메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 3, Issue 12, 2003, Pages 757-771

Leptospirosis: A zoonotic disease of global importance

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMOXICILLIN; AMPICILLIN; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; AZITHROMYCIN; BACTERIAL VACCINE; BETA LACTAM ANTIBIOTIC; CEFOTAXIME; CEFTRIAXONE; CEPHALOSPORIN DERIVATIVE; CHLORAMPHENICOL; CIPROFLOXACIN; DOXYCYCLINE; ERYTHROMYCIN; LEPTOSPIROSIS VACCINE; MOXIFLOXACIN; OFLOXACIN; PENICILLIN G; SULTAMICILLIN; TELITHROMYCIN; TETRACYCLINE DERIVATIVE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

EID: 0344983453     PISSN: 14733099     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S1473-3099(03)00830-2     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (1836)

References (158)
  • 2
    • 0031725120 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidemic leptospirosis associated with pulmonary haemorrhage-Nicaragua, 1995
    • Trevejo RT, Rigau-Perez JG, Ashford DA, et al. Epidemic leptospirosis associated with pulmonary haemorrhage-Nicaragua, 1995. J Infect Dis 1998; 178: 1457-63.
    • (1998) J Infect Dis , vol.178 , pp. 1457-1463
    • Trevejo, R.T.1    Rigau-Perez, J.G.2    Ashford, D.A.3
  • 5
    • 0031016054 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Leptospirosis presenting as haemorrhagic fever in visitor to Africa
    • Monzuez J-J, Kidouche R, Le Gueno, Postic D. Leptospirosis presenting as haemorrhagic fever in visitor to Africa. Lancet 1997; 349: 254-55.
    • (1997) Lancet , vol.349 , pp. 254-255
    • Monzuez, J.-J.1    Kidouche, R.2    Le Gueno3    Postic, D.4
  • 6
    • 0037097534 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Outbreak of leptospirosis among triathlon participants and community residents in Springfield, Illinois, 1998
    • Morgan J, Bornstein SL, Karpati AM, et al. Outbreak of leptospirosis among triathlon participants and community residents in Springfield, Illinois, 1998. Clin Infect Dis 2002; 34: 1593-99.
    • (2002) Clin Infect Dis , vol.34 , pp. 1593-1599
    • Morgan, J.1    Bornstein, S.L.2    Karpati, A.M.3
  • 7
    • 13244273105 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Leptospirosis, water sports, and chemoprophylaxis
    • Haake DA, Dundoo M, Cader R, et al. Leptospirosis, water sports, and chemoprophylaxis. Clin Infect Dis 2002; 34: e40-43.
    • (2002) Clin Infect Dis , vol.34
    • Haake, D.A.1    Dundoo, M.2    Cader, R.3
  • 8
    • 0027460367 scopus 로고
    • Active surveillance and risk factors for leptospirosis in Hawaii
    • Sasaki DM, Pang L, Minette HP, et al. Active surveillance and risk factors for leptospirosis in Hawaii. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1993; 48: 35-43.
    • (1993) Am J Trop Med Hyg , vol.48 , pp. 35-43
    • Sasaki, D.M.1    Pang, L.2    Minette, H.P.3
  • 10
  • 11
    • 77956830860 scopus 로고
    • Serological typing methods of leptospires
    • Bergan T, Norris J, eds. London: Academic Press
    • Dikken H, Kmety E. Serological typing methods of leptospires. In: Bergan T, Norris J, eds. Methods in microbiology. London: Academic Press, 1978: 259-307.
    • (1978) Methods in Microbiology , pp. 259-307
    • Dikken, H.1    Kmety, E.2
  • 12
    • 0027016462 scopus 로고
    • Typing leptospira from the perspective of a reference laboratory
    • Terpstra WJ. Typing leptospira from the perspective of a reference laboratory. Acta Leiden 1992; 60: 79-87.
    • (1992) Acta Leiden , vol.60 , pp. 79-87
    • Terpstra, W.J.1
  • 13
    • 0002838708 scopus 로고
    • Deoxyribonucleic acid relatedness between serogroups and serovars in the family Leptospiraceae with proposals for seven new Leptospira species
    • Yasuda PH, Steigerwalt AG, Sulzer KR, Kaufmann AF, Rogers F, Brenner DJ. Deoxyribonucleic acid relatedness between serogroups and serovars in the family Leptospiraceae with proposals for seven new Leptospira species. Int Syst Bacteriol 1987; 37: 407-15.
    • (1987) Int Syst Bacteriol , vol.37 , pp. 407-415
    • Yasuda, P.H.1    Steigerwalt, A.G.2    Sulzer, K.R.3    Kaufmann, A.F.4    Rogers, F.5    Brenner, D.J.6
  • 15
    • 0032935785 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Further determination of DNA relatedness between serogroups and serovars in the family Leptospiraceae with a proposal for Leptospira alexanderi sp nov and four new Leptospira genomospecies
    • Brenner DJ, Kaufmann AF, Sulzer KR, Steigerwalt AG, Rogers FC, Weyant RS. Further determination of DNA relatedness between serogroups and serovars in the family Leptospiraceae with a proposal for Leptospira alexanderi sp nov and four new Leptospira genomospecies. Int J Syst Bacteriol 1999; 49: 839-58.
    • (1999) Int J Syst Bacteriol , vol.49 , pp. 839-858
    • Brenner, D.J.1    Kaufmann, A.F.2    Sulzer, K.R.3    Steigerwalt, A.G.4    Rogers, F.C.5    Weyant, R.S.6
  • 16
    • 0031874928 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Leptospira fainei sp nov, isolated from pigs in Australia
    • Perolat P, Chappel RJ, Adler B, et al. Leptospira fainei sp nov, isolated from pigs in Australia. Int J Syst Bacteriol 1998; 48: 851-58.
    • (1998) Int J Syst Bacteriol , vol.48 , pp. 851-858
    • Perolat, P.1    Chappel, R.J.2    Adler, B.3
  • 18
    • 0037464546 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Unique physiological and pathogenic features of Leptospira interrogans revealed by whole-genome sequencing
    • Ren SX, Fu G, Jiang XG, et al. Unique physiological and pathogenic features of Leptospira interrogans revealed by whole-genome sequencing. Nature 2003; 422: 888-93.
