Small Animal Zoonoses and Immuncompromised Pet Owners

Topics in Companion Animal Medicine

Volumn 24, Issue 4, 2009, Pages 164-174

  Mani, Indu ^a   Maguire, James H ^a  

^a HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

canine diseases; feline diseases; human pet bonding; immunocompromised host; infectious disease transmission; infectious disease vectors; zoonoses

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL; ANIMAL DISEASE; ARTICLE; CAT; CAT DISEASE; COMMUNICABLE DISEASE; DISEASE TRANSMISSION; DOG; DOG DISEASE; HUMAN; IMMUNOCOMPROMISED PATIENT; INFECTION CONTROL; MICROBIOLOGY; UNITED STATES; ZOONOSIS;

ANIMALS; CAT DISEASES; CATS; COMMUNICABLE DISEASE CONTROL; COMMUNICABLE DISEASES; DOG DISEASES; DOGS; HUMANS; IMMUNOCOMPROMISED HOST; UNITED STATES; ZOONOSES;

ANIMALIA; AVES; CANIS FAMILIARIS; FELIDAE; ORYCTOLAGUS CUNICULUS; RODENTIA;

EID: 70450188124     PISSN: 19389736     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1053/j.tcam.2009.07.002     Document Type: Article

References (127)

1. Gibbs E.P.J. Emerging zoonotic epidemics in the interconnected global community. Vet Rec 157 (2005) 673-679
2. McQuiston J.H., Wilson T., Harris S., et al. Importation of dogs into the United States: risks from rabies and other zoonotic diseases. Zoonoses Public Health 55 (2008) 421-426
3. Rabinowitz P.M., Gordon Z., and Odofin L. Pet-related infections. Am Fam Physician 76 (2007) 1314-1322
4. Kahn L.H. Confronting zoonoses, linking human and veterinary medicine. Emerg Infect Dis 12 (2006) 556-561
5. Grant S., and Olsen C.W. Preventing zoonotic diseases in immunocompromised persons: the role of physicians and veterinarians. Emerg Infect Dis 5 (1999) 159-163
6. Reaser J.K., Clark E.E., and Meyers Jr. N.M. All creatures great and minute: a public policy primer for companion animal zoonoses. Zoonoses Public Health 55 (2008) 385-401
7. Lefebvre S.L., Reid-Smith R.J., and Waltner-Toews D. Incidence of acquisition of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium difficile, and other health-care-associated pathogens by dogs that participate in animal-assisted interventions. J Am Vet Med Assoc 234 (2009) 1404-1417
8. Lefebvre S.L., Waltner-Toews D., Peregrine A.S., et al. Prevalence of zoonotic agents in dogs visiting hospitalized people in Ontario: implications for infection control. J Hosp Infect 62 (2006) 458-466
9. Baker W.S., and Gray G.C. A review of published reports regarding zoonotic pathogen infection in veterinarians. J Am Vet Med Assoc 234 (2009) 1271-1278
10. Nowotny N., and Deutz A. Preventing zoonotic diseases in immunocompromised persons: the role of physicians and veterinarians. [letter to the editor]. Emerg Infect Dis 6 (2000) 208-209
11. Hoff G.L., Brawley J., and Johnson K. Companion animal issues and the physician. South Med J 92 (1999) 651-660
12. Angulo FJ, Glaser CA, Juranek DD: Caring for pets of immunocompromised persons. Symposium at the American Veterinary Medical Association Annual Meeting, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 1993
13. Abbas A.K., Lichtmann A.H., and Pillai S. Congenital and Acquired Immunodeficiences. In: Abbas A.K., Lichtmann A.H., and Pillai S. (Eds). Cellular and Molecular Immunology. (ed 6) (2009), Saunders 463-488
14. Fox J.G. Enteric bacterial infections. In: Greene C.E. (Ed). Infectious Diseases of the Dog and Cat. (ed 3) (2006), Elsevier, St Louis 339-343
15. Oswald G.P., Twedt D.C., and Steyn P. Campylobacter jejuni bacteremia and acute cholecystitis in two dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 30 (1994) 165-169
