Clinical Applications of a Peptide-Based Vaccine for Glioblastoma

Neurosurgery Clinics of North America

Volumn 21, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 95-109

  Kanaly, Charles W ^a   Ding, Dale ^b   Heimberger, Amy B ^c   Sampson, John H ^b  

^a DUKE UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b DUKE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS   (United States)

Author keywords

Brain neoplasms; Epidermal growth factor receptor; Glioblastoma; Immune system; Immunotherapy; Neoplasm antigens

Indexed keywords

ALEMTUZUMAB; ALZHEIMER DISEASE VACCINE; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; BEVACIZUMAB; CANCER VACCINE; CARMUSTINE; CETUXIMAB; CYTOKINE; DENDRITIC CELL VACCINE; EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR ANTIBODY; GEMTUZUMAB OZOGAMICIN; HLA ANTIGEN CLASS 1; HLA ANTIGEN CLASS 2; IBRITUMOMAB TIUXETAN; IMMUNOGLOBULIN; INTERLEUKIN 2; MELANOMA ANTIGEN; MELANOMA VACCINE; MEMBRANE ANTIGEN; MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY; PANITUMUMAB; PEPTIDE DERIVATIVE; PEPTIDE VACCINE; PROTEIN GP209 2 M; PROTEIN GP209 217; RITUXIMAB; TEMOZOLOMIDE; TRASTUZUMAB; TUMOR ANTIGEN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG;

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; ANTIGEN ANTIBODY REACTION; ANTIGEN PRESENTATION; ANTIGEN SPECIFICITY; BREAST CANCER; CANCER CELL; CANCER IMMUNOLOGY; CANCER IMMUNOTHERAPY; CANCER INHIBITION; CANCER REGRESSION; CANCER SURVIVAL; CARCINOMATOUS MENINGITIS; CELL MEDIATED CYTOTOXICITY; CELL THERAPY; CELL TRANSFER; CELLULAR IMMUNITY; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM TUMOR; CLINICAL TRIAL; COLORECTAL CANCER; CROSS REACTION; DRUG BLOOD LEVEL; DRUG CEREBROSPINAL FLUID LEVEL; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG PENETRATION; DRUG TARGETING; GLIOBLASTOMA; HEAD AND NECK CANCER; HUMAN; HUMORAL IMMUNITY; IMMUNE DEFICIENCY; IMMUNE RESPONSE; IMMUNOMODULATION; IMMUNOSTIMULATION; IMMUNOSURVEILLANCE; INNATE IMMUNITY; KIDNEY CANCER; LEUKEMIA; LUNG NON SMALL CELL CANCER; LYMPHOMA; MALIGNANT NEOPLASTIC DISEASE; MELANOMA; METASTASIS; NONHODGKIN LYMPHOMA; NONHUMAN; PARANEOPLASTIC SYNDROME; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN PROTEIN INTERACTION; RECURRENT CANCER; REVIEW;

ANIMALS; ANTIBODIES, MONOCLONAL; ANTIGENS, NEOPLASM; BRAIN NEOPLASMS; CANCER VACCINES; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; CLINICAL TRIALS AS TOPIC; EPITOPES; GLIOBLASTOMA; HUMANS; IMMUNE SYSTEM; IMMUNE TOLERANCE; IMMUNITY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; VACCINATION; VACCINES, SUBUNIT;

EID: 70450232004     PISSN: 10423680     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.nec.2009.09.001     Document Type: Review

References (124)

