Limbic encephalitis and variants: Classification, diagnosis and treatment

Neurologist

Volumn 13, Issue 5, 2007, Pages 261-271

  Tüzün, Erdem ^a   Dalmau, Josep ^a,b  

^a HOSPITAL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Antibodies; Limbic encephalitis; Nonparaneoplastic; Paraneoplastic

Indexed keywords

CORTICOSTEROID; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; IMMUNOGLOBULIN; RITUXIMAB;

AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM; MEMORY DISORDER; MENTAL DISEASE; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PARANEOPLASTIC NEUROPATHY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SEIZURE;

AUTOANTIBODIES; AUTOANTIGENS; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES; CELL MEMBRANE; HUMANS; LIMBIC ENCEPHALITIS;

EID: 34548555697     PISSN: 10747931     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/NRL.0b013e31813e34a5     Document Type: Review

References (71)

1. Brierley JB, Corsellis JAN, Hierons R, et al. Subacute encephalitis of later adult life. Mainly affecting the limbic areas. Brain. 1960;83:357-368.
2. Corsellis JA, Goldberg GJ, Norton AR. "Limbic encephalitis" and its association with carcinoma. Brain. 1968;91:481-496.
3. Bakheit AM, Kennedy PG, Behan PO. Paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis: clinico-pathological correlations. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1990;53:1084-1088.
4. Gultekin SH, Rosenfeld MR, Voltz R, et al. Paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis: neurological symptoms, immunological findings and tumour association in 50 patients. Brain. 2000;123:1481-1494.
5. Graus F, Saiz A. Limbic encephalitis: a probably under-recognized syndrome. Neurologia. 2005;20:24-30.
6. Alamowitch S, Graus F, Uchuya M, et al. Limbic encephalitis and small cell lung cancer. Clinical and immunological features. Brain. 1997;120:923-928.
7. Voltz R, Gultekin SH, Rosenfeld MR, et al. A serologic marker of paraneoplastic limbic and brain-stem encephalitis in patients with testicular cancer. N Engl J Med. 1999;340:1788-1795.
8. Bien CG, Schulze-Bonhage A, Deckert M, et al. Limbic encephalitis not associated with neoplasm as a cause of temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurology. 2000;55:1823-1828.
9. Buckley C, Oger J, Clover L, et al. Potassium channel antibodies in two patients with reversible limbic encephalitis. Ann Neurol. 2001;50:73-78.
10. Vitaliani R, Mason W, Ances B, et al. Paraneoplastic encephalitis, psychiatric symptoms, and hypoventilation in ovarian teratoma. Ann Neurol. 2005;58:594-604.
11. Bataller L, Kleopa KA, Wu GF, et al. Autoimmune limbic encephalitis in 39 patients: immunophenotypes and outcomes. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2007;78:381-385.
12. Ances BM, Vitaliani R, Taylor RA, et al. Treatment-responsive limbic encephalitis identified by neuropil antibodies: MRI and PET correlates. Brain. 2005;128:1764-1777.
13. Dalmau J, Tuzun E, Wu HY, et al. Paraneoplastic anti-N-methyl- D-aspartate receptor encephalitis associated with ovarian teratoma. Ann Neurol. 2007;61:25-36.
14. Dalmau J, Bataller L. Clinical and immunological diversity of limbic encephalitis: a model for paraneoplastic neurologic disorders. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 2006;20:1319 -1335.
15. Henson RA, Hoffman HL, Urich H. Encephalomyelitis with carcinoma. Brain. 1965;88:449-464.
16. Dalmau J, Graus F, Rosenblum MK, et al. Anti-Hu-associated paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis/sensory neuronopathy. A clinical study of 71 patients. Medicine (Baltimore). 1992;71:59 -72.
17. Lawn ND, Westmoreland BF, Kiely MJ, et al. Clinical, magnetic resonance imaging, and electroencephalographic findings in paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis. Mayo Clin Proc. 2003;78:1363-1368.
18. Graus F, Delattre JY, Antoine JC, et al. Recommended diagnostic criteria for paraneoplastic neurological syndromes. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2004;75:1135-1140.
19. Koide R, Shimizu T, Koike K, et al. EFA6A-like antibodies in paraneoplastic encephalitis associated with immature ovarian teratoma: a case report. J Neurooncol. 2007;81:71-74.
20. Vincent A, Buckley C, Schott JM, et al. Potassium channel antibody-associated encephalopathy: a potentially immunotherapy-responsive form of limbic encephalitis. Brain. 2004;127:701-712.