16. The Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2009. http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/Factsheets/pdfs/campylobacteriosis.pdf URL:
17. Kotton C.N. Zoonoses in solid-organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. Clin Infect Dis 44 (2007) 857-866
18. Glaser C.A., Angulo F.J., and Rooney J.A. Animal-associated opportunistic infections among persons infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. Clin Infect Dis 18 (1994) 14-24
19. Brenner FW, Villar RG, Angulo FJ, et al: Salmonella nomenclature. J Clin Microbiol 38:2465-2467
20. Gordon M.A. Salmonella infections in immunocompromised adults. J Infect 56 (2008) 413-422
21. Greene C.E. Enteric bacterial infections. In: Greene C.E. (Ed). Infectious Diseases of the Dog and Cat. (ed 3) (2006), Elsevier, St Louis 355-360
22. Lefebvre S.L., Reid-Smith R., Boerlin P., et al. Evaluation of the risks of shedding Salmonella and other potential pathogens by therapy dogs fed raw diets in Ontario and Alberta. Zoonoses Public Health 55 (2008) 470-480
23. Finley R., Reid-Smith R., Ribble C., et al. The occurrence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonellae isolated from commercially available canine raw food diets in three Canadian cities. Zoonoses Public Health 55 (2008) 462-469
24. Finley R., Reid-Smith R., Ribble C., et al. The occurrence and anti-microbial susceptibility of Salmonellae isolated from commercially available pig ear pet treats. Zoonoses Public Health 55 (2008) 455-461
25. Hames A., Mumford J., Hale J., et al. Salmonella Michigan soft tissue infection in an immunocompromised child. J Clin Pathol 61 (2008) 773-774
26. Woodard D.R., Cone L.A., and Fostvedt K. Bordetella bronchiseptica infection in patients with AIDS. Clin Infect Dis 20 (1995) 193-194
27. Berkowitz D.M., Bechara R.I., and Wolfenden L.L. An unusual cause of cough and dyspnea in an immunocompromised patient. Chest 131 (2007) 1599-1602
28. Ner Z., Ross L.A., Horn M.V., et al. Bordetella bronchiseptica infection in pediatric lung transplant recipients. Pediatr Transplant 7 (2003) 413-417
29. Dworkin M.S., Sullivan P.S., Buskin S.E., et al. Bordetella bronchiseptica infection in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. Clin Infect Dis 28 (1999) 1095-1099
30. Greene C.E. Immunocompromised people and shared human and animal infections. In: Greene C.E. (Ed). Infectious Diseases of the Dog and Cat. (ed 3) (2006), Elsevier, St Louis 1058
31. Just FT, Gilles J, Pradel I, et al: Molecular evidence for Bartonella spp. in cat and dog fleas from Germany and France. Zoonoses Public Health 55:514-520
32. Inoue K., Maruyama S., Kabeya H., et al. Exotic small mammals as potential reservoirs of zoonotic Bartonella spp. Emerg Infect Dis 15 (2009) 526-532
33. Billeter S.A., Levy M.G., Chomel B.B., et al. Vector transmission of Bartonella species with emphasis on the potential for tick transmission. Med Vet Entomol 22 (2008) 1-15
34. Guptill-Yoran L., Breitschwerdt E.B., and Chomel B.B. Bartonellosis. In: Greene C.E. (Ed). Infectious Diseases of the Dog and Cat. (ed 3) (2006), Elsevier, St Louis 510-524
35. Brunt J., Guptill L., Kordick D.L., et al. American Association of Feline Practitioners 2006 panel report on diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of Bartonella spp. infections. J Feline Med Surg 8 (2006) 213-226
36. Chomel B.B., Boulouis H.J., Maruyama S., et al. Bartonella spp. in pets and effect on human health. Emerg Infect Dis 12 (2006) 389-394
37. Accorinti M. Ocular bartonellosis. Int J Med Sci 6 (2009) 131-132