1. CBTRUS. CBTRUS statistical report: primary brain and central nervous system tumors diagnosed in the United States in 2000-2004 (2008), Central Brain Tumor Registry of the United States, Hinsdale (IL). http://www.cbtrus.org Available at:
2. Stupp R., Mason W.P., van den Bent M.J., et al. Radiotherapy plus concomitant and adjuvant temozolomide for glioblastoma. N Engl J Med 352 10 (2005) 987-996
3. Mocellin S., Mandruzzato S., Bronte V., et al. Part I: vaccines for solid tumours. Lancet Oncol 5 11 (2004) 681-689
4. Pejawar-Gaddy S., and Finn O.J. Cancer vaccines: accomplishments and challenges. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 67 2 (2008) 93-102
5. Rosenberg S.A., Lotze M.T., Muul L.M., et al. Observations on the systemic administration of autologous lymphokine-activated killer cells and recombinant interleukin-2 to patients with metastatic cancer. N Engl J Med 313 23 (1985) 1485-1492
6. Rosenberg S.A., Yang J.C., White D.E., et al. Durability of complete responses in patients with metastatic cancer treated with high-dose interleukin-2: identification of the antigens mediating response. Ann Surg 228 3 (1998) 307-319
7. Fyfe G., Fisher R.I., Rosenberg S.A., et al. Results of treatment of 255 patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma who received high-dose recombinant interleukin-2 therapy. J Clin Oncol 13 3 (1995) 688-696
8. Atkins M.B., Lotze M.T., Dutcher J.P., et al. High-dose recombinant interleukin 2 therapy for patients with metastatic melanoma: analysis of 270 patients treated between 1985 and 1993. J Clin Oncol 17 7 (1999) 2105-2116
9. Rosenberg S.A. Shedding light on immunotherapy for cancer. N Engl J Med 350 14 (2004) 1461-1463
10. Rosenberg S.A. Progress in human tumour immunology and immunotherapy. Nature 411 6835 (2001) 380-384
11. In: Janeway C.A., Travers P., Walport M., et al. (Eds). Immunobiology: the immune system in health and disease. 6th edition (2005), Garland Science Publishing, New York 169-202
12. Sehgal A., and Berger M.S. Basic concepts of immunology and neuroimmunology. Neurosurg Focus 9 6 (2000) e1
13. Medawar P.B. Immunity to homologous grafted skin: the fate of skin homografts transplanted to the brain, to subcutaneous tissue, and to the anterior chamber of the eye. Br J Exp Pathol 29 1 (1948) 58-69
14. Mitchell D.A., Fecci P.E., and Sampson J.H. Immunotherapy of malignant brain tumors. Immunol Rev 222 (2008) 70-100
15. Gehrmann J., Matsumoto Y., and Kreutzberg G.W. Microglia: intrinsic immuneffector cell of the brain. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 20 3 (1995) 269-287
16. Cserr H.F., Harling-Berg C.J., and Knopf P.M. Drainage of brain extracellular fluid into blood and deep cervical lymph and its immunological significance. Brain Pathol 2 4 (1992) 269-276
17. Zalutsky M.R., Moseley R.P., Coakham H.B., et al. Pharmacokinetics and tumor localization of 131I-labeled anti-tenascin monoclonal antibody 81C6 in patients with gliomas and other intracranial malignancies. Cancer Res 49 10 (1989) 2807-2813
18. Scott A.M., Lee F.T., Tebbutt N., et al. A phase I clinical trial with monoclonal antibody ch806 targeting transitional state and mutant epidermal growth factor receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104 10 (2007) 4071-4076
19. Perera R.M., Zoncu R., Johns T.G., et al. Internalization, intracellular trafficking, and biodistribution of monoclonal antibody 806: a novel anti-epidermal growth factor receptor antibody. Neoplasia 9 12 (2007) 1099-1110
20. Dalmau J., and Rosenfeld M.R. Paraneoplastic syndromes of the CNS. Lancet Neurol 7 4 (2008) 327-340
21. Sansing L.H., Tuzun E., Ko M.W., et al. A patient with encephalitis associated with NMDA receptor antibodies. Nat Clin Pract Neurol 3 5 (2007) 291-296
22. Bataller L., and Dalmau J. Paraneoplastic neurologic syndromes. Neurol Clin 21 1 (2003) 221-247 ix
23. Dalmau J., and Bataller L. Clinical and immunological diversity of limbic encephalitis: a model for paraneoplastic neurologic disorders. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 20 6 (2006) 1319-1335