21. Thieben MJ, Lennon VA, Boeve BF, et al. Potentially reversible autoimmune limbic encephalitis with neuronal potassium channel antibody. Neurology. 2004;62:1177-1182.
22. Kassubek J, Juengling FD, Nitzsche EU, et al. Limbic encephalitis investigated by 18FDG-PET and 3D MRI. J Neuroimaging. 2001;11:55-59.
23. Fadul CE, Stommel EW, Dragnev KH, et al. Focal paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis presenting as orgasmic epilepsy. J Neurooncol. 2005;72:195-198.
24. Whitley RJ. Herpes simplex encephalitis: adolescents and adults. Antiviral Res. 2006;71:141-148.
25. Zerr DM. Human herpesvirus 6: a clinical update. Herpes. 2006;13:20-24.
26. Wainwright MS, Martin PL, Morse RP, et al. Human herpesvirus 6 limbic encephalitis after stem cell transplantation. Ann Neurol. 2001;50:612-619.
27. Bruns A, Meyer O. Neuropsychiatric manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus. Joint Bone Spine. 2006;73:639-645.
28. Stubgen JP. Nervous system lupus mimics limbic encephalitis. Lupus. 1998;7:557-560.
29. Chong JY, Rowland LP, Utiger RD. Hashimoto encephalopathy: syndrome or myth? Arch Neurol. 2003;60:164-171.
30. McCabe DJ, Burke T, Connolly S, et al. Amnesic syndrome with bilateral mesial temporal lobe involvement in Hashimoto's encephalopathy. Neurology. 2000;54:737-739.
31. Delalande S, de Seze J, Fauchais AL, et al. Neurologic manifestations in primary Sjogren syndrome: a study of 82 patients. Medicine (Baltimore). 2004;83:280 -291.
32. Cervera R, Abarca-Costalago M, Abramovicz D, et al. Systemic lupus erythematosus in Europe at the change of the millennium: lessons from the "Euro-Lupus Project." Autoimmun Rev. 2006;5:180-186.
33. Lampropoulos CE, Koutroumanidis M, Reynolds PP, et al. Electroencephalography in the assessment of neuropsychiatric manifestations in antiphospholipid syndrome and systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 2005;52:841-846.
34. Schwab P, Lidov HG, Schwartz RB, et al. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy associated with primary angiitis of the central nervous system: report of 2 cases and review of the literature. Arthritis Rheum. 2003;49:421-427.
35. Tyler KL. Update on herpes simplex encephalitis. Rev Neurol Dis. 2004;1:169-178.
36. Samarasekera SR, Vincent A, Welch JL, et al. Course and outcome of acute limbic encephalitis with negative voltage-gated potassium channel antibodies. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2007;78:391-394.
37. Ohta Y, Nagano I, Niiya D, et al. Nonparaneoplastic limbic encephalitis with relapsing polychondritis. J Neurol Sci. 2004;220:85-88.
38. Dalmau J, Graus F, Villarejo A, et al. Clinical analysis of anti-Ma2-associated encephalitis. Brain. 2004;127:1831-1844.
39. Yu Z, Kryzer TJ, Griesmann GE, et al. CRMP-5 neuronal autoantibody: marker of lung cancer and thymoma-related autoimmunity. Ann Neurol. 2001;49:146-154.
40. Honnorat J, Antoine JC, Derrington E, et al. Antibodies to a subpopulation of glial cells and a 66 kDa developmental protein in patients with paraneoplastic neurological syndromes. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1996;61:270-278.
41. Dorresteijn LD, Kappelle AC, Renier WO, et al. Anti-amphiphysin associated limbic encephalitis: a paraneoplastic presentation of small-cell lung carcinoma. J Neurol. 2002;249:1307-1308.
42. Dropcho EJ. Antiamphiphysin antibodies with small-cell lung carcinoma and paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis. Ann Neurol. 1996;39:659-667.
43. Graus F, Keime-Guibert F, Rene R, et al. Anti-Hu-associated paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis: analysis of 200 patients. Brain. 2001;124:1138-1148.
44. Pozo-Rosich P, Clover L, Saiz A, et al. Voltage-gated potassium channel antibodies in limbic encephalitis. Ann Neurol. 2003;54:530-533.
45. Rosenfeld MR, Eichen JG, Wade DF, et al. Molecular and clinical diversity in paraneoplastic immunity to Ma proteins. Ann Neurol. 2001;50:339-348.
46. Matsumoto L, Yamamoto T, Higashihara M, et al. Severe hypokinesis caused by paraneoplastic anti-Ma2 encephalitis associated with bilateral intratubular germ-cell neoplasm of the testes. Mov Disord. 2007;22:728-731.
47. Castle J, Sakonju A, Dalmau J, et al. Anti-Ma2-associated encephalitis with normal FDG-PET: a case of pseudo-Whipple's disease. Nat Clin Pract Neurol. 2006;2:566-572.
