Tahunan Pengusahaan Hutan ( Timber Concessions, Pontianak, Indonesia, 1986-96); Statistik Kehutanan Tahunan (Departemen Kehutanan-KALBAR, Pontianak, Indonesia, 1986-99); Statistik Kehutanan Indonesia (Departemen Kehutanan, Jakarta, Indonesia, 1986-99); www. dephut.gov.id/utama.asp.
    • (1986) Rencana Karya Tahunan Pengusahaan Hutan
  • 35
    • 0039492290 scopus 로고
    • Departemen Kehutanan-KALBAR, Pontianak, Indonesia
    • 4 ha or 35.9% of the mechanized production area operating in 1992. Data are compiled from Rencana Struktur Tata Ruang Propinsi Kalimantan Barat (BAPPEDA-KALBAR, Pontianak, Indonesia, 1992), vols. 1-5; Rencana Karya Tahunan Pengusahaan Hutan ( Timber Concessions, Pontianak, Indonesia, 1986-96); Statistik Kehutanan Tahunan (Departemen Kehutanan-KALBAR, Pontianak, Indonesia, 1986-99); Statistik Kehutanan Indonesia (Departemen Kehutanan, Jakarta, Indonesia, 1986-99); www. dephut.gov.id/utama.asp.
    • (1986) Statistik Kehutanan Tahunan
  • 36
    • 0039492287 scopus 로고
    • Departemen Kehutanan, Jakarta, Indonesia
    • 4 ha or 35.9% of the mechanized production area operating in 1992. Data are compiled from Rencana Struktur Tata Ruang Propinsi Kalimantan Barat (BAPPEDA-KALBAR, Pontianak, Indonesia, 1992), vols. 1-5; Rencana Karya Tahunan Pengusahaan Hutan ( Timber Concessions, Pontianak, Indonesia, 1986-96); Statistik Kehutanan Tahunan (Departemen Kehutanan-KALBAR, Pontianak, Indonesia, 1986-99); Statistik Kehutanan Indonesia (Departemen Kehutanan, Jakarta, Indonesia, 1986-99); www. dephut.gov.id/utama.asp.
    • (1986) Statistik Kehutanan Indonesia
  • 37
    • 0030326698 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • M. A. Pinard and F. E. Putz, Biotropica 28, 278 (1996); J. G. Bertault and P. Sist, For. Ecol. Manage. 94, 209 (1997); P. Sist, T. Nolan, J. G. Berault, D. Dykstra, For. Ecol. Manage. 108, 251 (1998).
    • (1996) Biotropica , vol.28 , pp. 278
    • Pinard, M.A.1    Putz, F.E.2
  • 38
    • 0030619308 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • M. A. Pinard and F. E. Putz, Biotropica 28, 278 (1996); J. G. Bertault and P. Sist, For. Ecol. Manage. 94, 209 (1997); P. Sist, T. Nolan, J. G. Berault, D. Dykstra, For. Ecol. Manage. 108, 251 (1998).
    • (1997) For. Ecol. Manage. , vol.94 , pp. 209
    • Bertault, J.G.1    Sist, P.2
  • 39
    • 0032569259 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • M. A. Pinard and F. E. Putz, Biotropica 28, 278 (1996); J. G. Bertault and P. Sist, For. Ecol. Manage. 94, 209 (1997); P. Sist, T. Nolan, J. G. Berault, D. Dykstra, For. Ecol. Manage. 108, 251 (1998).
    • (1998) For. Ecol. Manage. , vol.108 , pp. 251
    • Sist, P.1    Nolan, T.2    Berault, J.G.3    Dykstra, D.4
  • 40
    • 85083613339 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Timber stand was mapped for dipterocarp demography (>19 cm DBH), and fruit production, seed predation, and seedling establishment were monitored during the 1991 mast-fruiting event. This stand was felled by the company's most experienced chainsaw operators following their standard protocol (except that minimum felling size regulations were enforced). This re-census occurred after felling, but before skidding and removal of felled trees, so it includes only felling damage.
  • 41
    • 85083596798 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • 2) plots in the unlogged control.
  • 43
    • 0028568751 scopus 로고
    • N. Salafsky, Climate Change 27, 373 (1994); Climate Change 39, 601 (1998).
    • (1994) Climate Change , vol.27 , pp. 373
    • Salafsky, N.1
  • 44
    • 0031824476 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • N. Salafsky, Climate Change 27, 373 (1994); Climate Change 39, 601 (1998).
    • (1998) Climate Change , vol.39 , pp. 601
  • 47
    • 0028991267 scopus 로고
    • J. R. E. Harger, Atmos. Environ. 29, 1919 (1995); I. Folkins, R. Chatfield, D. Baumgardner, M. Proffitt. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 102, 13291 (1997); J. Nichol, Atmos. Environ. 31, 1209 (1997); M. Fang and W. Huang, Int. J. Remote Sens. 19, 387 (1998).