24. Rosenfeld M.R., and Dalmau J. The clinical spectrum and pathogenesis of paraneoplastic disorders of the central nervous system. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 15 6 (2001) 1109-1128 vii
25. Dalmau J. Limbic encephalitis and variants related to neuronal cell membrane autoantigens. Rinsho Shinkeigaku 48 11 (2008) 871-874
26. Tuzun E., and Dalmau J. Limbic encephalitis and variants: classification, diagnosis and treatment. Neurologist 13 5 (2007) 261-271
27. Rosenfeld M.R., and Dalmau J. Current therapies for paraneoplastic neurologic syndromes. Curr Treat Options Neurol 5 1 (2003) 69-77
28. Bataller L., and Dalmau J. Paraneoplastic neurologic syndromes: approaches to diagnosis and treatment. Semin Neurol 23 2 (2003) 215-224
29. Engelhardt B., and Ransohoff R.M. The ins and outs of T-lymphocyte trafficking to the CNS: anatomical sites and molecular mechanisms. Trends Immunol 26 9 (2005) 485-495
30. Wekerle H., Sun D., Oropeza-Wekerle R.L., et al. Immune reactivity in the nervous system: modulation of T-lymphocyte activation by glial cells. J Exp Biol 132 (1987) 43-57
31. van den Berg M.P., Merkus P., Romeijn S.G., et al. Uptake of melatonin into the cerebrospinal fluid after nasal and intravenous delivery: studies in rats and comparison with a human study. Pharm Res 21 5 (2004) 799-802
32. Merkus P., Guchelaar H.J., Bosch D.A., et al. Direct access of drugs to the human brain after intranasal drug administration?. Neurology 60 10 (2003) 1669-1671
33. Bobo R.H., Laske D.W., Akbasak A., et al. Convection-enhanced delivery of macromolecules in the brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 91 6 (1994) 2076-2080
34. Morrison P.F., Laske D.W., Bobo H., et al. High-flow microinfusion: tissue penetration and pharmacodynamics. Am J Physiol 266 1 Pt 2 (1994) R292-R305
35. Sampson J.H., Reardon D.A., Friedman A.H., et al. Sustained radiographic and clinical response in patient with bifrontal recurrent glioblastoma multiforme with intracerebral infusion of the recombinant targeted toxin TP-38: case study. Neuro Oncol 7 1 (2005) 90-96
36. Vogelbaum M.A., Sampson J.H., Kunwar S., et al. Convection-enhanced delivery of cintredekin besudotox (interleukin-13-PE38QQR) followed by radiation therapy with and without temozolomide in newly diagnosed malignant gliomas: phase 1 study of final safety results. Neurosurgery 61 5 (2007) 1031-1037 [discussion: 1037-8]
37. Rand R.W., Kreitman R.J., Patronas N., et al. Intratumoral administration of recombinant circularly permuted interleukin-4-Pseudomonas exotoxin in patients with high-grade glioma. Clin Cancer Res 6 6 (2000) 2157-2165
38. Teicher B.A. Transforming growth factor-beta and the immune response to malignant disease. Clin Cancer Res 13 21 (2007) 6247-6251
39. Houston A., Bennett M.W., O'Sullivan G.C., et al. Fas ligand mediates immune privilege and not inflammation in human colon cancer, irrespective of TGF-beta expression. Br J Cancer 89 7 (2003) 1345-1351
40. Finn O.J. Cancer immunology. N Engl J Med 358 25 (2008) 2704-2715
41. Rabinovich G.A., Gabrilovich D., and Sotomayor E.M. Immunosuppressive strategies that are mediated by tumor cells. Annu Rev Immunol 25 (2007) 267-296
42. Shevach E.M., McHugh R.S., Piccirillo C.A., et al. Control of T-cell activation by CD4+ CD25+ suppressor T cells. Immunol Rev 182 (2001) 58-67
43. Hori S., Takahashi T., and Sakaguchi S. Control of autoimmunity by naturally arising regulatory CD4+ T cells. Adv Immunol 81 (2003) 331-371
44. Sakaguchi S., Sakaguchi N., Asano M., et al. Immunologic self-tolerance maintained by activated T cells expressing IL-2 receptor alpha-chains (CD25). Breakdown of a single mechanism of self-tolerance causes various autoimmune diseases. J Immunol 155 3 (1995) 1151-1164
45. Fecci P.E., Mitchell D.A., Whitesides J.F., et al. Increased regulatory T-cell fraction amidst a diminished CD4 compartment explains cellular immune defects in patients with malignant glioma. Cancer Res 66 6 (2006) 3294-3302