    • (2003) Nature , vol.422 , pp. 888-893
    • Ren, S.X.1    Fu, G.2    Jiang, X.G.3
  • 19
    • 0032540874 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Complete genome sequence of Treponema pallidum, the syphilis spirochete
    • Fraser CM, Norris SJ, Weinstock GM, et al. Complete genome sequence of Treponema pallidum, the syphilis spirochete. Science 1998; 281: 375-88.
    • (1998) Science , vol.281 , pp. 375-388
    • Fraser, C.M.1    Norris, S.J.2    Weinstock, G.M.3
  • 20
    • 0031470826 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genomic sequence of a Lyme disease spirochaete, Borrelia burgdorferi
    • Fraser CM, Casjens S, Huang WM, et al. Genomic sequence of a Lyme disease spirochaete, Borrelia burgdorferi. Nature 1997; 390: 580-86.
    • (1997) Nature , vol.390 , pp. 580-586
    • Fraser, C.M.1    Casjens, S.2    Huang, W.M.3
  • 21
    • 17444449727 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparative analysis of the LPS biosynthetic loci of the genetic subtypes of serovar hardjo: Leptospira interrogans subtype hardjoprajitno and Leptospira borgpetersenii subtype hardjobovis
    • de la Pena-Moctezuma A, Bulach DM, Kalambaheti T, Adler B. Comparative analysis of the LPS biosynthetic loci of the genetic subtypes of serovar hardjo: Leptospira interrogans subtype hardjoprajitno and Leptospira borgpetersenii subtype hardjobovis. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1999; 177: 319-26.
    • (1999) FEMS Microbiol Lett , vol.177 , pp. 319-326
    • De La Pena-Moctezuma, A.1    Bulach, D.M.2    Kalambaheti, T.3    Adler, B.4
  • 22
    • 0033819182 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The LE1 bacteriophage replicates as a plasmid within Leptospira biflexa: Construction of an L biflexa-Escherichia coli shuttle vecto
    • Saint Girons I, Bourhy P, Ottone C, et al. The LE1 bacteriophage replicates as a plasmid within Leptospira biflexa: construction of an L biflexa-Escherichia coli shuttle vecto. J Bacteriol 2000; 182: 5700-05.
    • (2000) J Bacteriol , vol.182 , pp. 5700-5705
    • Saint Girons, I.1    Bourhy, P.2    Ottone, C.3
  • 23
    • 0033910411 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spirochaetal lipoproteins and pathogenesis
    • Haake DA. Spirochaetal lipoproteins and pathogenesis. Microbiology 2000; 146: 1491-504.
    • (2000) Microbiology , vol.146 , pp. 1491-1504
    • Haake, D.A.1
  • 24
    • 0016905584 scopus 로고
    • Determination by means of electron microscopy of morphological criteria of value for classification of some spirochetes, in particular treponemes
    • Hovind-Hougen K. Determination by means of electron microscopy of morphological criteria of value for classification of some spirochetes, in particular treponemes. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand 1976; Suppl 255: 1-41.
    • (1976) Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand , Issue.SUPPL. 255 , pp. 1-41
    • Hovind-Hougen, K.1
  • 25
    • 0036948288 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetics of motility and chemotaxis of a fascinating group of bacteria: The spirochetes
    • Charon NW, Goldstein SF. Genetics of motility and chemotaxis of a fascinating group of bacteria: The spirochetes. Annu Rev Genet 2002; 36: 47-73.
    • (2002) Annu Rev Genet , vol.36 , pp. 47-73
    • Charon, N.W.1    Goldstein, S.F.2
  • 26
  • 27
    • 0017305892 scopus 로고
    • Bovine leptospirosis: A serological and clinical study
    • Ellis WA, Michno SW. Bovine leptospirosis: a serological and clinical study. Vet Rec 1976; 99: 387-91.
    • (1976) Vet Rec , vol.99 , pp. 387-391
    • Ellis, W.A.1    Michno, S.W.2
  • 29
    • 0002386930 scopus 로고
    • Nutrition of Leptospira pomona and growth of 13 other serotypes: Fractionation of oleic albumin complex and a medium of bovine albumin and polysorbate 80
    • Ellinghausen HC Jr, McCullough WG. Nutrition of Leptospira pomona and growth of 13 other serotypes: fractionation of oleic albumin complex and a medium of bovine albumin and polysorbate 80. Am J Vet Res 1965; 26: 45-51.
    • (1965) Am J Vet Res , vol.26 , pp. 45-51
    • Ellinghausen Jr., H.C.1    McCullough, W.G.2
  • 30
    • 0008468317 scopus 로고
    • Nutrition of Leptospira pomona and growth of 13 other serotypes: A serum-free medium employing oleic albumin complex
    • Ellinghausen HC, Jr, McCullough WG. Nutrition of Leptospira pomona and growth of 13 other serotypes: a serum-free medium employing oleic albumin complex. Am J Vet Res 1965; 26: 39-44.
    • (1965) Am J Vet Res , vol.26 , pp. 39-44
    • Ellinghausen Jr., H.C.1    McCullough, W.G.2
  • 31
    • 0014189273 scopus 로고
    • Metabolism of leptospires 11. The action of 8-azaguanine
    • Johnson RC, Rogers P. Metabolism of leptospires 11. The action of 8-azaguanine. Can J Microbiol 1967; 13: 1621-29.
    • (1967) Can J Microbiol , vol.13 , pp. 1621-1629
    • Johnson, R.C.1    Rogers, P.2
  • 34
    • 0032993917 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Factors associated with clinical leptospirosis: A population-based case-control study in the Seychelles (Indian Ocean)
    • Bovet P, Yersin C, Merien F, Davis CE, Perolat P. Factors associated with clinical leptospirosis: a population-based case-control study in the Seychelles (Indian Ocean). Int J Epidemiol 1999; 28: 583-90.
    • (1999) Int J Epidemiol , vol.28 , pp. 583-590
    • Bovet, P.1    Yersin, C.2    Merien, F.3    Davis, C.E.4    Perolat, P.5
  • 35
    • 0034437518 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Asymptomatic infection and risk factors for leptospirosis in Nicaragua
    • Ashford DA, Kaiser RM, Spiegel RA, et al. Asymptomatic infection and risk factors for leptospirosis in Nicaragua. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2000; 63: 249-54.