38. Petersen K., Earhart K.C., Wallace M.R., et al. Bacillary angiomatosis in a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Infection 36 (2008) 480-484
39. Kahr A., Kerbl R., Gschwandtner K., et al. Visceral manifestation of cat scratch disease in children. A consequence of altered immunological state? 2 (2000) 116
40. Pons I., Sanfeliu I., Nogueras M.M., et al. Seroprevalence of Bartonella spp. infection in HIV patients in Catalonia, Spain. BMC Infect Dis 8 (2008) 58-63
41. Pape M., Kollaras P., Mandraveli K., et al. Occurrence of Bartonella henselae and Bartonella quintana among human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1063 (2005) 299-301
42. Janda J.M., Graves M.H., Lindquist D., et al. Diagnosing Capnocytophaga canimorsus infections. Emerg Infect Dis 12 (2006) 340-342
43. Bonatti H., Rossboth D.W., Nachbaur D., et al. A series of infections due to Capnocytophaga spp. in immunosuppressed and immunocompetent patients. Clin Microbiol Infect 9 (2003) 380-387
44. Koch C.A., Mabee C.L., Robyn J.A., et al. Exposure to domestic cats: risk factor for Pasteurella multocida peritonitis in liver cirrhosis?. Am J Gastroenterol 91 (1996) 1447-1449
45. Schmulewitz L., Chandesris M.O., Mainardi J.L., et al. Invasive Pasteurella multocida sinusitis in a renal transplant patient. Transpl Infect Dis 10 (2008) 206-208
46. Freshwater A. Why your housecat's trite little bite could cause you quite a fright: a study of domestic felines on the occurrence and antibiotic susceptibility of Pasteurella multocida. Zoonoses Public Health 55 (2008) 507-513
47. Eisen R.J., and Gage K.L. Adaptive strategies of Yersinia pestis to persist during inter-epizootic and epizootic periods. Vet Res 40 (2008) 1
48. Macy D. Plague. In: Greene C.E. (Ed). Infectious Diseases of the Dog and Cat. (ed 3) (2006), Elsevier, St Louis 439-446
49. Gould L.H., Pape J., Ettestad P., et al. Dog-associated risk factors for human plague. Zoonoses Public Health 55 (2008) 448-454
50. Greene C.E., and DeBey B.M. Tularemia. In: Greene C.E. (Ed). Infectious Diseases of the Dog and Cat. (ed 3) (2006), Elsevier, St Louis 446-451
51. Petersen J.M., Mead P.S., and Schriefer M.E. Francisella tularensis: an arthropod-borne pathogen. Vet Res 40 (2009) 7
52. Theiler R.N., Rasmussen S.A., Treadwell T.A., et al. Emerging and zoonotic infections in women. Infect Dis Clin North Am 22 (2008) 755-772
53. Greene C.E., Sykes J.E., Brown C.A., et al. Leptospirosis. In: Greene C.E. (Ed). Infectious Diseases of the Dog and Cat. (ed 3) (2006), Elsevier, St Louis 402-417
54. Bharti A.R., Nally J.E., Ricaldi J.N., et al. Leptospirosis: a zoonotic disease of global significance. Lancet 3 (2003) 757-771
55. McBride A.J.A., Athanazio D.A., Reis M.G., et al. Leptospirosis. Curr Opin Infect Dis 18 (2005) 376-386
56. Vijayachari P., Sugunan A.P., and Shriram A.N. Leptospirosis: an emerging global public health problem. J Biosci 33 (2008) 557-569
57. Bal A.M. Unusual clinical manifestations of leptospirosis. J Postgrad Med 51 (2005) 179-183
58. Jones S., and Kim T. Fulminant leptospirosis in a patient with human immunodeficiency virus infection: case report and review of the literature. Clin Infect Dis 33 (2001) E31-E33
59. Adler B., and Faine S. Host immunological mechanisms in the resistance of mice to leptospiral infections. Infect Immune 17 (1977) 67-72
60. Sing A., Tuschak C., and Hörmansdorfer S. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a family and its pet cat. N Engl J Med 358 (2008) 1200-1201