46. Davila E., Kennedy R., and Celis E. Generation of antitumor immunity by cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitope peptide vaccination, CpG-oligodeoxynucleotide adjuvant, and CTLA-4 blockade. Cancer Res 63 12 (2003) 3281-3288
47. Yang J.C., Haworth L., Sherry R.M., et al. A randomized trial of bevacizumab, an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor antibody, for metastatic renal cancer. N Engl J Med 349 5 (2003) 427-434
48. Vredenburgh J.J., Desjardins A., Herndon II J.E., et al. Bevacizumab plus irinotecan in recurrent glioblastoma multiforme. J Clin Oncol 25 30 (2007) 4722-4729
49. Korsisaari N., Ross J., Wu X., et al. Blocking vascular endothelial growth factor-A inhibits the growth of pituitary adenomas and lowers serum prolactin level in a mouse model of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1. Clin Cancer Res 14 1 (2008) 249-258
50. Fuh G., Wu P., Liang W.C., et al. Structure-function studies of two synthetic anti-vascular endothelial growth factor Fabs and comparison with the Avastin Fab. J Biol Chem 281 10 (2006) 6625-6631
51. Slamon D.J., Leyland-Jones B., Shak S., et al. Use of chemotherapy plus a monoclonal antibody against HER2 for metastatic breast cancer that overexpresses HER2. N Engl J Med 344 11 (2001) 783-792
52. Pestalozzi B.C., Zahrieh D., Price K.N., et al. Identifying breast cancer patients at risk for Central Nervous System (CNS) metastases in trials of the International Breast Cancer Study Group (IBCSG). Ann Oncol 17 6 (2006) 935-944
53. Stemmler H.J., and Heinemann V. Central nervous system metastases in HER-2-overexpressing metastatic breast cancer: a treatment challenge. Oncologist 13 7 (2008) 739-750
54. Lin N.U., and Winer E.P. Brain metastases: the HER2 paradigm. Clin Cancer Res 13 6 (2007) 1648-1655
55. Bartsch R., Rottenfusser A., Wenzel C., et al. Trastuzumab prolongs overall survival in patients with brain metastases from Her2 positive breast cancer. J Neurooncol 85 3 (2007) 311-317
56. Gori S., Rimondini S., De Angelis V., et al. Central nervous system metastases in HER-2 positive metastatic breast cancer patients treated with trastuzumab: incidence, survival, and risk factors. Oncologist 12 7 (2007) 766-773
57. Burstein H.J., Lieberman G., Slamon D.J., et al. Isolated central nervous system metastases in patients with HER2-overexpressing advanced breast cancer treated with first-line trastuzumab-based therapy. Ann Oncol 16 11 (2005) 1772-1777
58. Fuchs I.B., Loebbecke M., Buhler H., et al. HER2 in brain metastases: issues of concordance, survival, and treatment. J Clin Oncol 20 19 (2002) 4130-4133
59. Stemmler H.J., Schmitt M., Willems A., et al. Ratio of trastuzumab levels in serum and cerebrospinal fluid is altered in HER2-positive breast cancer patients with brain metastases and impairment of blood-brain barrier. Anticancer Drugs 18 1 (2007) 23-28
60. Pestalozzi B.C., and Brignoli S. Trastuzumab in CSF. J Clin Oncol 18 11 (2000) 2349-2351
61. Baculi R.H., Suki S., Nisbett J., et al. Meningeal carcinomatosis from breast carcinoma responsive to trastuzumab. J Clin Oncol 19 13 (2001) 3297-3298
62. zur Hausen H. Human papillomaviruses in the pathogenesis of anogenital cancer. Virology 184 1 (1991) 9-13
63. Hislop A.D., Taylor G.S., Sauce D., et al. Cellular responses to viral infection in humans: lessons from Epstein-Barr virus. Annu Rev Immunol 25 (2007) 587-617
64. Mitchell D.A., Xie W., Schmittling R., et al. Sensitive detection of human cytomegalovirus in tumors and peripheral blood of patients diagnosed with glioblastoma. Neuro Oncol 10 1 (2008) 10-18
65. Kawakami Y., Eliyahu S., Delgado C.H., et al. Identification of a human melanoma antigen recognized by tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes associated with in vivo tumor rejection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 91 14 (1994) 6458-6462
