Cultural Pathways through Universal Development

Annual Review of Psychology

Volumn 54, Issue , 2003, Pages 461-490

  Greenfield, Patricia M ^a   Keller, Heidi ^a,b   Fuligni, Andrew ^a   Maynard, Ashley ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF OSNABRÜCK   (Germany)

^c UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII   (United States)

Author keywords

Collectivism; Culture; Development; Independence; Individualism; Interdependence; Socialization

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ANIMAL; CHILD; COMPARATIVE STUDY; CULTURAL FACTOR; DEPENDENT PERSONALITY DISORDER; EGO DEVELOPMENT; EVOLUTION; HUMAN; HUMAN DEVELOPMENT; HUMAN RELATION; INDIVIDUALIZATION; INFANT; PERSONAL CONSTRUCT THEORY; PRESCHOOL CHILD; REVIEW; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR; SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY; SOCIALIZATION;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ANIMALS; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISON; DEPENDENCY (PSYCHOLOGY); EVOLUTION; HUMAN DEVELOPMENT; HUMANS; INDIVIDUATION; INFANT; INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS; PERSONAL CONSTRUCT THEORY; PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT; SOCIAL IDENTIFICATION; SOCIAL VALUES; SOCIALIZATION;

EID: 0242331388     PISSN: 00664308     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.psych.54.101601.145221     Document Type: Review

References (199)

1. Ainsworth MDS. 1967. Infancy in Uganda: Infant Care and the Growth of Love. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins Press
2. Ainsworth MDS, Blehar MC, Waters E, Wall S. 1978. Patterns of Attachment: A Psychological Study of the Strange Situation. Potomac, MD: Erlbaum
3. Avis J, Harris PL. 1991. Belief-desire reasoning among Baka children: evidence for a universal conception of mind. Child Dev. 62:460-67
4. Berman J, ed. 1990. Cross-Cultural Perspectives: The Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, 1989. Lincoln: Univ. of Nebraska Press
5. Berry JW. 1976. Human Ecology and Cognitive Style: Comparative Studies in Cultural and Psychological Adaptation. New York: Sage
6. Berry JW. 1994. Ecology of individualism and collectivism. See Kim et al. 1994, pp. 77-84
7. Berry JW, Poortinga YH, Pandey J, eds. 1997. Handbook of Cross-Cultural Psychology. Vol. 1: Theory and Method. Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon
8. Bloom L, Lightbrown P, Hood L. 1975. Structure and variation in child language. Monogr. Soc. Res. Child Dev. 40:-97
9. Boesch C. 1991. Teaching among wild chimpanzees. Anim. Behav. 41(3):530-32
10. Bond MH, Smith PB. 1996. Cross-cultural social and organizational psychology. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 47:205-35
11. Bowlby J. 1969. Attachment and Loss. Vol. 1: Attachment. New York: Basic Books
12. Brazelton TB, Robey JS, Collier G. 1969. Infant development in the Zinacanteco Indians of Southern Mexico. Pediatrics 44:274-83
13. Chan DK-S. 1994. COLINDEX: A refinement of three collectivism measures. See Kim et al. 1994, pp. 200-10
14. Chao RK. 1994. Beyond parental control and authoritarian parenting style: Understanding Chinese parenting through the cultural notion of training. Child Dev. 65(4):1111-19
15. Chavajay P, Rogoff B. 2002. Schooling and traditional collaborative social organization of problem solving by Mayan mothers and children. Dev. Psychol. 38(1):55-66
16. Chilman CS. 1993. Hispanic families in the United States: research perspective. In Family Ethnicity: Strength in Diversity, ed. HP McAdoo, pp. 141-63. Newbury Park, CA: Sage
17. Choi S, Bowerman M. 1991. Learning to express motion events in English and Korean: the influence of language-specific lexicalization patterns. Cognition 41:83-121
18. Cole M. 1996. Cultural Psychology: A Once and Future Discipline. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press
19. Cooper CR, Denner J. 1998. Theories linking culture and psychology: universal and community-specific processes. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 49:559-84
20. D'Andrade R. 2002. The Three Lives of Values. Colloq., Dep. Anthropol., Univ. Calif., Los Angeles
