Parental beliefs about young children's socialization across US ethnic groups: Coexistence of independence and interdependence

Early Child Development and Care

Volumn 178, Issue 5, 2008, Pages 467-486

  Suizzo, Marie Anne ^a   Chen, Wan Chen ^b   Cheng, Chi Chia ^c   Liang, Angel S ^a   Contreras, Helen ^a   Zanger, Dinorah ^a   Robinson, Courtney ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN   (United States)

^b NATIONAL CHENGCHI UNIVERSITY   (Taiwan)

^c FU JEN CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY   (Taiwan)

Author keywords

Cultural differences; Early childhood; Individualism collectivism; Parent child relationship; Parental attitudes; Socialization

Indexed keywords

EID: 70450231031     PISSN: 03004430     EISSN: 14768275     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/03004430600823917     Document Type: Article

References (85)

1. Abe-Kim, J., Okazaki, S. & Goto, S. G. (2001) Unidimensional versus multidimensional approaches to the assessment of acculturation for Asian American populations, Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 7(3), 232-246.
2. Arcia, E. & Johnson, A. (1998) When respect means to obey: immigrant Mexican mothers' values of their children, Journal of Child and Family Studies, 7(1), 79-95.
3. Affifi, A. & Clark, V. (1990) Computer-aided multivariate analysis (New York, Reinhold).
4. Azmitia, M., Cooper, C. R., Garcia, E. E. & Dunbar, N. D. (1996) The ecology of family guidance in low-income Mexican-American and European-American families, Social Development, 5(1), 1-23.
5. Berry, J. W. (1976) Human ecology and cognitive style: comparative studies in cultural and psychological adaptation (New York, Sage).
6. Bornstein, M. H. (1995) Form and function: implications for studies of culture and human development, Culture and Psychology, 1, 123-137.
7. Bornstein, M. H. & Bradley, R. H. (2003) Socioeconomic status, parenting, and child development: monographs in parenting (Mahwah, NJ, Erlbaum).
8. Bornstein, M. H. & Cote, L. R. (2004) Mothers' parenting cognitions in cultures of origin, acculturating cultures, and cultures of destination, Child Development, 75(1), 221-235.
9. Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979) The ecology of human development: experiments by nature and design (Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press).
10. Buriel, J. R. (1993) Childrearing orientations in Mexican American families: the influence of generation and sociocultural factors, Journal of Marriage and the Family, 55(4), 987-1000.
11. Catell, R. B. (1966) The scree test for the number of factors, Multivariate Behavioral Research, 1, 141-161.
12. Chao, R. K. (1994) Beyond parental control and authoritarian parenting style: understanding Chinese parenting through the cultural notion of training, Child Development, 65(4), 1111-1119.
13. Chiu, L.-H. (1987) Child-rearing attitudes of Chinese, Chinese-American, and Anglo-American mothers, International Journal of Psychology, 22(4), 409-419.
14. D'Andrade, R. (1987) A folk model of the mind, in: D. Holland & N. Quinn (Eds) Cultural models in language and thought (New York, Cambridge University Press), 113-148.
15. Delgado, B. M. & Ford, L. (1998) Parental perceptions of child development among low-income Mexican American families, Journal of Child & Family Studies, 7(4), 469-481.
16. Delgado-Gaitan, C. (1987) Traditions and transitions in the learning process of Mexican children: an ethnographic view, in: G. Spindler & L. Spindler (Eds) Interpretive ethnography of education at home and abroad (Hillsdale, NJ, Erlbaum), 333-362.
17. Easterbrooks, M. A. & Goldberg, W. A. (1984) Toddler development in the family: impact of father involvement and parenting characteristics, Child Development, 55(3), 740-752.
18. Gallimore, R. & Goldenberg, C. (2001) Analyzing cultural models and settings to connect minority achievement and school improvement research, Educational Psychologist, 36(1), 45-56.
19. Garcia Coll, C., Lamberty, G., Jenkins, R., McAdoo, H. P., Crnic, K., Wasik, B. H. & Garcia, H. V. (1996) An integrative model for the study of developmental competencies in minority children, Child Development, 67(5), 1891-1914.