61. Van L., Huijsdens X., Tiemersma E., et al. Emergence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus of animal origin in humans. Emerg Infect Dis 13 (2007) 1834-1839
62. Wulf M.W.H., Sørum M., van Nes A., et al. Prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among veterinarians: an international study. Clin Microbiol Infect 14 (2008) 29-34
63. Springer B., Orendi U., Much P., et al. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: a new zoonotic agent?. Wien Klin Wochenschr 121 (2009) 86-90
64. Weese J.S., and Lefebvre S.L. Risk factors for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization in horses admitted to a veterinary teaching hospital. Can Vet J 48 (2007) 921-926
65. Weese J.S., Rousseau J., Willey B.M., et al. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in horses at a veterinary teaching hospital: frequency, characterization, and association with clinical disease. J Vet Intern Med 20 (2006) 182-186
66. Vengust M., Anderson M.E.C., Rousseau J., et al. Methicillin-resistant staphylococcal colonization in clinically normal dogs and horses in the community. Lett Appl Microbiol 43 (2006) 602-606
67. Lefebvre S.L., and Weese J.S. Contamination of pet therapy dogs with MRSA and Clostridium difficile. J Hosp Infect (2009) doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2009.02.019
68. Epstein C.R., Yam W.C., Peiris J.S.M., et al. Methicillin-resistant commensal staphylococci in healthy dogs as a potentialzoonotic reservoir for community-acquired antibiotic resistance. Infect Genet Evol 9 (2008) 283-285
69. Greene C.E., and Carmichael L.E. Canine brucellosis. In: Greene C.E. (Ed). Infectious Diseases of the Dog and Cat. (ed 3) (2006), Elsevier, St Louis 369-381
70. Lennox A.M. Mycobacteriosis in companion psittacine birds: a review. J Avian Med Surg 21 (2007) 181-187
71. Greene C.E. Mycobacterial infections. In: Greene C.E. (Ed). Infectious Diseases of the Dog and Cat. (ed 3) (2006), Elsevier, St Louis 462-477
72. Emmanuel F.X., Seagar A.L., Doig C., et al. Human and animal infections with Mycobacterium microti, Scotland. Emerg Infect Dis 13 (2007) 1924-1927
73. Jorn K.S., Thompson K.M., Larson J.M., et al. Polly can make you sick: pet bird-associated diseases. Cleve Clin J Med 76 (2009) 235-243
74. Morris P.J. Zoonotic diseases of pet birds. In: Bonagura J.D. (Ed). Kirk's Current Veterinary Therapy XIII. (ed 13) (2000), WB Saunders, Philadelphia 1113-1116
75. The Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University. http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/Factsheets/pdfs/q_fever.pdf URL:
76. McCaughey C., McKenna J., McKenna C., et al. Human seroprevalence to Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) in Northern Ireland. Zoonoses Public Health 55 (2008) 189-194
77. Nausheen S., and Cunha B.A. Q fever community-acquired pneumonia in a patient with Crohn's disease on immunosuppressive therapy. Heart Lung 36 (2007) 300-303
78. Greene C.E. Miscellaneous viral infections. In: Greene C.E. (Ed). Infectious Diseases of the Dog and Cat. (ed 3) (2006), Elsevier, St Louis 165
79. Fischer S.A., Graham M.B., Kuehnert, et al. Transmission of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus by organ transplantation. N Engl J Med 354 (2006) 2235-2249
80. Amman B.R., Pavlin B.I., Albariño C.G., et al. Pet rodents and fatal lymphocytic choriomeningitis in transplant patients. Emerg Infect Dis 13 (2007) 719-725
81. Crawford P.C., Dubovi E.J., Castleman W.L., et al. Transmission of equine influenza virus to dogs. Science 310 (2005) 482-485