    • (1995) Atmos. Environ. , vol.29 , pp. 1919
    • Harger, J.R.E.1
  • 48
  • 49
    • 0031107058 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • J. R. E. Harger, Atmos. Environ. 29, 1919 (1995); I. Folkins, R. Chatfield, D. Baumgardner, M. Proffitt. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 102, 13291 (1997); J. Nichol, Atmos. Environ. 31, 1209 (1997); M. Fang and W. Huang, Int. J. Remote Sens. 19, 387 (1998).
    • (1997) Atmos. Environ. , vol.31 , pp. 1209
    • Nichol, J.1
  • 50
    • 0032004501 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • J. R. E. Harger, Atmos. Environ. 29, 1919 (1995); I. Folkins, R. Chatfield, D. Baumgardner, M. Proffitt. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 102, 13291 (1997); J. Nichol, Atmos. Environ. 31, 1209 (1997); M. Fang and W. Huang, Int. J. Remote Sens. 19, 387 (1998).
    • (1998) Int. J. Remote Sens. , vol.19 , pp. 387
    • Fang, M.1    Huang, W.2
  • 51
    • 0031428944 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • K. E. Trenberth and T. J. Hoar, Geophys. Res. Lett. 24, 3057 (1997); M. Latif, R. Kleeman, C. A. Eckert. J. Climate 10, 2221 (1997); P. J. Allan, and R. D. D'Arrigo, Holocene 9, 101 (1999); M. J. McPhaden, Science 283, 950 (1999); A. G. Hunt, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 80, 297 (1999).
    • (1997) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.24 , pp. 3057
    • Trenberth, K.E.1    Hoar, T.J.2
  • 52
    • 0000948659 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • K. E. Trenberth and T. J. Hoar, Geophys. Res. Lett. 24, 3057 (1997); M. Latif, R. Kleeman, C. A. Eckert. J. Climate 10, 2221 (1997); P. J. Allan, and R. D. D'Arrigo, Holocene 9, 101 (1999); M. J. McPhaden, Science 283, 950 (1999); A. G. Hunt, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 80, 297 (1999).
    • (1997) J. Climate , vol.10 , pp. 2221
    • Latif, M.1    Kleeman, R.2    Eckert, C.A.3
  • 53
    • 0032905333 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • K. E. Trenberth and T. J. Hoar, Geophys. Res. Lett. 24, 3057 (1997); M. Latif, R. Kleeman, C. A. Eckert. J. Climate 10, 2221 (1997); P. J. Allan, and R. D. D'Arrigo, Holocene 9, 101 (1999); M. J. McPhaden, Science 283, 950 (1999); A. G. Hunt, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 80, 297 (1999).
    • (1999) Holocene , vol.9 , pp. 101
    • Allan, P.J.1    D'Arrigo, R.D.2
  • 54
    • 0033548168 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • K. E. Trenberth and T. J. Hoar, Geophys. Res. Lett. 24, 3057 (1997); M. Latif, R. Kleeman, C. A. Eckert. J. Climate 10, 2221 (1997); P. J. Allan, and R. D. D'Arrigo, Holocene 9, 101 (1999); M. J. McPhaden, Science 283, 950 (1999); A. G. Hunt, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 80, 297 (1999).
    • (1999) Science , vol.283 , pp. 950
    • McPhaden, M.J.1
  • 55
    • 0031428944 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • K. E. Trenberth and T. J. Hoar, Geophys. Res. Lett. 24, 3057 (1997); M. Latif, R. Kleeman, C. A. Eckert. J. Climate 10, 2221 (1997); P. J. Allan, and R. D. D'Arrigo, Holocene 9, 101 (1999); M. J. McPhaden, Science 283, 950 (1999); A. G. Hunt, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 80, 297 (1999).
    • (1999) Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. , vol.80 , pp. 297
    • Hunt, A.G.1
  • 56
    • 85083598073 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • We thank the Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Directorate General for Nature Conservation and Forest Protection, Ministry of Forestry, University of Tanjangpura, National and Regional Development Planning Agency, timber company management, and USAID for research sponsorship. E. E. Werner, B. Rathcke, P. R. Grant, S. P. Hubbell, B. R. Grant, D. S. McCauley, M. E. Siddall, K. Wolter, J. Bardwell, G. W. Kling, A. Gorog, J. Vandermeer, and three anonymous reviewers provided invaluable advice. M. E. Siddall wrote permutation programs (C for MS-DOS; siddall@amnh.org). Special thanks to K. Wolter (NOAA) for providing MEI data. Supported by the USAID, National Science Foundation (BNS-840-9299), University of Michigan, National Science Foundation Graduate Fellowship (LM.C.), Internationa Timber Trade Organization, Wildlife Conservation Society, World Wide Fund for Nature, USAID/WWF/WRI/TNC Biodiversity Support Program (7510), Conservation International, W. Alton Jones Foundation, National Geographic Society, and Conservation, Food and Health Foundation.


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.