    • (2000) Am J Trop Med Hyg , vol.63 , pp. 249-254
    • Ashford, D.A.1    Kaiser, R.M.2    Spiegel, R.A.3
  • 36
    • 0027114478 scopus 로고
    • Duration of urinary excretion of leptospires by catfle naturally or experimentally infected with Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo
    • Leonard FC, Quinn PJ, Ellis WA, K OF. Duration of urinary excretion of leptospires by catfle naturally or experimentally infected with Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo. Vet Rec 1992; 131: 435-39.
    • (1992) Vet Rec , vol.131 , pp. 435-439
    • Leonard, F.C.1    Quinn, P.J.2    Ellis, W.A.3
  • 37
    • 0019491949 scopus 로고
    • The Norway rat as a selective chronic carrier of Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae
    • Thiermann AB. The Norway rat as a selective chronic carrier of Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae. J Wildl Dis 1981; 17: 39-43.
    • (1981) J Wildl Dis , vol.17 , pp. 39-43
    • Thiermann, A.B.1
  • 38
    • 0036265244 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Leptospiral carriage by mice and mongooses on the island of Barbados
    • Matthias MA, Levett PN. Leptospiral carriage by mice and mongooses on the island of Barbados. West Indian Med J 2002; 51: 10-13.
    • (2002) West Indian Med J , vol.51 , pp. 10-13
    • Matthias, M.A.1    Levett, P.N.2
  • 39
    • 0009743751 scopus 로고
    • Studies of leptospirosis in natural host populations I. Small mammals of Waipio Valley, island of Hawaii
    • Tomich P. Studies of leptospirosis in natural host populations I. Small mammals of Waipio Valley, island of Hawaii. Pacific Science 1979; 33: 257-79.
    • (1979) Pacific Science , vol.33 , pp. 257-279
    • Tomich, P.1
  • 43
    • 0017296165 scopus 로고
    • Leptospirosis in Trinidad and Grenada, with special reference to the mongoose
    • Everard CO, Green AE, Glosser JW. Leptospirosis in Trinidad and Grenada, with special reference to the mongoose. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1976; 70: 57-61.
    • (1976) Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg , vol.70 , pp. 57-61
    • Everard, C.O.1    Green, A.E.2    Glosser, J.W.3
  • 46
    • 0345411404 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increase of leptospirosis in dengue-negative patients after a hurricane in Puerto Rico in 1996 [correction of 1966]
    • Sanders EJ, Rigau-Perez JG, Smits HL, et al. Increase of leptospirosis in dengue-negative patients after a hurricane in Puerto Rico in 1996 [correction of 1966]. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1999; 61: 399-404.
    • (1999) Am J Trop Med Hyg , vol.61 , pp. 399-404
    • Sanders, E.J.1    Rigau-Perez, J.G.2    Smits, H.L.3
  • 47
    • 0034437481 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Detection of pathogenic Leptospira spp infections among mammals captured in the Peruvian Amazon basin region
    • Bunnell JE, Hice CL, Watts DM, Montrueil V, Tesh RB, Vinetz JM. Detection of pathogenic Leptospira spp infections among mammals captured in the Peruvian Amazon basin region. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2000; 63: 255-58.
    • (2000) Am J Trop Med Hyg , vol.63 , pp. 255-258
    • Bunnell, J.E.1    Hice, C.L.2    Watts, D.M.3    Montrueil, V.4    Tesh, R.B.5    Vinetz, J.M.6
  • 49
    • 0038725691 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Leptospirosis in Eco-Challenge Athletes, Malaysian Borneo, 2000
    • Sejvar J, Bancroff E, Winthrop K, et al. Leptospirosis in Eco-Challenge Athletes, Malaysian Borneo, 2000. Emerg Infect Dis 2003; 9: 702-07.
    • (2003) Emerg Infect Dis , vol.9 , pp. 702-707
    • Sejvar, J.1    Bancroff, E.2    Winthrop, K.3
  • 50
    • 0032015977 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Surveillance of leptospiral carriage by feral rats in Barbados
    • Levett PN, Walton D, Waterman LD, et al. Surveillance of leptospiral carriage by feral rats in Barbados. West Indian Med J 1998; 47: 15-17.
    • (1998) West Indian Med J , vol.47 , pp. 15-17
    • Levett, P.N.1    Walton, D.2    Waterman, L.D.3
  • 51
    • 0000529994 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Common trends with latitude
    • Levin SA, ed. San Diego, CA: Academic Press
    • Willig MR. Common trends with latitude. In: Levin SA, ed. Encyclopedia of biodiversity. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 2001: 701-14.
    • (2001) Encyclopedia of Biodiversity , pp. 701-714
    • Willig, M.R.1
  • 52
    • 85030949865 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Latitudinal gradients of biodiversity: Pattern, process, scale, and synthesis
    • in press
    • Willig MR, Kaufman DM, Stevens RD. Latitudinal gradients of biodiversity: pattern, process, scale, and synthesis. Annu Rev Ecol Syst (in press).
    • Annu Rev Ecol Syst
    • Willig, M.R.1    Kaufman, D.M.2    Stevens, R.D.3
  • 53
    • 0033765049 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chemotaxis in pathogenic spirochetes: Directed movement toward targeting tissues
    • Lux R, Moter A, Shi W. Chemotaxis in pathogenic spirochetes: directed movement toward targeting tissues. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol 2000; 2: 355-64.
    • (2000) J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol , vol.2 , pp. 355-364
    • Lux, R.1    Moter, A.2    Shi, W.3
  • 55
    • 0022446876 scopus 로고
    • Copurification of Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona hemolysin and sphingomyelinase C
    • Bernheimer AW, Bey RF. Copurification of Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona hemolysin and sphingomyelinase C. Infect Immun 1986; 54: 262-64.
    • (1986) Infect Immun , vol.54 , pp. 262-264
    • Bernheimer, A.W.1    Bey, R.F.2
  • 56
    • 0024413898 scopus 로고
    • Cloning of a hemolysin gene from Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo
    • del Real G, Segers RP, van der Zeijst BA, Gaastra W. Cloning of a hemolysin gene from Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo. Infect Immun 1989; 57: 2588-90.
    • (1989) Infect Immun , vol.57 , pp. 2588-2590
    • Del Real, G.1    Segers, R.P.2    Van Der Zeijst, B.A.3    Gaastra, W.4
  • 58
    • 0036136449 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cytotoxic activities of Leptospira interrogans hemolysin SphH as a poreforming protein on mammalian cells
    • Lee SH, Kim S, Park SC, Kim MJ. Cytotoxic activities of Leptospira interrogans hemolysin SphH as a poreforming protein on mammalian cells. Infect Immun 2002; 70: 315-22.