82. Daly J.M., Blunden A.S., MacRae S., et al. Transmission of equine influenza virus to English Foxhounds. Emerg Infect Dis 14 (2008) 461-464
83. Payungporn S., Crawford P.C., Kouo T.S., et al. Influenza A virus (H3N8) in dogs with respiratory disease, Florida. Emerg Infect Dis 14 (2008) 902-908
84. Khanna M., Kumar P., Choudhary K., et al. Emerging influenza virus: a global threat. J Biosci 33 (2008) 475-482
85. Van Reeth K. Avian and swine influenza viruses: our current understanding of the zoonotic risk. Vet Res 38 (2007) 243-260
86. DiGiulio D.B., and Eckburg P.B. Human monkeypox: an emerging zoonosis. Lancet 4 (2004) 15-425
87. Reed K.D., Melski J.W., Graham M.B., et al. The detection of monkeypox in humans in the western hemisphere. N Engl J Med 350 (2004) 342-350
88. Sejvar J.J., Chowdary Y., and Schomogyi M. Human monkeypox infection: a family cluster in the Midwestern United States. J Infect Dis 190 (2004) 1833-1840
89. Bennett M., Gaskell R.M., and Baxby D. Poxvirus infection. In: Greene C.E. (Ed). Infectious Diseases of the Dog and Cat. (ed 3) (2006), Elsevier, St Louis 158-160
90. Ninove L., Domart Y., Vervel C., et al. Cowpox virus transmission from pet rats to humans, France. Emerg Infect Dis 15 (2009) 781-784
91. Campe H., Zimmermann P., Glos K., et al. Cowpox virus transmission from pet rats to humans, Germany. Emerg Infect Dis 15 (2009) 777-780
92. Overgaauw P.A.M. Aspects of Toxocara epidemiology: toxocarosis in dogs and cats. Crit Rev Microbiol 23 (1997) 233-251
93. Pivetti-Pezzi P. Ocular toxocariasis. Int J Med Sci 6 (2009) 129-130
94. Katagiri S., and Oliveira-Sequeira T.C.G. Prevalence of dog intestinal parasites and risk perception of zoonotic infection by dog owners in São Paulo State, Brazil. Zoonoses Public Health 55 (2008) 406-413
95. The Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University. http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/Factsheets/pdfs/baylisascariasis.pdf URL:
96. Heukelbach J., and Feldmeier H. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of hookworm-related cutaneous larval migrans. Lancet Infect Dis 8 (2008) 302-309
97. The Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University. http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/Factsheets/pdfs/echinococcosis.pdf URL:
98. Antolová D., Reiterová K., Miterpáková M., et al. The first finding of Echinococcus multilocularis in dogs in Slovakia: an emerging risk for spreading of infection. Zoonoses Public Health 56 (2009) 53-58
99. Molina C.P., Ogburn J., and Adegboyega P. Infection by Dipylidium caninum in an infant. Arch Pathol Lab Med 127 (2003) e157-e159
100. Scorza A.V., and Lappin M.R. Detection of Cryptosporidium spp. in feces of cats and dogs in the United States by PCR assay and IFA. J Vet Int Med 19 (2005) 437
101. Pedraza-Díaz S., Amar C., Iversen A.M., et al. Unusual Cryptosporidium species recovered from human faeces: first description of Cryptosporidium felis and Cryptosporidium 'dog type' from patients in England. J Med Microbiol 50 (2001) 293-296
102. Caccio S., Pinter E., Fantini R., et al. Human infection with Cryptosporidium felis: case report and literature review. Emerg Infect Dis 8 (2002) 85-86
103. Shukla R., Giraldo P., Kraliz A., et al. Cryptosporidium spp. and other zoonotic enteric parasites in a sample of domestic dogs and cats in the Niagara region of Ontario. Can Vet J 47 (2006) 1179-1184
104. Hunter P.R., and Thompson R.C.A. The zoonotic transmission of Giardia and Cryptosporidium. Int J Parasitol 35 (2005) 1181-1190