66. Kawakami Y., Eliyahu S., Delgado C.H., et al. Cloning of the gene coding for a shared human melanoma antigen recognized by autologous T cells infiltrating into tumor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 91 9 (1994) 3515-3519
67. Brichard V., Van Pel A., Wolfel T., et al. The tyrosinase gene codes for an antigen recognized by autologous cytolytic T lymphocytes on HLA-A2 melanomas. J Exp Med 178 2 (1993) 489-495
68. van der Bruggen P., Traversari C., Chomez P., et al. A gene encoding an antigen recognized by cytolytic T lymphocytes on a human melanoma. Science 254 5038 (1991) 1643-1647
69. Visseren M.J., van der Burg S.H., van der Voort E.I., et al. Identification of HLA-A*0201-restricted CTL epitopes encoded by the tumor-specific MAGE-2 gene product. Int J Cancer 73 1 (1997) 125-130
70. Gaugler B., Van den Eynde B., van der Bruggen P., et al. Human gene MAGE-3 codes for an antigen recognized on a melanoma by autologous cytolytic T lymphocytes. J Exp Med 179 3 (1994) 921-930
71. Panelli M.C., Bettinotti M.P., Lally K., et al. A tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte from a melanoma metastasis with decreased expression of melanoma differentiation antigens recognizes MAGE-12. J Immunol 164 8 (2000) 4382-4392
72. Jager E., Chen Y.T., Drijfhout J.W., et al. Simultaneous humoral and cellular immune response against cancer-testis antigen NY-ESO-1: definition of human histocompatibility leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A2-binding peptide epitopes. J Exp Med 187 2 (1998) 265-270
73. Wang R.F., Johnston S.L., Zeng G., et al. A breast and melanoma-shared tumor antigen: T cell responses to antigenic peptides translated from different open reading frames. J Immunol 161 7 (1998) 3598-3606
74. Jerome K.R., Barnd D.L., Bendt K.M., et al. Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes derived from patients with breast adenocarcinoma recognize an epitope present on the protein core of a mucin molecule preferentially expressed by malignant cells. Cancer Res 51 11 (1991) 2908-2916
75. Ioannides C.G., Fisk B., Fan D., et al. Cytotoxic T cells isolated from ovarian malignant ascites recognize a peptide derived from the HER-2/neu proto-oncogene. Cell Immunol 151 1 (1993) 225-234
76. Li K., Adibzadeh M., Halder T., et al. Tumour-specific MHC-class-II-restricted responses after in vitro sensitization to synthetic peptides corresponding to gp100 and Annexin II eluted from melanoma cells. Cancer Immunol Immunother 47 1 (1998) 32-38
77. Chaux P., Vantomme V., Stroobant V., et al. Identification of MAGE-3 epitopes presented by HLA-DR molecules to CD4(+) T lymphocytes. J Exp Med 189 5 (1999) 767-778
78. Zeng G., Touloukian C.E., Wang X., et al. Identification of CD4+ T cell epitopes from NY-ESO-1 presented by HLA-DR molecules. J Immunol 165 2 (2000) 1153-1159
79. Gilboa E. The promise of cancer vaccines. Nat Rev Cancer 4 5 (2004) 401-411
80. Gilboa E. The makings of a tumor rejection antigen. Immunity 11 3 (1999) 263-270
81. Moscatello D.K., Holgado-Madruga M., Godwin A.K., et al. Frequent expression of a mutant epidermal growth factor receptor in multiple human tumors. Cancer Res 55 23 (1995) 5536-5539
82. Libermann T.A., Nusbaum H.R., Razon N., et al. Amplification, enhanced expression and possible rearrangement of EGF receptor gene in primary human brain tumours of glial origin. Nature 313 5998 (1985) 144-147
83. Bigner S.H., Humphrey P.A., Wong A.J., et al. Characterization of the epidermal growth factor receptor in human glioma cell lines and xenografts. Cancer Res 50 24 (1990) 8017-8022
84. Sampson J.H., Crotty L.E., Lee S., et al. Unarmed, tumor-specific monoclonal antibody effectively treats brain tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 97 13 (2000) 7503-7508
85. Heimberger A.B., Archer G.E., Crotty L.E., et al. Dendritic cells pulsed with a tumor-specific peptide induce long-lasting immunity and are effective against murine intracerebral melanoma. Neurosurgery 50 1 (2002) 158-164 [discussion: 164]