21. D'Andrade R. 1994. Introduction: John Whiting and anthropology. In Culture and Human Development: The Selected Papers of John Whiting, ed. EH Chasdi, pp. 1-13. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press
22. Dasen PR. 1984. The cross-cultural study of intelligence: Piaget and the Baoulé. Int. J. Psychol. 19:407-34
23. Dasen PR, de Ribeaupierre A. 1987. Neo-Piagetian theories: cross-cultural and differential perspectives. Int. J. Psychol. 22:793-832
24. Dasen PR, Mishra R, Niraula S. 2000. Ecology, language, and performance on spatial cognitive tasks. Presented at Congr. Int. Assoc. Cross-Cult. Psychol., 15th, Pulsk, Poland
25. di Pellegrino G, Fadiga L, Fogassi L, Gallese V, Rizzolatti G. 1992. Understanding motor events: a neurophysiological study. Exp. Brain Res. 91:176-80
26. Dornbusch S, Ritter P, Leiderman H, Roberts D, Fraleigh M. 1985. The relation of parenting style to adolescent school performance. Child Dev. 58 (5):1244-57
27. Duranti A. 1988. Intentions, language and social action in a Samoan context. J. Pragmat. 12:13-33
28. Duranti A. 1993. Intentions, self, and responsibility: an essay in Samoan ethnopragmatics. In Responsibility and Evidence in Oral Discourse, ed. JH Hill, JT Irvine, pp. 24-47. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press
29. Elder GH. 1974. Children of the Great Depression: Social Change in Life Experience. Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press
30. Elder GH, Conger RD. 2000. Children of the Land: Adversity and Success in Rural America. Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press
31. Fadiga L, Fogassi L, Pavesi G, Rizzolatti G. 1995. Motor facilitation during action observation: a magnetic stimulation study. J. Neurophysiol. 73:2608-11
32. Favareau D. 2001. Beyond self and other: on the neurosemiotic emergence of intersubjectivity. Sign Syst. Stud. 30(1):57-100
33. Feldman SS, Quatman T. 1988. Factors influence age expectations for adolescent autonomy: a study of early adolescents and parents. J. Early Adolesc. 8(4):325-43
34. Feldman SS, Rosenthal DA. 1991. Age expectations of behavioural autonomy in Hong Kong, Australian and American youth: the influence of family variables and adolescents' values. Int. J. Psychol. 26(1): 1-23
35. Fiske AP. 2000. Complementarity theory: why human social capacity evolved to require cultural complements. Personal. Soc. Psychol. Rev. 4:76-94
36. Fiske AP. 2002. Using individualism and collectivism to compare cultures: a critique of the validity and measurement of the constructs. Psychol. Bull. 128(1):78-88
37. Fiske AP, Kitayama S, Markus H, Nisbett D. 1998. The cultural matrix of social psychology. In Handbook of Social Psychology, ed. D Gilbert, S Fiske, G Lindzey, pp. 915-81. New York: McGraw-Hill. 4th ed.
38. Flavell J. 1999. Cognitive development: children's knowledge about the mind. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 50:21-45
39. Freud A. 1969. Adolescence as a developmental disturbance. In Adolescence: Psychosocial Perspectives, ed. G Caplan, S Ledovici, pp. 5-10. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press
40. Fuligni AJ. 1998. Authority, autonomy, and parent-adolescent conflict and cohesion: a study of adolescents from Mexican, Chinese, Filipino, and European backgrounds. Dev. Psychol. 34:782-92
41. Fuligni AJ, Tseng V, Lam M. 1999. Attitudes toward family obligations among American adolescents with Asian, Latin American, and European backgrounds. Child Dev. 70:1030-44
42. Furstenberg F, Cook T, Eccles J, Elder GH, Sameroff AJ. 1999. Managing to Make It: Urban Families and Adolescent Success. Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press
43. Garcia-Coll CT, Meyer E, Brillon L. 1995. Ethnic and minority parenting. In Handbook of Parenting. Vol. 2: Biology and Ecology of Parenting, ed. MH Bornstein, pp. 189-209. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum
44. Gauvain M. 1992. Sociocultural influences on the development of spatial thinking. Child. Environ. 9:27-36
45. Gelman R, Lucariello J. 2002. Role of learning in cognitive development. In Stevens' Handbook of Experimental Psychology, vol. 3, Learning, Motivation, and Emotion. Series ed. H Pashler, volume ed. CR Gallistel, pp. 395-443. New York: Wiley. 3rd ed.