105. Cama V.A., Ross J.M., Crawford S., et al. Differences in clinical manifestations among Cryptosporidium species and subtypes in HIV-infected persons. J Infect Dis 196 (2007) 684-691
106. Smith R.P., Chalmers R.M., Elwin K., et al. Investigation of the role of companion animals in the zoonotic transmission of cryptosporidiosis. Zoonoses Public Health 56 (2009) 24-33
107. Bajer A. Cryptosporidium and Giardia spp. infections in humans, animals and the environment in Poland. Parasitol Res 104 (2008) 1-17
108. Lappin M.R. What you can catch at work I & II (2008), Western Veterinary Conference, Las Vegas
109. Kasprzak W., and Pawlowski Z. Zoonotic aspects of giardiasis: a review. Vet Parasitol 32 (1989) 101-108
110. Batchelor D.J., Tzannes S., Graham P.A., et al. Detection of endoparasites with zoonotic potential in dogs with gastrointestinal disease in the UK. Transbound Emerg Dis 55 (2008) 99-104
111. Tenter A.M., Heckeroth A.R., and Weiss L.M. Toxoplasma gondii: from animals to humans. Int J Parasitol 30 (2000) 1217-1258
112. Kramer L. Human toxoplasmosis and the role of veterinary clinicians. Int J Med Sci 6 (2009) 133-134
113. Dubey J.P., and Lappin M.R. Toxoplasmosis and neosporosis. In: Greene C.E. (Ed). Infectious Diseases of the Dog and Cat. (ed 3) (2006), Elsevier, St Louis 754-768
114. Etheredge G.D., Michael G., Muehlenbein M.P., et al. The roles of cats and dogs in the transmission of Toxoplasma infection in Kuna and Embera children in eastern Panama. Rev Panam Salud Publica/Pan Am J Public Health 16 (2004) 176-186
115. Legendre A.M. Blastomycosis. In: Greene C.E. (Ed). Infectious Diseases of the Dog and Cat. (ed 3) (2006), Elsevier, St Louis 569-576
116. Weese J.S., Peregrine A.S., and Armstrong J. Occupational health and safety in small animal veterinary practice: part I-nonparasitic zoonotic diseases. Can Vet J 43 (2002) 631-636
117. Greene C.E. Histoplasmosis. In: Greene C.E. (Ed). Infectious Diseases of the Dog and Cat. (ed 3) (2006), Elsevier, St Louis 577-584
118. Greene R.T. Coccidioidomycosis and paracoccidioidomycosis. In: Greene C.E. (Ed). Infectious Diseases of the Dog and Cat. (ed 3) (2006), Elsevier, St Louis 598-608
119. Kauffman C.A. Endemic mycoses: blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, and sporotrichosis. Infect Dis Clin North Am 20 (2006) 645-662
120. Blanco J.L., and Garcia M.E. Immune response to fungal infections. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 125 (2008) 47-70
121. Rosser E.J., and Dunstan R.W. Sporotrichosis. In: Greene C.E. (Ed). Infectious Diseases of the Dog and Cat. (ed 3) (2006), Elsevier, St Louis 608-612
122. Oliveira-Neto M.P., Mattos M., Lazera M., et al. Zoonotic sporothricosis transmitted by cats in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: a case report. Dermatol Online J 8 (2002) 5
123. Sharma R., de Hoog S., Presber W., et al. A virulent genotype of Microsporum canis is responsible for the majority of human infections. J Med Microbiol 56 (2007) 1377-1385
124. Fan Y.M., Huang W.M., Li S.F., et al. Granulomatous skin infection caused by Malassezia pachydermatis in a dog owner. Arch Dermatol 142 (2006) 1181-1184
125. Malik R., Krockenberger M., O'Brien C.R., et al. Cryptococcosis. In: Greene C.E. (Ed). Infectious Diseases of the Dog and Cat. (ed 3) (2006), Elsevier, St Louis 584-598
126. Nosanchuk J.D., Shoham S., Fries B.C., et al. Evidence of zoonotic transmission of Cryptococcus neoformans from a pet cockatoo to an immunocompromised patient. Ann Intern Med 132 (2000) 205-208
127. Jarvis J.N., and Harrison T.S. HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis. AIDS 21 (2007) 2119-2129