20. Garcia Coll, C. & Pachter, L. M. (2002) Ethnic and minority parenting, in: M. H. Bornstein (Ed.) Handbook of parenting (vol. 4) (Mahwah, NJ, Erlbaum), 1-20.
21. Greenfield, P. M. (1994) Independence and interdependence as developmental scripts: implications for theory, research, and practice, in: P. M. Greenfield & R. R. Cocking (Eds) Cross-cultural roots of minority child development (Hillsdale, NJ, Erlbaum), 1-37.
22. Greenfield, P. M. & Cocking, R. R. (1994) Cross-cultural roots of minority child development (Hillsdale, NJ, Erlbaum).
23. Greenfield, P. M., Keller, H., Fuligni, A. & Maynard, A. (2003) Cultural pathways through universal development, Annual Review of Psychology, 54, 461-490.
24. Harkness, S. & Super, C. M. (1996) Parents' cultural belief systems: their origins, expressions, and consequences (New York, Guilford).
25. Harkness, S., Super, C. M. & Keefer, C. H. (1992) Learning to be an American parent: how cultural models gain directive force, in: R. D'Andrade & C. Strauss (Eds) Human motives and cultural models (New York, Cambridge University Press), 163-178.
26. Harkness, S., Super, C. M. & van Tijen, N. (2000) Individualism and the 'western mind' reconsidered: American and Dutch parents' ethnotheories of the child, in: W. Damon (Series Ed.) & S. Harkness, C. Raeff & C. M. Super (Vol. Eds) New directions for child and adolescent development (Vol. 87) Variability in the social construction of the child (San Francisco, CA, Jossey-Bass), 23-39.
27. Harrison, A. O., Wilson, M. N., Pine, C. J., Chan, S. Q. & Buriel, R. (1990) Family ecologies of ethnic minority children, Child Development, 61(2), 347-362.
28. Harwood, R., Leyendecker, B., Carlson, V., Asencio, M. & Miller, A. (2002) Parenting among Latino families in the U.S., in: M. H. Bornstein (Ed.) Handbook of parenting (Vol. 4) Social conditions and applied parenting (Mahwah, NJ, Erlbaum), 21-46.
29. Harwood, R. L., Handwerker, W. P., Schoelmerich, A. & Leyendecker, B. (2001) Ethnic category labels, parental beliefs, and the contextualized individual: an exploration of the individualism- sociocentrism debate, Parenting: Science and Practice, 1(3), 217-236.
30. Hill, N. E. (2001) Parenting and academic socialization as they relate to school readiness: the roles of ethnicity and family income, Journal of Educational Psychology, 93(4), 686-697.
31. Holland, D. & Quinn, N. (1987) Cultural models in language and thought (New York, Cambridge University Press).
32. Hughes, D. (2003) Correlates of African American and Latino parents' messages to children about ethnicity and race: a comparative study of racial socialization, American Journal of Community Psychology, 31(1/2), 15-33.
33. Jae, K. S. & Chung, M. J. (1993) Development of a preparenthood education model for Korean adolescents, Early Child Development and Care, 85, 109-119.
34. Kagitçibasi, Ç. (1994) A critical appraisal of individualism and collectivism: toward a new formulation, in: W. J. Lonner & J. W. Berry (Series Eds) & U. Kim, H. C. Triandis, C. Kagitçibasi, S.-C. Choi & G. Yoon (Vol. Eds) Cross-cultural research and methodology series (Vol. 18) Individualism and collectivism: theory, method, and applications (Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage), 52-65.
35. Kagitçibasi, Ç. (1996a) The autonomous-relational self: a new synthesis, European Psychologist, 1(3), 180-186.
36. Kagitçibasi, Ç. (1996b) Family and human development across cultures: a view from the other side (Mahwah, NJ, Erlbaum).
37. Kaiser, H. F. (1960) The application of electronic computers to factor analysis, Educational and Psychological Measurement, 20, 141-151.
38. Kennedy, J. H. (1992) Relationship of maternal beliefs and childrearing strategies to social competence in preschool children, Child Study Journal, 22(1), 39-60.
39. Killen, M. & Wainryb, C. (2000) Independence and interdependence in diverse cultural contexts, in: W. Damon (Series Ed.) & S. Harkness, C. Raeff & C. M. Super (Vol. Eds) New directions for child and adolescent development, No. 87.Variability in the social construction of the child (San Francisco, CA, Jossey-Bass), 5-21.
40. Kim, K. & Rohner, R. P. (2002) Parental warmth, control, and involvement in schooling: predicting academic achievement among Korean American adolescents, Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 33(2), 127-140.