46. Gibson MA, Bhachu PK. 1991. The dynamics of educational decision making: A comparative study of Sikhs in Britain and the United States. In Minority Status and Schooling: A Comparative Study of Immigrant and Involuntary Minorities, ed. MA Gibson, JU Ogbu, pp. 63-96. New York: Garland
47. Gill R, Keats DM. 1980. Elements of intellectual competence: judgments by Australian and Malay university students. J. Cross-Cult. Psychol. 11(2):233-43
48. Goodnow JJ. 1988. Parents' ideas, actions, and feelings: models and methods from developmental and social psychology. Child Dev. 59(2):286-320
49. Greenfield PM. 1974. Cross-cultural research and Piagetian theory: paradox and progress. In The Developing Individual in a Changing World. Vol. 1: Historical and Cultural Issues, ed. KF Riegel, JA Meacham, pp. 322-33. The Hague: Mouton
50. Greenfield PM. 1980. Towards an operational and logical analysis of intentionality: the use of discourse in early child language. In The Social Foundations of Language and Thought: Essays in Honor of J. S. Bruner, ed. DR Olson, pp. 254-79. New York: Norton
51. Greenfield PM. 1997. Culture as process: empirical methods for cultural psychology. See Berry et al. 1997, pp. 301-46
52. Greenfield PM. 2000a. Culture and universals: integrating social and cognitive development. In Culture, Thought, and Development, ed. LP Nucci, GB Saxe, E Turiel, pp. 231-77. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum
53. Greenfield PM. 2000b. Three approaches to the psychology of culture: Where do they come from? Where can they go? Asian J. Soc. Psychol. 3:223-40
54. Greenfield PM. 2002. The mutual definition of culture and biology in development. See Keller 2002, pp. 57-76
55. Greenfield PM, Bruner JS. 1966. Culture and cognitive growth. Int. J. Psychol. 1:89-107
56. Greenfield PM, Cocking RR. 1994. Cross-Cultural Roots of Minority Child Development. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum
57. Greenfield PM, Lave J. 1982. Cognitive aspects of informal education. In Cultural Perspectives on Child Development, ed. D Wagner, H Stevenson, pp. 181-207. San Francisco: Freeman
58. Greenfield PM, Maynard AE, Boehm C, Yut E. 2000a. Cultural apprenticeship and cultural change: tool learning and imitation in chimpanzees and humans. In Biology, Brains, and Behavior, ed. ST Parker, J Langer, ML McKinney, pp. 237-77. Santa Fe: SAR Press
59. Greenfield PM, Quiroz B, Raeff C. 2000b. Cross-cultural harmony and conflict in the social construction of the child. See Harkness et al. 2000, pp. 93-108
60. Greenfield PM, Savage-Rumbaugh ES. 1990. Grammatical combination in Pan Paniscus. processes of learning and invention in the evolution and development of language. In "Language" and Intelligence in Monkeys and Apes: Comparative Developmental Perspectives, ed. S Parker, K Gibson, pp. 540-78. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press
61. Greenfield PM, Smith JH. 1976. The Structure of Communication in Early Language Development, New York: Academic
62. Greenfield PM, Suzuki LK. 1998. Culture and human development: implications for parenting, education, pediatrics, and mental health. In Handbook of Social Psychology, Vol. 4, Child Psychology in Practice, ed. IE Sigel, KA Renninger, pp. 1059-109. New York: Wiley
63. Grigorenko EL, Geissler PW, Prince R, Okatcha F, Nokes C, et al. 2001. The organisation of Luo conceptions of intelligence: a study of implicit theories in a Kenyan village. Int. J. Behav. Dev. 25(4):367-78
64. Grossmann KE, Keppler A, Grossmann K. 2002. Universalismus und Kultureller Relativismus. Eine bindungstheoretische Analyse (Universalism and cultural relativism. An attachment theoretical analysis). In Interkulturelle Psychologie. (Intercultural Psychology), ed. A Thomas. Goettingen: Hogrefe. In press
65. Grotevant H, Cooper C. 1986. Individuation in family relationships: a perspective on individual differences in the development of identity and role-taking skill in adolescence. Hum. Dev. 29(2): 82-100
66. Gutierrez J, Sameroff AJ. 1990. Determinants of complexity in Mexican-American and Anglo-American mothers' conceptions of child development. Child Dev. 61(2):384-94