    • (2002) Infect Immun , vol.70 , pp. 315-322
    • Lee, S.H.1    Kim, S.2    Park, S.C.3    Kim, M.J.4
  • 59
    • 0034175911 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification of a 36-kDa fibronectin-binding protein expressed by a virulent variant of Leptospira interrogans serovar icterohaemorrhagiae
    • Merien F, Truccolo J, Baranton G, Perolat P. Identification of a 36-kDa fibronectin-binding protein expressed by a virulent variant of Leptospira interrogans serovar icterohaemorrhagiae. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2000; 185: 17-22.
    • (2000) FEMS Microbiol Lett , vol.185 , pp. 17-22
    • Merien, F.1    Truccolo, J.2    Baranton, G.3    Perolat, P.4
  • 60
    • 0035192015 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular characterization of thermoinduced immunogenic proteins Q1p42 and Hsp15 of Leptospira interrogans
    • Nally JE, Artiushin S, Timoney JF. Molecular characterization of thermoinduced immunogenic proteins Q1p42 and Hsp15 of Leptospira interrogans. Infect Immun 2001; 69: 7616-24.
    • (2001) Infect Immun , vol.69 , pp. 7616-7624
    • Nally, J.E.1    Artiushin, S.2    Timoney, J.F.3
  • 61
    • 0035158941 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Temperature-regulated protein synthesis by Leptospira interrogans
    • Nally JE, Timoney JF, Stevenson B. Temperature-regulated protein synthesis by Leptospira interrogans. Infect Immun 2001; 69: 400-04.
    • (2001) Infect Immun , vol.69 , pp. 400-404
    • Nally, J.E.1    Timoney, J.F.2    Stevenson, B.3
  • 62
    • 0036121913 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global analysis of outer membrane proteins from Leptospira interrogans serovar lai
    • Cullen PA, Cordwell SJ, Bulach DM, Haake DA, Adler B. Global analysis of outer membrane proteins from Leptospira interrogans serovar lai. Infect Immun 2002; 70: 2311-18.
    • (2002) Infect Immun , vol.70 , pp. 2311-2318
    • Cullen, P.A.1    Cordwell, S.J.2    Bulach, D.M.3    Haake, D.A.4    Adler, B.5
  • 63
    • 0036840589 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cloning and molecular characterization of an immunogenic LigA protein of Leptospira interrogans
    • Palaniappan RU, Chang YF, Jusuf SS, et al. Cloning and molecular characterization of an immunogenic LigA protein of Leptospira interrogans. Infect Immun 2002; 70: 5924-30.
    • (2002) Infect Immun , vol.70 , pp. 5924-5930
    • Palaniappan, R.U.1    Chang, Y.F.2    Jusuf, S.S.3
  • 64
    • 0037407410 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of polymerase chain reaction assay, bacteriologic culture, and serologic testing in assessment of prevalence of urinary shedding of leptospires in dogs
    • Harkin KR, Roshto YM, Sullivan JT, Purvis TJ, Chengappa MM. Comparison of polymerase chain reaction assay, bacteriologic culture, and serologic testing in assessment of prevalence of urinary shedding of leptospires in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2003; 222: 1230-33.
    • (2003) J Am Vet Med Assoc , vol.222 , pp. 1230-1233
    • Harkin, K.R.1    Roshto, Y.M.2    Sullivan, J.T.3    Purvis, T.J.4    Chengappa, M.M.5
  • 66
    • 0033765375 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Leptospira outer membrane protein activates NF-kappaB and downstream genes expressed in medullary thick ascending limb cells
    • Yang CW, Wu MS, Pan MJ, et al. Leptospira outer membrane protein activates NF-kappaB and downstream genes expressed in medullary thick ascending limb cells. J Am Soc Nephrol 2000; 11: 2017-26.
    • (2000) J Am Soc Nephrol , vol.11 , pp. 2017-2026
    • Yang, C.W.1    Wu, M.S.2    Pan, M.J.3
  • 67
    • 0032956142 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Expression and distribution of leptospiral outer membrane components during renal infection of hamsters
    • Barnett JK, Barnett D, Bolin CA, et al. Expression and distribution of leptospiral outer membrane components during renal infection of hamsters. Infect Immun 1999; 67: 853-61.
    • (1999) Infect Immun , vol.67 , pp. 853-861
    • Barnett, J.K.1    Barnett, D.2    Bolin, C.A.3
  • 68
    • 5944225473 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Leptospiral lipopolysaccharide activates cells through a TLR2-dependent mechanism
    • Werts C, Tapping RI, Mathison JC, et al. Leptospiral lipopolysaccharide activates cells through a TLR2-dependent mechanism. Nat Immunol 2001; 2: 346-52.
    • (2001) Nat Immunol , vol.2 , pp. 346-352
    • Werts, C.1    Tapping, R.I.2    Mathison, J.C.3
  • 70
    • 0027074240 scopus 로고
    • Leptospiral antigens in the liver of experimentally infected guinea pig and their relation to the morphogenesis of liver damage
    • Alves VA, Gayotto LC, de Brito T, et al. Leptospiral antigens in the liver of experimentally infected guinea pig and their relation to the morphogenesis of liver damage. Exp Toxicol Pathol 1992; 44: 425-34.
    • (1992) Exp Toxicol Pathol , vol.44 , pp. 425-434
    • Alves, V.A.1    Gayotto, L.C.2    De Brito, T.3
  • 71
    • 0025726671 scopus 로고
    • Leptospiral antigens L interrogans serogroup icterohaemorrhagiae in the kidney of experimentally infected guinea-pigs and their relation to the pathogenesis of renal injury
    • Alves VA, Gayotto LC, Yasuda PH, Wakamatsu A, Kanamura CT, de Brito T. Leptospiral antigens L interrogans serogroup icterohaemorrhagiae in the kidney of experimentally infected guinea-pigs and their relation to the pathogenesis of renal injury. Exp Pathol 1991; 42: 81-93.