41. Kwak, K. (2003) Adolescents and their parents: a review of intergenerational family relations for immigrant and non-immigrant families, Human Development, 46(2/3), 115-136.
42. Lawton, J., Coleman, M., Boger, R., Pease, D., Galejs, I., Poresky, R. & Looney, E. (1983) A Qsort assessment of parents' beliefs about parenting in six midwestern states, Infant Mental Health Journal, 4(4), 344-351.
43. Levine, E. S. & Bartz, K. W. (1979) Comparative child-rearing attitudes among Chicano, Anglo, and Black parents, Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Science, 1(2), 165-178.
44. LeVine, R. (1988) Human parental care: universal goals, cultural strategies, individual behavior, in: R. A. LeVine, P. M. Miller & M. M. West (Eds) Parental behavior in diverse societies (San Francisco, CA, Jossey-Bass), 5-12.
45. LeVine, R. A., Dixon, S., LeVine, S., Richman, A., Leiderman, P. H., Keefer, C. & Brazelton, B. (1994) Childcare and culture: lessons from Africa (New York, Cambridge University Press).
46. Le Vine, R. A., LeVine, S. E. & Schnell, B. (2001) 'Improve the women': mass schooling, female literacy, and worldwide social change, Harvard Educational Review, 71(1), 1-50.
47. Lin, C. & Fu, V. R. (1990) A comparison of childrearing practices among Chinese, immigrant Chinese, and Caucasian-American parents, Child Development, 60(2), 429-433.
48. Markus, H. & Kitayama, S. (1991) Culture and the self: implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation, Psychological Review, 98(2), 224-253.
49. Mascolo, M. F. & Li, J. (2004) Editors' notes, in: M. F. Mascolo & J. Li (Eds) Culture and developing selves: beyond dichotomization (San Francisco, CA, Jossey-Bass), 1-7.
50. McAdoo, H. P. (2002) African American parenting, in: M. H. Bornstein (Ed.) Handbook of parenting (Vol. 4) Social conditions and applied parenting (Mahwah, NJ, Erlbaum), 47-58.
51. McLoyd, V. C. (1999) Cultural influences in a multicultural society: conceptual and methodological issues, in: A. S. Masten (Ed.) Cultural processes in child development (Vol. 29) The Minnesota symposia on child psychology (Mahwah, NJ, Erlbaum).
52. Meece, J. L. & Kurtz-Costes, B. (2001) Introduction: the schooling of ethnic minority children and youth, Educational Psychologist, 36(1), 1-7.
53. Ogbu, J. U. (1982) Cultural discontinuity and schooling, Anthropology and Education Quarterly, 13(4), 290-307.
54. Okagaki, L. & Frensch, P. A. (1998) Parenting and children's school achievement: a multiethnic perspective, American Educational Research Journal, 35(1), 123-144.
55. Oyserman, D., Coon, H. M. & Kemmelmeier, M. (2002) Rethinking individualism and collectivism: evaluation of theoretical assumptions and meta-analysis, Psychological Bulletin, 128(1), 372.
56. Oyserman, D. & Harrison, K. (1998) Implications of cultural context: African American identity and possible selves, in: J. K. Swim & C. Stangor (Eds) Prejudice: the target's perspective (San Diego, CA, Academic Press), 281-300.
57. Parke, R. D. & Buriel, R. (1997) Socialization in the family: ethnic and ecological perspectives, in: W. Damon (Series Ed.) & N. Eisenberg (Vol. Ed.) Handbook of child psychology (Vol. 3) (New York, Wiley), 463-552.
58. Peters, M. S. (2002) Racial socialization of young black children, in: H. P. McAdoo (Ed.) Black children: social, educational, and parental environments (Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage), 57-72.
59. Phinney, J. S., Kim-Jo, T., Osorio, S. & Vilhjalmsdottir, P. (2005) Autonomy and relatedness in adolescent-parent disagreements: ethnic and developmental factors, Journal of Adolescent Research, 20(1), 8-39.
60. Raeff, C., Greenfield, P. M. & Quiroz, B. (2000) Conceptualizing interpersonal relationships in the cultural contexts of individualism and collectivism, in: W. Damon (Series Ed.) & S. Harkness, C. Raeff & C. M. Super (Vol. Eds) New directions for child and adolescent development (Vol. 87) Variability in the social construction of the child (San Francisco, CA, Jossey-Bass), 59-74.
61. Reese, L., Balzano, S., Gallimore, R. & Goldenberg, C. (1995) The concept of educación: Latino family values and American schooling, International Journal of Educational Research, 23, 57-81.