67. Harkness S, Raeff C, Super CM, eds. 2000a. Variability in the Social Construction of the Child: New Directions in Child and Adolescent Development, Vol. 87. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass
68. Harkness S, Super C. 1996. Parents' Cultural Belief Systems. Their Origins, Expressions and Consequences. New York: Guilford
69. Harkness S, Super C, van Tijen N. 2000b. Individualism and the "Western Mind" reconsidered: parents' ethnotheories of the child. See Harkness et al. 2000a, pp. 23-39
70. Harwood RL. 1992. The influence of culturally derived values on Anglo and Puerto Rican mothers' perceptions of attachment behavior. Child Dev. 63(4):822-39
71. Harwood RL, Schoelmerich A, Ventura-Cook E, Schulze PA, Wilson SP. 1996. Culture and class influences on Anglo and Puerto Rican mothers' beliefs regarding long-term socialization goals and child behavior. Child Dev. 67(5):2446-61
72. Hatano G. 1982. Cognitive consequences of practice in culture specific procedural skills. Q. Newsl. Lab. Comp. Hum. Cogn. 4:14-17
73. Haviland JB. 1998. Guugu Yimithirr cardinal directions. Ethos 26:25-47
74. Hewlett BS, Lamb ME. 2002. Integrating evolution, culture and developmental psychology: explaining caregiver infant proximity and responsiveness in Central Africa and the United States of America. In Between Culture and Biology, ed. H Keller, YH Poortinga, A Schoelmerich, pp. 241-69. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
75. Ho DYF. 1981. Traditional patterns of socialization in Chinese society. Acta Psychol. Taiwan 23:81-95
76. Hobson RP. 1993. Autism and the Development of Mind. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum
77. Hofstede G. 1991. Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind. London: McGraw-Hill
78. Hong Y, Morris MW, Chiu C, Benet-Martinez V. 2000. Multicultural minds: a dynamic constructivist approach to culture and cognition. Am. Psychol. 55(7):709-20
79. Iacoboni M, Woods RP, Brass M, Bekkering H, Mazziotta JC, Rizzolatti G. 1999. Cortical mechanisms of human imitation. Science 286:2526-28
80. Inhelder B, Piaget J. 1958. The Growth of Logical Thinking from Childhood to Adolescence: An Essay on the Construction of Formal Operational Structures. New York: Basic Books
81. Kagitçibasi C. 1990. Family and socialization in cross-cultural perspective: a model of change. See Berman 1990, pp. 135-200
82. Kagitçibasi C. 1994. A critical appraisal of individualism and collectivism: toward a new formulation. See Kim et al. 1994, pp. 52-65
83. Kagitçibasi C. 1996. Family and Human Development Across Cultures: A View from the Other Side. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum
84. Kagitçibasi C, Berry JW. 1989. Cross-cultural psychology: current research and trends. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 40:493-531
85. Keller H. 1997. Evolutionary approaches. See Berry et al. 1997, pp. 215-55
86. Keller H. 2002. The role of development for understanding the biological basis of cultural learning. In Between Culture and Biology, ed. H Keller, YH Poortinga, A Schoelmerich, pp. 213-40. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.
87. Keller H, Greenfield PM. 2000. The history and future of development in cross-cultural psychology. J. Cross-Cult. Psychol. 31(1):52-62 (Special issue)
88. Keller H, Miranda D, Gauda G. 1984. The naive theory of the infant and some maternal attitudes. A two-country study. J. Cross-Cult. Psychol. 15(2): 165-79
89. Keller H, Poortinga YH, Schoelmerich A, eds. 2002. Between Culture and Biology. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press
90. Keller H, Voelker S, Yovsi RD. 2002a. Conceptions of parenting in different cultural communities: the case of West African Nso and Northern German women. Submitted
91. Keller H, Zach U, Abels M. 2002b. The German family - families in Germany. In Families Across Cultures, ed. J Roopnarine, U Gielen, Boston, MA: Ally & Bacon
92. Killen M, Wainryb C. 2000. Independence and interdependence in diverse cultural contexts. See Harkness et al. 2000, pp. 5-21
93. Kim U, Choi S-H. 1994. Individualism, collectivism, and child development: a Korean perspective. See Greenfield & Cocking 1994, pp. 227-57