    • (1991) Exp Pathol , vol.42 , pp. 81-93
    • Alves, V.A.1    Gayotto, L.C.2    Yasuda, P.H.3    Wakamatsu, A.4    Kanamura, C.T.5    De Brito, T.6
  • 72
    • 0036128739 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Peripheral blood mononudear cell activation induced by Leptospira interrogans glycolipoprotein
    • Diament D, Brunialti MK, Romero EC, Kallas EG, Salomao R. Peripheral blood mononudear cell activation induced by Leptospira interrogans glycolipoprotein. Infect Immun 2002; 70: 1677-83.
    • (2002) Infect Immun , vol.70 , pp. 1677-1683
    • Diament, D.1    Brunialti, M.K.2    Romero, E.C.3    Kallas, E.G.4    Salomao, R.5
  • 73
    • 0028999119 scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of Na,K-ATPase by an endotoxin extracted from Leptospira interrogans: A possible mechanism for the physiopathology of leptospirosis
    • Younes-Ibrahim M, Burth P, Faria MV, et al. Inhibition of Na,K-ATPase by an endotoxin extracted from Leptospira interrogans: a possible mechanism for the physiopathology of leptospirosis. C R Acad Sci III 1995; 318: 619-25.
    • (1995) C R Acad Sci III , vol.318 , pp. 619-625
    • Younes-Ibrahim, M.1    Burth, P.2    Faria, M.V.3
  • 74
    • 84872642257 scopus 로고
    • Histopathology of experimental leptospirosis
    • Beamer PP, Hugh GG, Firminger H I. Histopathology of experimental leptospirosis. Am J Path 1939; 23: 896-97.
    • (1939) Am J Path , vol.23 , pp. 896-897
    • Beamer, P.P.1    Hugh, G.G.2    Firminger, H.I.3
  • 75
    • 0021963513 scopus 로고
    • Relationship between the number of leptospires in blood, livers and lungs of guinea pigs and the pulmonary diffuse haemorrhage of leptospirosis
    • Hu QL, Yin QZ, Wu SR, Dai BM, Lei YD. Relationship between the number of leptospires in blood, livers and lungs of guinea pigs and the pulmonary diffuse haemorrhage of leptospirosis. Sichuan Yi Xue Yuan Xue Bao 1985; 16: 33-36.
    • (1985) Sichuan Yi Xue Yuan Xue Bao , vol.16 , pp. 33-36
    • Hu, Q.L.1    Yin, Q.Z.2    Wu, S.R.3    Dai, B.M.4    Lei, Y.D.5
  • 76
    • 0016296376 scopus 로고
    • The pathogenesis of haemorrhage in the lung of the hamster during acute leptospirosis
    • Miller NG, Allen JE, Wilson RB. The pathogenesis of haemorrhage in the lung of the hamster during acute leptospirosis. Med Microbiol Immunol 1974; 160: 269-78.
    • (1974) Med Microbiol Immunol , vol.160 , pp. 269-278
    • Miller, N.G.1    Allen, J.E.2    Wilson, R.B.3
  • 78
    • 0022454711 scopus 로고
    • Thrombocytopenia in leptospirosis: The absence of evidence for disseminated intravascular coagulation
    • Edwards CN, Nicholson GD, Hassell TA, Eerard COR, Callender J. Thrombocytopenia in leptospirosis: the absence of evidence for disseminated intravascular coagulation. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1986; 35: 352-54.
    • (1986) Am J Trop Med Hyg , vol.35 , pp. 352-354
    • Edwards, C.N.1    Nicholson, G.D.2    Hassell, T.A.3    Eerard, C.O.R.4    Callender, J.5
  • 80
    • 0030899881 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lung lesions in human leptospirosis: Microscopic, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural features related to thrombocytopenia
    • Nicodemo AC, Duarte MIS, Alves VAF, Takakura CFH, Santos RTM, Nicodemo EL. Lung lesions in human leptospirosis: microscopic, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural features related to thrombocytopenia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1997; 56: 181-87.
    • (1997) Am J Trop Med Hyg , vol.56 , pp. 181-187
    • Nicodemo, A.C.1    Duarte, M.I.S.2    Alves, V.A.F.3    Takakura, C.F.H.4    Santos, R.T.M.5    Nicodemo, E.L.6
  • 81
    • 0017626036 scopus 로고
    • The pathogenesis of leptospirosis II. Jaundice in experimental leptospirosis in guinea-pigs
    • Higgins R, Cousineau G. The pathogenesis of leptospirosis II. Jaundice in experimental leptospirosis in guinea-pigs. Can J Comp Med 1977; 41: 182-87.
    • (1977) Can J Comp Med , vol.41 , pp. 182-187
    • Higgins, R.1    Cousineau, G.2
  • 83
    • 0030791557 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Uveitis associated with an epidemic outbreak of leptospirosis
    • Rathinam SR, Rathnam S, Selvaraj S, et al. Uveitis associated with an epidemic outbreak of leptospirosis. Am J Ophthalmol 1997; 124: 71-79.
    • (1997) Am J Ophthalmol , vol.124 , pp. 71-79
    • Rathinam, S.R.1    Rathnam, S.2    Selvaraj, S.3
  • 85
    • 0032197342 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Demonstration of intraocular leptospira in 4 horses suffering from equine recurrent uveitis (ERU)
    • Brem S, Gerhards H, Wollanke B, Meyer P, Kopp H. Demonstration of intraocular leptospira in 4 horses suffering from equine recurrent uveitis (ERU). Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 1998; 111: 415-17.
    • (1998) Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr , vol.111 , pp. 415-417
    • Brem, S.1    Gerhards, H.2    Wollanke, B.3    Meyer, P.4    Kopp, H.5
  • 87
    • 0033202897 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 35 Leptospira isolated from the vitreous body of 32 horses with recurrent uveitis (ERU)
    • Brem S, Gerhards H, Wollanke B, Meyer P, Kopp H. 35 leptospira isolated from the vitreous body of 32 horses with recurrent uveitis (ERU). Berl Munch Tierarzd Wochenschr 1999; 112: 390-93.
    • (1999) Berl Munch Tierarzd Wochenschr , vol.112 , pp. 390-393
    • Brem, S.1    Gerhards, H.2    Wollanke, B.3    Meyer, P.4    Kopp, H.5
  • 88
    • 0017645569 scopus 로고
    • Host immunological mechanisms in the resistance of mice to leptospiral infections
    • Adler B, Faine S. Host immunological mechanisms in the resistance of mice to leptospiral infections. Infect Immun 1977; 17: 67-72.