62. Richman, A., Miller, P. & Solomon, M. (1988) The socialization of infants in suburban Boston, in: R. A. LeVine, P. Miller & M. West (Eds) Parental behavior in diverse societies (San Francisco, CA, Jossey-Bass), 55-74.
63. Rodriguez, N., Ramirez, M. & Korman, M. (1999) The transmission of family values across generations of Mexican, Mexican American, and Anglo American families: implications for mental health, in: R. H. Sheets & E. R. Hollins (Eds) Racial and ethnic identity in school practices: aspects of human development (Mahwah, NJ, Erlbaum), 141-155.
64. Rogoff, B. (2003) The cultural nature of human development (New York, Oxford University Press).
65. Romero, A. J., Cuéllar, I. & Roberts, R. E. (2000) Ethnocultural variables and attitudes toward cultural socialization of children, Journal of Community Psychology, 28(2), 79-89.
66. Rovine, M. J. & Delaney, M. (1990) Missing data estimation in developmental research, in: A. von Eye (Ed.) Statistical methods in longitudinal research: principles and structuring change (San Diego, CA, Academic Press), 35-79.
67. Stevens, J. (1996) Applied multivariate statistics for the social sciences (Mahwah, NJ, Erlbaum).
68. Stipek, D. (2002) At what age should children enter kindergarten? A question for policy makers and parents, Social Policy Report, 16(2), 3-16.
69. Suizzo, M.-A. (2004) French and American mothers' childrearing beliefs: stimulating, responding and long-term goals, Journal of Cross-cultural Psychology, 35(5), 606-626.
70. Taylor, R. (1997) The effects of economic and social stressors on parenting and adolescent adjustment in African American families, in: R. Taylor & M. C. Wang (Eds) Social and emotional adjustment and family relations in ethnic minority families (Mahwah, NJ, Erlbaum), 35-52.
71. Tharp, R. G. (1989) Psychocultural variables and constants: effects on teaching and learning in schools, American Psychologist, 44(2), 349-359.
72. Thomas, A. J. (2000) Impact of racial identity on African-American child-rearing beliefs, Journal of Black Psychology, 26(3), 317-329.
73. Tinsley, H. E. A. & Tinsley, D. J. (1987) Uses of factor analysis in counseling psychology research, Journal of Counseling Psychology, 34(4), 414-424.
74. Triandis, H. C. (2001) Individualism and collectivism: past, present, and future, in: D. Matsumoto (Ed.) The handbook of culture and psychology (Oxford, Oxford University Press), 35-50.
75. Triandis, H. C., Bontempo, R., Villareal, M. J., Asai, M. & Lucca, N. (1988) Individualism and collectivism: cross-cultural perspectives on self-ingroup relationships, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(2), 323-338.
76. Tu, W.-M. (1985) Confucian thought: selfhood as creative transformation (New York, State University of New York, Albany).
77. Turner, L. A. & Johnson, B. (2003) A model of mastery motivation for at-risk preschoolers, Journal of Educational Psychology, 95(3), 495-205.
78. Uba, L. (1994) Asian Americans: personality patterns, identity, and mental health (New York, Guilford).
79. Wang, Q. & Hsueh, Y. (2000) Parent-child interdependence in Chinese families: change and continuity, in: C. Violato, E. Oddone-Paolucci & M. Genuis (Eds) The changing family and child development (Aldershot, Ashgate), 60-69.
80. Weisner, T. S. (2002) Ecocultural understanding of children's developmental pathways, Human Development, 45(4), 275-281.
81. Whiting, B. B. & Whiting, J. W. M. (1975) Children of six cultures: a psycho-cultural analysis (Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press).
82. Wink, P., Gao, B., Jones, S. & Chao, F. (1997) Social values and relationships with parents among American college women of Chinese and European descent, International Journal of Psychology, 32(3), 169-179.
83. Wong C. A. & Rowley, S. J. (2001) The schooling of ethnic minority children: commentary, Educational Psychologist, 36(1), 57-66.
84. Wu, S.-J. (2001) Parenting in Chinese American families, in: N. Boyd (Ed.) Culturally diverse parent-child and family relationships: a guide for social workers and other practitioners (New York, Columbia University Press), 235-260.
85. Yi, S. H. (1993) Transformation of child socialization in Korean culture, Early Child Development and Care, 85, 17-24.