94. Kim U, Triandis HC, Kagitçibasi C, Choi S-C, Yoon G, eds. 1994. Individualism and Collectivism: Theory, Method, and Applications. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
95. Kitayama S. 2002. Culture and basic psychological processes - towards a system view of culture: comment on Oyerman et al. (2002). Psychol. Bull. 128(1):73-77
96. Kühnen U, Hannover B, Schubert B. 2001. Procedural consequences of semantic priming: the role of self knowledge for context-bounded versus context-independent modes of thinking. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 80: 397-409
97. Kühnen U, Oyserman D. 2002. Thinking about the self influences thinking in general: cognitive consequences of salient self concept. J. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 38(5): 492-99
98. Lassonde S. 2001. Extended schooling, adolescence, and the renegotiation of responsibility among Italian immigrant families in New Haven, Connecticut, 1910-1940. In Family Obligation and Assistance During Adolescence: Contextual Variations and Developmental Implications, ed. AJ Fuligni, pp. 43-60. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass
99. Latz S, Wolf AW, Lozoff B. 1999. Cosleeping in context: sleep practices and problems in young children in Japan and the United States. Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med. 153(4):339-46
100. Lave J, Wenger E. 1991. Situated Learning: Legitimate Peripheral Participation. New York: Cambridge Univ. Press
101. Lebra TS. 1994. Mother and child in Japanese socialization: a Japan-U.S. comparison. See Greenfield & Cocking 1994, pp. 259-74
102. LeVine RA. 1977. Child rearing as cultural adaptation. In Culture and Infancy: Variations in the Human Experience, ed. PH Leiderman, SR Tulkin, A Rosenfeld, pp. 15-27. New York: Academic
103. LeVine RA. 1997. Mother-infant interaction in cross-cultural perspective. In Uniting Psychology and Biology: Integrative Perspectives on Human Development, ed. NL Segall, GE Weisfeld, CC Weisfeld, pp. 339-54. Washington, DC: Am. Psychol. Assoc.
104. LeVine RA, Miller PM. 1990. Commentary. Hum. Dev. 33(1):73-80
105. Levinson SC. 1998. Studying spatial conceptualization across cultures: anthropology and cognitive science. Ethos 26(1):7-24
106. Li J. 2002. A cultural model of learning: Chinese "heart and mind for wanting to learn." J. Cross-Cult. Psychol. 33(3): 248-69
107. Lillard A. 1998. Ethnopsychologies: cultural variations in theories of mind. Psychol. Bull. 123(1):3-32
108. MacDonald KB. 1992. Warmth as a developmental construct: an evolutionary analysis. Child Dev. 63:753-73
109. Markus HR, Kitayama S. 1991. Culture and the self: implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychol. Rev. 98(2):224-53
110. Mason CA, Cauce AM, Gonzales N, Hiraga Y. 1996. Neither too sweet nor too sour: problem peers, maternal control, and problem behavior in African American adolescents. Child Dev. 67(5):2115-30
111. Maynard AE. 2002. Cultural teaching: the development of teaching skills in Zinacantec Maya sibling interactions. Child Dev. 73(3):969-82
112. McGillicuddy-De Lisi AV, Sigel IE. 1995. Parental beliefs. In Handbook of Parenting. Vol 3: Status and Social Conditions of Parenting, ed. MH Bornstein, pp. 333-58. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum
113. Miller JG. 1984. Culture and the development of everyday social explanation. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 46(5):961-78
114. Mistry J, Rogoff B. 1994. Remembering in cultural context. In Psychology and Culture, ed. WJ Lonner, RS Malpass, pp. 139-44. Boston, MA: Allyn Bacon
115. Morelli GA, Rogoff B, Oppenheim D, Goldsmith D. 1992. Cultural variation in infants' sleeping arrangements: questions of independence. Dev. Psychol. 28(4):604-13
116. Mundy-Castle AC. 1974. Social and technological intelligence in Western and non-Western cultures. Universitas 4:46-52
117. Munroe RL, Munroe RH. 1994. Cross-Cultural Human Development. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press
118. Nsamenang AB. 1992. Human Development in Cultural Context. A Third World Perspective. Newbury Park, CA: Sage
119. Nsamenang AB. 1999. Eurocentric image of childhood in the context of the world's cultures. Hum. Dev. 42:159-68