    • (1977) Infect Immun , vol.17 , pp. 67-72
    • Adler, B.1    Faine, S.2
  • 90
    • 0018292905 scopus 로고
    • Serological cross-reactions of leptospiral lipopolysaccharide (F4) antigen
    • Adler B, Faine S. Serological cross-reactions of leptospiral lipopolysaccharide (F4) antigen. Zentralbl Bakteriol[OrigA] 1979; A244: 291-301.
    • (1979) Zentralbl Bakteriol[OrigA] , vol.A244 , pp. 291-301
    • Adler, B.1    Faine, S.2
  • 91
    • 0032702291 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Leptospiral outer membrane proteins OmpL1 and LipL41 exhibit synergistic immunoprotection
    • Haake DA, Mazel MK, McCoy AM, et al. Leptospiral outer membrane proteins OmpL1 and LipL41 exhibit synergistic immunoprotection. Infect Immun 1999; 67: 6572-82.
    • (1999) Infect Immun , vol.67 , pp. 6572-6582
    • Haake, D.A.1    Mazel, M.K.2    McCoy, A.M.3
  • 92
    • 0035856574 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Following the course of human leptospirosis: Evidence of a critical threshold for the vital prognosis using a quantitative PCR assay
    • Truccolo J, Serais O, Merien F, Perolat P. Following the course of human leptospirosis: evidence of a critical threshold for the vital prognosis using a quantitative PCR assay. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2001; 204: 317-21.
    • (2001) FEMS Microbiol Lett , vol.204 , pp. 317-321
    • Truccolo, J.1    Serais, O.2    Merien, F.3    Perolat, P.4
  • 93
    • 0035184758 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Protective killed Leptospira borgpetersenii vaccine induces potent Th1 immunity comprising responses by CD4 and gamma-delta T lymphocytes
    • Naiman BM, Alt D, Bolin CA, Zuerner R, Baldwin CL. Protective killed Leptospira borgpetersenii vaccine induces potent Th1 immunity comprising responses by CD4 and gamma-delta T lymphocytes. Infect Immun 2001; 69: 7550-58.
    • (2001) Infect Immun , vol.69 , pp. 7550-7558
    • Naiman, B.M.1    Alt, D.2    Bolin, C.A.3    Zuerner, R.4    Baldwin, C.L.5
  • 94
    • 0031747970 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Morphological characterisation of lung and kidney lesions in C3H/HeJ mice infected with Leptospira interrogans serovar icterohaemorrhagiae: Defect of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells are prognosticators of the disease progression
    • Pereira MM, Andrade J, Marchewsky RS, Dos Santos RR. Morphological characterisation of lung and kidney lesions in C3H/HeJ mice infected with Leptospira interrogans serovar icterohaemorrhagiae: defect of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells are prognosticators of the disease progression. Exp Toxicol Pathol 1998; 50: 191-98.
    • (1998) Exp Toxicol Pathol , vol.50 , pp. 191-198
    • Pereira, M.M.1    Andrade, J.2    Marchewsky, R.S.3    Dos Santos, R.R.4
  • 95
    • 0041344367 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Leptospira interrogans activation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells: Preferential expansion of TCRgammadelta(+) T cells vs TCRalphabeta(+) T cells
    • Klimpel GR, Matthias MA, Vinetz JM. Leptospira interrogans activation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells: preferential expansion of TCRgammadelta(+) T cells vs TCRalphabeta(+) T cells. J Immunol 2003; 171: 1447-55.
    • (2003) J Immunol , vol.171 , pp. 1447-1455
    • Klimpel, G.R.1    Matthias, M.A.2    Vinetz, J.M.3
  • 96
    • 0029039511 scopus 로고
    • Leptospirosis
    • Farr RW. Leptospirosis. Clin Infect Dis 1995; 21: 1-8.
    • (1995) Clin Infect Dis , vol.21 , pp. 1-8
    • Farr, R.W.1
  • 98
    • 0021362825 scopus 로고
    • An efficacy trial of doxycycline chemoprophylaxis against leptospirosis
    • Takafuji ET, Kirkpatrick JW, Miller RN, et al. An efficacy trial of doxycycline chemoprophylaxis against leptospirosis. N Engl J Med 1984; 310: 497-500.
    • (1984) N Engl J Med , vol.310 , pp. 497-500
    • Takafuji, E.T.1    Kirkpatrick, J.W.2    Miller, R.N.3
  • 99
    • 0024039617 scopus 로고
    • Human-to-human transmission of Leptospira interrogans by milk
    • Bolin CA, Koellner P. Human-to-human transmission of Leptospira interrogans by milk. J Infec Dis 1988; 158: 246-47.
    • (1988) J Infec Dis , vol.158 , pp. 246-247
    • Bolin, C.A.1    Koellner, P.2
  • 100
    • 0035576451 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessment of the clinical presentation and treatment of 355 cases of laboratory-confirmed leptospirosis in Hawaii, 1974-1998
    • Katz AR, Ansdell VE, Effler PV, Middleton CR, Sasaki DM. Assessment of the clinical presentation and treatment of 355 cases of laboratory-confirmed leptospirosis in Hawaii, 1974-1998. Clin Infect Dis 2001; 33: 1834-41.
    • (2001) Clin Infect Dis , vol.33 , pp. 1834-1841
    • Katz, A.R.1    Ansdell, V.E.2    Effler, P.V.3    Middleton, C.R.4    Sasaki, D.M.5
  • 102
    • 0000320172 scopus 로고
    • Leptospirosis in the United States. Analysis of 483 cases in man, 1949-1961
    • Heath CW, Alexander AD, Galton MM. Leptospirosis in the United States. Analysis of 483 cases in man, 1949-1961. N Engl J Med 1965; 273: 857-64 and 915-22.
    • (1965) N Engl J Med , vol.273 , pp. 857-864
    • Heath, C.W.1    Alexander, A.D.2    Galton, M.M.3
  • 103
    • 0031035237 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sepsis-associated cholestasis
    • Moseley RH. Sepsis-associated cholestasis. Gastroenterology 1997; 112: 302-06.
    • (1997) Gastroenterology , vol.112 , pp. 302-306
    • Moseley, R.H.1
  • 104
    • 0030985048 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acute renal failure in leptospirosis
    • Abdulkader RC. Acute renal failure in leptospirosis. Ren Fail 1997; 19: 191-98.