48. Mathew RM, Vandenberghe R, Garcia-Merino A, et al. Orchiectomy for suspected microscopic tumor in patients with anti-Ma2-associated encephalitis. Neurology. 2007;68:900-905.
49. Antoine JC, Honnorat J, Camdessanche JP, et al. Paraneoplastic anti-CV2 antibodies react with peripheral nerve and are associated with a mixed axonal and demyelinating peripheral neuropathy. Ann Neurol. 2001;49:214-221.
50. Antoine JC, Honnorat J, Vocanson C, et al. Posterior uveitis, paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis and auto-antibodies reacting with developmental protein of brain and retina. J Neurol Sci. 1993;117:215-223.
51. Vernino S, Tuite P, Adler CH, et al. Paraneoplastic chorea associated with CRMP-5 neuronal antibody and lung carcinoma. Ann Neurol. 2002;51:625-630.
52. Muehlschlegel S, Okun MS, Foote KD, et al. Paraneoplastic chorea with leukoencephalopathy presenting with obsessive-compulsive and behavioral disorder. Mov Disord. 2005;20:1523-1527.
53. Harloff A, Hummel S, Kleinschmidt M, et al. Anti-Ri antibodies and limbic encephalitis in a patient with carcinoid tumour of the lung. J Neurol. 2005;252:1404-1405.
54. Fujii N, Furuta A, Yamaguchi H, et al. Limbic encephalitis associated with recurrent thymoma: a postmortem study. Neurology. 2001;57:344-347.
55. D'Avino C, Lucchi M, Ceravolo R, et al. Limbic encephalitis associated with thymic cancer: a case report. J Neurol. 2001;248:1000-1002.
56. Tuzun E, Rossi JE, Karner SF, et al. Adenylate kinase 5 autoimmunity in treatment refractory limbic encephalitis. J Neuroimmunol. 2007, doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2007.03.015.
57. Liguori R, Vincent A, Clover L, et al. Morvan's syndrome: peripheral and central nervous system and cardiac involvement with antibodies to voltage-gated potassium channels. Brain. 2001;124:2417-2426.
58. Iranzo A, Graus F, Clover L, et al. Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder and potassium channel antibody-associated limbic encephalitis. Ann Neurol. 2006;59:178 -181.
59. Sansing LH, Tüzün E, Ko MW, et al. A patient with encephalitis associated with NMDA receptor antibodies. Nat Clin Pract Neurol. 2007;3:291-296.
60. Shimazaki H, Ando Y, Nakano I, et al. Reversible limbic encephalitis with antibodies against the membranes of neurones of the hippocampus. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2007;78:324-325.
61. Iizuka T, Sakai F, Ide T, et al. Anti-NMDAR encephalitis in Japan: long-term outcome without tumor removal. Neurology. In press.
62. Novillo-Lopez ME, Rossi JE, Dalmau J, et al. Treatment-responsive subacute limbic encephalitis and NMDA receptor antibodies in a man. Neurology. In press.
63. Keime-Guibert F, Graus F, Broet P, et al. Clinical outcome of patients with anti-Hu-associated encephalomyelitis after treatment of the tumor. Neurology. 1999;53:1719-1723.
64. Rojas-Marcos I, Graus F, Sanz G, et al. Hypersomnia as presenting symptom of anti-Ma2-associated encephalitis: case study. Neuro-oncol. 2007;9:75-77.
65. Vernino S, O'Neill BP, Marks RS, et al. Immunomodulatory treatment trial for paraneoplastic neurological disorders. Neuro-oncol. 2004;6:55-62.
66. Shams'ili S, de Beukelaar J, Gratama JW, et al. An uncontrolled trial of rituximab for antibody associated paraneoplastic neurological syndromes. J Neurol. 2006;253:16 -20.
67. Bernal F, Graus F, Pifarre A, et al. Immunohistochemical analysis of anti-Hu-associated paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis. Acta Neuropathol (Berl). 2002;103:509-515.
68. Jean WC, Dalmau J, Ho A, et al. Analysis of the IgG subclass distribution and inflammatory infiltrates in patients with anti-Hu-associated paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis. Neurology. 1994;44:140-147.
69. Kumakura A, Miyajima T, Fujii T, et al. A patient with epilepsia partialis continua with anti-glutamate receptor epsilon 2 antibodies. Pediatr Neurol. 2003;29:160-163.
70. Takahashi Y, Mori H, Mishina M, et al. Autoantibodies and cell-mediated autoimmunity to NMDA-type GluRepsilon2 in patients with Rasmussen's encephalitis and chronic progressive epilepsia partialis continua. Epilepsia. 2005;46(Suppl 5):152-158.
71. Huerta PT, Kowal C, DeGiorgio LA, et al. Immunity and behavior: antibodies alter emotion. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2006;103:678-683.