120. Nsamenang AB, Lamb ME. 1994. Socialization of Nso children in the Bamenda grassfields of Northwest Cameroon. See Greenfield & Cocking 1994, pp. 133-46
121. Nugent JK. 1994. Cross-cultural studies of child development: Implications for clinicians. Zero to Three 15(2):1, 3-8
122. Ochs E, Schieffelin B. 1984. Language acquisition and socialization: three developmental stories. See Shweder & Le Vine 1984, pp. 276-320
123. Ogunnaike OA, Houser RE 2002. Yoruba toddlers' engagement in errands and cognitive performance on the Yoruba Mental Subscales. Int. J. Behav. Dev. 26(2): 145-53
124. Okagaki L, Sternberg RJ. 1993. Parental beliefs and children's school performance. Child Dev. 64(1):36-56
125. Oyserman D, Coon HM, Kemmelmeier M. 2002. Rethinking individualism and collectivism: Evaluation of theoretical assumptions and meta-analyses. Psychol. Bull. 128(1):372
126. Palacios J, Moreno MC. 1996. Parents' and adolescents' ideas on children: origins and transmission of intracultural diversity. In Parents' Cultural Belief Systems. Their Origins, Expressions and Consequences, ed. S Harkness, CM Super, pp. 215-53
127. Perner J. 1991. Understanding the Representational Mind. Cambridge, MA: MET Press
128. Phinney JS, Ong A, Madden T. 2000. Cultural values and intergenerational value discrepancies in immigrant and non-immigrant families. Child Dev. 71(2):528-39
129. Piaget J. 1952. The Origins of Intelligence in Children. New York: Basic Books
130. Piaget J. 1963/1977. Intellectual operations and their development. Reprinted in The Essential Piaget: An Interpretive Reference and Guide, ed. HE Gruber, JJ Vonèche, pp. 342-58. New York: Basic Books
131. Rabain-Jamin J, Maynard AE, Greenfield PM. 2002. Implications of sibling caregiving for sibling relations and teaching interactions in two cultures. Ethos. In press
132. Rabain-Jamin J, Sabeau-Jouannet E. 1997. Maternal speech to 4-month-old infants in two cultures: Wolof and French. Int. J. Behav. Dev. 20(3):425-51
133. Radke-Yarrow M, Zahn-Waxler C, Chapman M. 1983. Children's prosocial disposition and behavior. In Handbook of Child Psychology. Vol. 4: Socialization, Personality, and Social Development, ed. EM Hetherington, pp. 469-545. New York: Wiley
134. Raeff C, Greenfield PM, Quiroz B. 2000. Conceptualizing interpersonal relationships in the cultural contexts of individualism and collectivism. See Harkness et al. 2000, pp. 59-74
135. Reese L, Balzano S, Gallimore R, Goldenberg C. 1995. The concept of education: Latino family values and American schooling. Int. J. Educ. Res. 23:57-81
136. Rizzolatti G, Fadiga L, Gallese V, Fogassi L. 1996. Premotor cortex and the recognition of motor actions. Cogn. Brain Res. 3:131-41
137. Rogoff B. 1990. Apprenticeship in Thinking: Cognitive Development in Social Context. New York: Oxford
138. Romero ME. 1994. Identifying giftedness among Keresan Pueblo Indians: the Keres study. J. Am. Indian Educ. 34(1): 35-58
139. Rothbaum F, Weisz J, Pott M, Miyake K, Morelli G. 2000. Attachment and culture: security in the United States and Japan. Am. Psychol. 55(10):1093-104
140. Saraswathi TS. 1999. Culture, Socialization, and Human Development: Theory, Research, and Applications in the Indian Setting. Thousand Oaks: Sage
141. Saraswathi TS, Ganapathy H. 2002. Indian parents' ethnotheories as reflections of the Hindu scheme of child and human development. See Keller et al. 2002, pp. 79-88
142. Saraswathi TS, Pai S. 1997. Socialization in the Indian context. In Asian Perspectives on Psychology, ed. HSR Kao, D Sinha, pp. 74-92. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
143. Saxe GB. 1991. Culture and Cognitive Development. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum
144. Scribner S. 1985. Vygotsky's uses of history. In Culture, Communication, and Cognition: Vygotskian Perspectives, ed. J Wertsch, pp. 119-45. New York: Cambridge
145. Scribner S, Cole M. 1973. Cognitive consequences of formal and informal education. Science 182:553-59
146. Scribner S, Cole M. 1981. The Psychology of Literacy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press
147. Segall MH, Dasen PR, Berry JW, Poortinga YH. 1999. Human Behavior in Global Perspective: An Introduction to Cross-cultural Psychology. Boston, MA: Allyn Bacon. 2nd ed.