    • (1997) Ren Fail , vol.19 , pp. 191-198
    • Abdulkader, R.C.1
  • 105
    • 0032745865 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk factors for death and changing patterns in leptospirosis acute renal failure
    • Daher E, Zanetta DM, Cavalcante MB, Abdulkader RC. Risk factors for death and changing patterns in leptospirosis acute renal failure. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1999; 61: 630-34.
    • (1999) Am J Trop Med Hyg , vol.61 , pp. 630-634
    • Daher, E.1    Zanetta, D.M.2    Cavalcante, M.B.3    Abdulkader, R.C.4
  • 106
    • 85047278156 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Leptospirosis and pancreatitis
    • Edwards CN. Leptospirosis and pancreatitis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1999; 18: 399-400.
    • (1999) Pediatr Infect Dis J , vol.18 , pp. 399-400
    • Edwards, C.N.1
  • 109
    • 0024500380 scopus 로고
    • Leptospirosis of the lung: Radiographic findings in 58 patients
    • Im JG, Yeon KM, Han MC, et al. Leptospirosis of the lung: radiographic findings in 58 patients. Am J Roentgenol 1989; 152: 955-59.
    • (1989) Am J Roentgenol , vol.152 , pp. 955-959
    • Im, J.G.1    Yeon, K.M.2    Han, M.C.3
  • 111
    • 0033396245 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acute lung injury in leptospirosis: Clinical and laboratory features, outcome, and factors associated with mortality
    • Marotto PC, Nascimento CM, Eluf-Neto J, et al. Acute lung injury in leptospirosis: clinical and laboratory features, outcome, and factors associated with mortality. Clin Infect Dis 1999; 29: 1561-63.
    • (1999) Clin Infect Dis , vol.29 , pp. 1561-1563
    • Marotto, P.C.1    Nascimento, C.M.2    Eluf-Neto, J.3
  • 112
    • 84965343630 scopus 로고
    • Electrocardiographic changes in leptospirosis
    • Parsons M. Electrocardiographic changes in leptospirosis. BMJ 1965; 2: 201-03.
    • (1965) BMJ , vol.2 , pp. 201-203
    • Parsons, M.1
  • 113
    • 0016731390 scopus 로고
    • Antileptospiral activity in lower-vertebrate sera
    • Charon NW, Johnson RC, Muschel LH. Antileptospiral activity in lower-vertebrate sera. Infect Immun 1975; 12: 1386-91.
    • (1975) Infect Immun , vol.12 , pp. 1386-1391
    • Charon, N.W.1    Johnson, R.C.2    Muschel, L.H.3
  • 114
    • 0033936717 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Massive rhabdomyolysis and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome caused by leptospirosis
    • Coursin DB, Updike SJ, Maki DG. Massive rhabdomyolysis and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome caused by leptospirosis. Intensive Care Med 2000; 26: 808-12.
    • (2000) Intensive Care Med , vol.26 , pp. 808-812
    • Coursin, D.B.1    Updike, S.J.2    Maki, D.G.3
  • 115
    • 0019001315 scopus 로고
    • Acute rhabdomyolysis and renal failure in Weil's disease
    • Ho KJ, Scully KT. Acute rhabdomyolysis and renal failure in Weil's disease. Ala J Med Sci 1980; 17: 133-37.
    • (1980) Ala J Med Sci , vol.17 , pp. 133-137
    • Ho, K.J.1    Scully, K.T.2
  • 117
    • 0021333442 scopus 로고
    • Leptospirosis and uveitis
    • Barkay S, Garzozi H. Leptospirosis and uveitis. Ann Ophthalmol 1984; 16: 164-68.
    • (1984) Ann Ophthalmol , vol.16 , pp. 164-168
    • Barkay, S.1    Garzozi, H.2
  • 118
    • 0031923289 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification of Leptospira species in the pathogenesis of uveitis and determination of clinical ocular characteristics in South India
    • Chu KM, Rathinam R, Namperumalsamy P, Dean D. Identification of Leptospira species in the pathogenesis of uveitis and determination of clinical ocular characteristics in South India. J Infect Dis 1998; 177: 1314-21.
    • (1998) J Infect Dis , vol.177 , pp. 1314-1321
    • Chu, K.M.1    Rathinam, R.2    Namperumalsamy, P.3    Dean, D.4
  • 119
    • 0031016054 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Leptospirosis presenting as haemorrhagic fever in visitor to Africa
    • Monsuez JJ, Kidouche R, Le Gueno B, Postic D. Leptospirosis presenting as haemorrhagic fever in visitor to Africa. Lancet 1997; 349: 254-55.
    • (1997) Lancet , vol.349 , pp. 254-255
    • Monsuez, J.J.1    Kidouche, R.2    Le Gueno, B.3    Postic, D.4
  • 121
    • 0037267278 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Possible scrub typhus coinfections in Thai agricultural workers hospitalized with leptospirosis
    • Watt G, Jongsakul K, Suttinont C. Possible scrub typhus coinfections in Thai agricultural workers hospitalized with leptospirosis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2003; 68: 89-91.
    • (2003) Am J Trop Med Hyg , vol.68 , pp. 89-91
    • Watt, G.1    Jongsakul, K.2    Suttinont, C.3
  • 122
    • 0037442634 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Usefulness of serologic analysis as a predictor of the infecting serovar in patients with severe leptospirosis
    • Levett PN. Usefulness of serologic analysis as a predictor of the infecting serovar in patients with severe leptospirosis. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 36: 447-52.
    • (2003) Clin Infect Dis , vol.36 , pp. 447-452
    • Levett, P.N.1
  • 124
    • 0002435931 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Leptospira and leptonema
    • Murray PR, Baron EJ, Pfaller MA, et al, eds. Washington DC: ASM Press
    • Weyant RS, Bragg SL, Kaufmann AF. Leptospira and leptonema. In: Murray PR, Baron EJ, Pfaller MA, et al, eds. Manual of clinical microbiology, 7th edn. Washington DC: ASM Press, 1999: 739-45.
    • (1999) Manual of Clinical Microbiology, 7th Edn. , pp. 739-745
    • Weyant, R.S.1    Bragg, S.L.2    Kaufmann, A.F.3
  • 127
    • 0033811181 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Survival of leptospires in commercial blood culture systems revisited
    • Palmer MF, Zochowski WJ. Survival of leptospires in commercial blood culture systems revisited. J Clin Pathol 2000; 53: 713-14.