86. Rosenberg S.A., Yang J.C., Schwartzentruber D.J., et al. Immunologic and therapeutic evaluation of a synthetic peptide vaccine for the treatment of patients with metastatic melanoma. Nat Med 4 3 (1998) 321-327
87. Rosenberg S.A., Yang J.C., Topalian S.L., et al. Treatment of 283 consecutive patients with metastatic melanoma or renal cell cancer using high-dose bolus interleukin 2. JAMA 271 12 (1994) 907-913
88. Parmiani G., Castelli C., Dalerba P., et al. Cancer immunotherapy with peptide-based vaccines: what have we achieved? Where are we going?. J Natl Cancer Inst 94 11 (2002) 805-818
89. Cormier J.N., Salgaller M.L., Prevette T., et al. Enhancement of cellular immunity in melanoma patients immunized with a peptide from MART-1/Melan A. Cancer J Sci Am 3 1 (1997) 37-44
90. Rosenberg S.A., Yang J.C., Schwartzentruber D.J., et al. Impact of cytokine administration on the generation of antitumor reactivity in patients with metastatic melanoma receiving a peptide vaccine. J Immunol 163 3 (1999) 1690-1695
91. Wang F., Bade E., Kuniyoshi C., et al. Phase I trial of a MART-1 peptide vaccine with incomplete Freund's adjuvant for resected high-risk melanoma. Clin Cancer Res 5 10 (1999) 2756-2765
92. Lee P., Wang F., Kuniyoshi J., et al. Effects of interleukin-12 on the immune response to a multipeptide vaccine for resected metastatic melanoma. J Clin Oncol 19 18 (2001) 3836-3847
93. Marchand M., van Baren N., Weynants P., et al. Tumor regressions observed in patients with metastatic melanoma treated with an antigenic peptide encoded by gene MAGE-3 and presented by HLA-A1. Int J Cancer 80 2 (1999) 219-230
94. Scheibenbogen C., Schmittel A., Keilholz U., et al. Phase 2 trial of vaccination with tyrosinase peptides and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in patients with metastatic melanoma. J Immunother 23 2 (2000) 275-281
95. Jager E., Gnjatic S., Nagata Y., et al. Induction of primary NY-ESO-1 immunity: CD8+ T lymphocyte and antibody responses in peptide-vaccinated patients with NY-ESO-1+ cancers. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 97 22 (2000) 12198-12203
96. Rosenberg S.A., Yang J.C., and Restifo N.P. Cancer immunotherapy: moving beyond current vaccines. Nat Med 10 9 (2004) 909-915
97. Slingluff Jr. C.L., Petroni G.R., Yamshchikov G.V., et al. Clinical and immunologic results of a randomized phase II trial of vaccination using four melanoma peptides either administered in granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in adjuvant or pulsed on dendritic cells. J Clin Oncol 21 21 (2003) 4016-4026
98. Cebon J., Jager E., Shackleton M.J., et al. Two phase I studies of low dose recombinant human IL-12 with Melan-A and influenza peptides in subjects with advanced malignant melanoma. Cancer Immun 3 (2003) 7
99. Peterson A.C., Harlin H., and Gajewski T.F. Immunization with Melan-A peptide-pulsed peripheral blood mononuclear cells plus recombinant human interleukin-12 induces clinical activity and T-cell responses in advanced melanoma. J Clin Oncol 21 12 (2003) 2342-2348
100. Noguchi M., Kobayashi K., Suetsugu N., et al. Induction of cellular and humoral immune responses to tumor cells and peptides in HLA-A24 positive hormone-refractory prostate cancer patients by peptide vaccination. Prostate 57 1 (2003) 80-92
101. Vonderheide R.H., Domchek S.M., Schultze J.L., et al. Vaccination of cancer patients against telomerase induces functional antitumor CD8+ T lymphocytes. Clin Cancer Res 10 3 (2004) 828-839
102. van Driel W.J., Ressing M.E., Kenter G.G., et al. Vaccination with HPV16 peptides of patients with advanced cervical carcinoma: clinical evaluation of a phase I-II trial. Eur J Cancer 35 6 (1999) 946-952
103. Sato Y., Maeda Y., Shomura H., et al. A phase I trial of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte precursor-oriented peptide vaccines for colorectal carcinoma patients. Br J Cancer 90 7 (2004) 1334-1342
104. Khleif S.N., Abrams S.I., Hamilton J.M., et al. A phase I vaccine trial with peptides reflecting ras oncogene mutations of solid tumors. J Immunother 22 2 (1999) 155-165