148. Serpell R. 1993. The Significance of Schooling: Life Journeys in an African Society. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press
149. Serpell R. 1994. The cultural construction of intelligence. In Psychology and Culture, ed. WL Lonner, RS Malpass, pp. 157-63. Boston, MA: Allyn Bacon
150. Shon SP, Ja DY. 1982. Asian families. In Ethnicity and Family Therapy, ed. M McGoldrisk, JK Pearce, J Giordano, pp. 208-28. New York: Guilford
151. Shweder RA, Bourne EJ. 1984. Does the concept of the person vary cross-culturally? In Culture Theory: Essays on Mind, Self, and Emotion, ed. RA Shweder, RA Levine, pp. 158-99. New York: Cambridge
152. Shweder RA, Goodnow J, Hatano G, LeVine RA, Markus H, Miller P. 1998. The cultural psychology of development: one mind, many mentalities. In Handbook of Child Psychology. Vol. 1: Theoretical Models of Human Development, ed. RM Lerner, pp. 865-937. New York: Wiley. 5th ed.
153. Shweder RA, Le Vine RA, eds. 1984. Culture Theory: Essays on Mind, Self, and Emotion. New York: Cambridge
154. Shweder RA, Sullivan MA. 1993. Cultural psychology: Who needs it? Annu. Rev. Psychol. 44:497-523
155. Sigel IE, McGillicuddy-DeLisi AV, Goodnow JJ, eds. 1992. Parental Belief System: The Psychological Consequences for Children. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. 2nd ed.
156. Singelis TM, Triandis HC, Bhawuk DPS, Gelfand M. 1995. Horizontal and vertical dimensions of individualism and collectivism: a theoretical and measurement refinement. Cross-Cult. Res. 29(3):240-75
157. Sroufe LA, Carlson EA, Levy AK, Egeland B. 1999. Implications of attachment theory for developmental psychopathology. Dev. Psychopathol. 11(1): 1-13
158. Steinberg L, Mounts NS, Lamborn SD, Dornbusch SM. 1991. Authoritative parenting and adolescent adjustment across varied ecological niches. J. Res. Adolesc. 1(1):19-36
159. Sternberg RJ, Conway BE, Ketron JL, Bernstein M. 1981. People's conceptions of intelligence. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 4(1):37-55
160. Suárez-Orozco C, Suárez-Orozco M. 1995. Transformations: Immigration, Family Life, and Achievement Motivation Among Latino Adolescents. Stanford, CA: Stanford Univ. Press
161. Suina J, Smolkin LB. 1994. From natal culture to school culture to dominant society culture: supporting transitions for Pueblo Indian students. See Greenfield & Cocking 1994, pp. 115-30
162. Super C, Harkness S. 1986. The developmental niche: a conceptualization at the interface of child and culture. Int. J. Behav. Dev. 9(4):545-69
163. Super CM. 1983. Cultural variation in the meaning and uses of children's "intelligence." In Explorations in Cross-cultural Psychology, ed. J Deregowski, S Dziurawiec, R Annis, pp. 199-212. Amsterdam: Swets & Zeitlinger
164. Suzuki LK. 2000. The development and socialization of filial piety: a comparison of Asian Americans and Euro Americans. PhD thesis, Univ. Calif., Los Angeles
165. Takahashi K. 1990. Are the key assumptions of the 'Strange Situation' procedure universal? A view from Japanese research. Hum. Dev. 33(1):23-30
166. Tapia Uribe FM, LeVine RA, LeVine SE. 1994. Maternal behavior in a Mexican community: the changing environments of children. See Greenfield & Cocking 1994, pp. 41-54
167. Tomasello M. 1999. The Cultural Origins of Human Cognition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press
168. Trevarthen C. 1980. The foundations of intersubjectivity: development of interpersonal and cooperative understanding in infants. In The Social Foundations of Language and Thought, ed. D Olson, pp. 316-42. New York: Norton
169. Triandis HC. 1988. Collectivism and individualism: a conceptualization of a basic concept in cross-cultural social psychology. In Personality, Cognition, and Values, ed. C Bagley, GK Verma. London: Macmillan
170. Triandis HC. 1990. Cross-cultural studies of individualism and collectivism. See Herman 1990, pp. 41-134
171. Triandis HC, Suh EM. 2002. Cultural influences on personality. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 53:133-60
172. Troadac B, Martinet C. ND, La representation de l'espace a Tahiti: Variabilite selon les contextes insulaires urbains (Papeete) et ruraux (Moored). Work. Pap. Dep. Psych. Dev., Univ. Toulouse-Le Mirail
173. Uba L. 1994. Asian Americans: Personality Patterns, Identity, and Mental Health. New York: Guilford
174. Vinden P. 1996. Junin Quechua children's understanding of mind. Child Dev. 67(4):1701-6
175. Vinden P. 1999. Children's understanding of mind and emotion: a multi-culture study. Cogn. Emot. 13(1):19-48
176. Vinden P, Astington J. 2000. Culture and understanding other minds. In Understanding Other Minds: Perspectives from Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, ed. S Baron-Cohen, pp. 503-19. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press
177. Vygotsky LS. 1962. Thought and Language. Cambridge, MA: MIT
178. Wainryb C. 1995. Reasoning abut social conflicts in different cultures: Druze and Jewish children in Israel. Child Dev. 66(2):390-401
179. Wainryb C, Turiel E. 1994. Dominance, subordination, and concepts of personal entitlements in cultural contexts. Child Dev. 65(6): 1701-22
180. Wassman J, Dasen P. 1998. Balinese spatial orientation: some empirical evidence for moderate linguistic relativity. J. R. Anthropol. Inst., Incorporating Man (N.S.) 4:689-713
181. Waters E, Vaughn BE, Posada G, Kondo-Ikemura K. 1995. Caregiving, Cultural, and Cognitive Perspectives on Secure-base Behavior and Working Models: New Growing Points of Attachment Theory and Research. Chicago: Monogr. Soc. Res. Child Dev.
182. Weisner TS. 1997. Support for children and the African family crisis. In African Families and the Crisis of Social Change, ed. TS Weisner, C Bradley, PL Kilbride, pp. 20-44. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press/Bergin & Garvey
183. Weisner TS. 2000. Culture, childhood, and progress in sub-Saharan Africa. In Culture Matters, ed. LE Harrison, SP Huntington, pp. 141-57. New York: Basic Books
184. Weisner TS, Bemheimer LP. 1998. Children of the 1960s at midlife: generational identity and the family adaptive project. In Welcome to Middle Age! (And Other Cultural Fictions). Studies on Successful Midlife Development, ed. RA Shweder, pp. 211-57. Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press
185. Wellman HM. 1990. The Child's Theory of Mind. Cambridge, MA: MIT
186. Wellman HM, Cross D, Watson J. 2001. Metaanalysis of theory-of-mind development: the truth about false belief. Child Dev. 72(3): 655-84
187. Wertsch JV. 1985. Vygotsky and the Social Formation of Mind. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press
188. Whiten A. 1999. Parental encouragement in Gorilla in comparative perspective: implications for social cognition and the evolution of teaching. In The Mentalities of Gorillas and Orangutans in Comparative Perspective, ed. ST Parker, RW Mitchell, HL Miles, pp. 342-66. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press
189. Whiten A. 2002. Chimpanzee cognition and the question of mental re-representation. In Metarepresentation, ed. D Sperber, pp. 139-67. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press
190. Whiting BB, Edwards CP. 1988. Children of Different Worlds: The Formation of Social Behavior. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press
191. Whiting BB, Whiting JWM. 1975. Children of Six Cultures: A Psycho-Cultural Analysis. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press
192. Whiting JWM, Whiting BB. 1960. Contributions of anthropology to the methods of studying child rearing. In Handbook of Research Methods in Child Development, ed. P Mussen, pp. 918-44. New York: Wiley
193. Whiting JWM, Whiting BB. 1973. Altruistic and egoistic behavior in six cultures. In Cultural Illness and Health: Essays in Human Adaptation, ed. L Nader, TW Maretzki, pp. 56-66. Washington, DC: Amer. Anthro. Assoc.
194. Wober JM. 1974. Toward an understanding of the Kiganda concept of intelligence. In Culture and Cognition, ed. JW Berry, PR Dasen, pp. 261-80. London: Methuen
195. Yovsi RD. 2001. Ethnotheories about breast-feeding and mother-infant interaction. The case of sedentary Nso farmers and nomadic Fulani pastorals with their infants 3-6 months of age in Mbvem subdivision of the Northwest providence of Cameroon, Africa. PhD thesis. Univ. Osnabrück
196. Yovsi RD, Keller H. 2000. Breastfeeding: an adaptive process. Presented at Conf. Int. Union Anthropol. Ethnolog. Sci. (IUCAES), Agrigento, Italy
197. Zambrano I. 1999. From na' to know: power, epistemology and the everyday forms of state formation in Mitontik, Chiapas (Mexico). Doctoral diss., Harvard Univ.
198. Zhou M, Bankston C. 1998. Growing up American: how Vietnamese children adapt to life in the United States. New York: Russell Sage Found.
199. Zukow PG. 1989. Sibling Interactions Across Cultures: Theoretical and Methodological Issues. New York: Springer-Verlag