105. Tanaka S., Harada M., Mine T., et al. Peptide vaccination for patients with melanoma and other types of cancer based on pre-existing peptide-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte precursors in the periphery. J Immunother 26 4 (2003) 357-366
106. Therasse P., Arbuck S.G., Eisenhauer E.A., et al. New guidelines to evaluate the response to treatment in solid tumors. European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer, National Cancer Institute of the United States, National Cancer Institute of Canada. J Natl Cancer Inst 92 3 (2000) 205-216
107. James K., Eisenhauer E., Christian M., et al. Measuring response in solid tumors: unidimensional versus bidimensional measurement. J Natl Cancer Inst 91 6 (1999) 523-528
108. Mocellin S., Mandruzzato S., Bronte V., et al. Cancer vaccines: pessimism in check. Nat Med 10 12 (2004) 1278-1279 [author reply: 1279-80]
109. Timmerman J.M., and Levy R. Cancer vaccines: pessimism in check. Nat Med 10 12 (2004) 1279 [author reply: 1279-80]
110. Wisniewski T., and Konietzko U. Amyloid-beta immunisation for Alzheimer's disease. Lancet Neurol 7 9 (2008) 805-811
111. Bacskai B.J., Kajdasz S.T., Christie R.H., et al. Imaging of amyloid-beta deposits in brains of living mice permits direct observation of clearance of plaques with immunotherapy. Nat Med 7 3 (2001) 369-372
112. Bard F., Cannon C., Barbour R., et al. Peripherally administered antibodies against amyloid beta-peptide enter the central nervous system and reduce pathology in a mouse model of Alzheimer disease. Nat Med 6 8 (2000) 916-919
113. Solomon B., Koppel R., Frankel D., et al. Disaggregation of Alzheimer beta-amyloid by site-directed mAb. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 94 8 (1997) 4109-4112
114. DeMattos R.B., Bales K.R., Cummins D.J., et al. Peripheral anti-A beta antibody alters CNS and plasma A beta clearance and decreases brain A beta burden in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98 15 (2001) 8850-8855
115. Gilman S., Koller M., Black R.S., et al. Clinical effects of Abeta immunization (AN1792) in patients with AD in an interrupted trial. Neurology 64 9 (2005) 1553-1562
116. Orgogozo J.M., Gilman S., Dartigues J.F., et al. Subacute meningoencephalitis in a subset of patients with AD after Abeta42 immunization. Neurology 61 1 (2003) 46-54
117. Nicoll J.A., Wilkinson D., Holmes C., et al. Neuropathology of human Alzheimer disease after immunization with amyloid-beta peptide: a case report. Nat Med 9 4 (2003) 448-452
118. Holmes C., Boche D., Wilkinson D., et al. Long-term effects of Abeta42 immunisation in Alzheimer's disease: follow-up of a randomised, placebo-controlled phase I trial. Lancet 372 9634 (2008) 216-223
119. Sampson J.H., Archer G.E., Mitchell D.A., et al. Tumor-specific immunotherapy targeting the EGFRvIII mutation in patients with malignant glioma. Semin Immunol 20 5 (2008) 267-275
120. Westphal M., Hilt D.C., Bortey E., et al. A phase 3 trial of local chemotherapy with biodegradable carmustine (BCNU) wafers (Gliadel wafers) in patients with primary malignant glioma. Neuro Oncol 5 2 (2003) 79-88
121. Heimberger A.B., Crotty L.E., Archer G.E., et al. Epidermal growth factor receptor VIII peptide vaccination is efficacious against established intracerebral tumors. Clin Cancer Res 9 11 (2003) 4247-4254
122. Heimberger A., Hussain S.F., Aldape K., et al. Tumor-specific peptide vaccination in newly-diagnosed patients with GBM. 2006 ASCO Annual Meeting Proceedings Part I. J Clin Oncol 24 18S Suppl (2006) 2529
123. Schmittling R.J., Archer G.E., Mitchell D.A., et al. Detection of humoral response in patients with glioblastoma receiving EGFRvIII-KLH vaccines. J Immunol Methods 339 1 (2008) 74-81
124. Sampson J.H., Archer G.E., Bigner D.D., et al. Effect of EGFRvIII-targeted vaccine (CDX-110) on immune response and TTP when given with simultaneous standard and continuous temozolomide in patients with GBM. [abstract]. J Clin Oncol 26 Suppl (2008) 2011