    • (2000) J Clin Pathol , vol.53 , pp. 713-714
    • Palmer, M.F.1    Zochowski, W.J.2
  • 128
    • 2942625703 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A quantitative PCR (TaqMan) assay for pathogenic Leptospira spp
    • Smythe LD, Smith IL, Smith GA, et al. A quantitative PCR (TaqMan) assay for pathogenic Leptospira spp. BMC Infect Dis 2002; 2: 13.
    • (2002) BMC Infect Dis , vol.2 , pp. 13
    • Smythe, L.D.1    Smith, I.L.2    Smith, G.A.3
  • 129
    • 0032735404 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessment of the efficacy of an IgM-elisa and microscopic agglutination test (MAT) in the diagnosis of acute leptospirosis
    • Cumberland P, Everard CO, Levett PN. Assessment of the efficacy of an IgM-elisa and microscopic agglutination test (MAT) in the diagnosis of acute leptospirosis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1999; 61: 731-34.
    • (1999) Am J Trop Med Hyg , vol.61 , pp. 731-734
    • Cumberland, P.1    Everard, C.O.2    Levett, P.N.3
  • 130
    • 0015882820 scopus 로고
    • Improved microtechnique for the leptospiral microscopic agglutination test
    • Cole JR, Jr., Sulzer CR, Pursell AR. Improved microtechnique for the leptospiral microscopic agglutination test. Appl Microbiol 1973; 25: 976-80.
    • (1973) Appl Microbiol , vol.25 , pp. 976-980
    • Cole Jr., J.R.1    Sulzer, C.R.2    Pursell, A.R.3
  • 132
    • 0018895623 scopus 로고
    • Detection of specific anti-leptospiral immunoglobulins M and G in human serum by solid-phase enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
    • Adler B, Murphy AM, Locarnini SA, Faine S. Detection of specific anti-leptospiral immunoglobulins M and G in human serum by solid-phase enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. J Clin Microbiol 1980; 11: 452-57.
    • (1980) J Clin Microbiol , vol.11 , pp. 452-457
    • Adler, B.1    Murphy, A.M.2    Locarnini, S.A.3    Faine, S.4
  • 133
    • 0021930566 scopus 로고
    • ELISA for the detection of specific IgM and IgG in human leptospirosis
    • Terpstra WJ, Ligthart GS, Schoone GJ. ELISA for the detection of specific IgM and IgG in human leptospirosis. J Gen Microbiol 1985; 131: 377-385.
    • (1985) J Gen Microbiol , vol.131 , pp. 377-385
    • Terpstra, W.J.1    Ligthart, G.S.2    Schoone, G.J.3
  • 134
    • 0023835924 scopus 로고
    • Placebo-controlled trial of intravenous penicillin for severe and late leptospirosis
    • Watt G, Padre LP, Tuazon ML, et al. Placebo-controlled trial of intravenous penicillin for severe and late leptospirosis. Lancet 1988; 1: 433-35.
    • (1988) Lancet , vol.1 , pp. 433-435
    • Watt, G.1    Padre, L.P.2    Tuazon, M.L.3
  • 135
    • 17944371413 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of recombinant leptospira antigen-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for the serodiagnosis of leptospirosis
    • Flannery B, Costa D, Carvalho FP, et al. Evaluation of recombinant leptospira antigen-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for the serodiagnosis of leptospirosis. J Clin Microbiol 2001; 39: 3303-10.
    • (2001) J Clin Microbiol , vol.39 , pp. 3303-3310
    • Flannery, B.1    Costa, D.2    Carvalho, F.P.3
  • 136
    • 0030797068 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of immunoglobulin M antibody in diagnosis of human leptospiral infection
    • Winslow WE, Merry DJ, Pirc ML, Devine PL. Evaluation of a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of immunoglobulin M antibody in diagnosis of human leptospiral infection. J Clin Microbiol 1997; 35: 1938-42.
    • (1997) J Clin Microbiol , vol.35 , pp. 1938-1942
    • Winslow, W.E.1    Merry, D.J.2    Pirc, M.L.3    Devine, P.L.4
  • 137
    • 0032800624 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • International multicenter evaluation of the clinical utility of a dipstick assay for detection of leptospira-specific immunoglobulin M antibodies in human serum specimens
    • Smits HL, Ananyina YV, Chereshsky A, et al. International multicenter evaluation of the clinical utility of a dipstick assay for detection of leptospira-specific immunoglobulin M antibodies in human serum specimens. J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37: 2904-09.
    • (1999) J Clin Microbiol , vol.37 , pp. 2904-2909
    • Smits, H.L.1    Ananyina, Y.V.2    Chereshsky, A.3
  • 138
    • 0036592653 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of two enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay methods for detection of immunoglobulin M antibodies in acute leptospirosis
    • Levett PN, Branch SL. Evaluation of two enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay methods for detection of immunoglobulin M antibodies in acute leptospirosis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2002; 66: 745-48.
    • (2002) Am J Trop Med Hyg , vol.66 , pp. 745-748
    • Levett, P.N.1    Branch, S.L.2
  • 139
    • 12244307850 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of four commercially available rapid serologic tests for diagnosis of leptospirosis
    • Bajani MD, Ashford DA, Bragg SL, et al. Evaluation of four commercially available rapid serologic tests for diagnosis of leptospirosis. J Clin Microbiol 2003; 41: 803-09.
    • (2003) J Clin Microbiol , vol.41 , pp. 803-809
    • Bajani, M.D.1    Ashford, D.A.2    Bragg, S.L.3
  • 140
    • 0038209490 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A Mountain out of a molehill: Do we treat acute leptospirosis, and ifso, with what?
    • Vinetz JM. A Mountain out of a molehill: do we treat acute leptospirosis, and ifso, with what? Clin Infect Dis 2003; 36: 1514-15.
    • (2003) Clin Infect Dis , vol.36 , pp. 1514-1515
    • Vinetz, J.M.1
  • 145
    • 0036174179 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantitative PCR assay to evaluate ampicillin, ofloxacin, and doxycycline for treatment of experimental leptospirosis
    • Truccolo J, Charavay F, Merien F, Perolat P. Quantitative PCR assay to evaluate ampicillin, ofloxacin, and doxycycline for treatment of experimental leptospirosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002; 46: 848-53.
    • (2002) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.46 , pp. 848-853
    • Truccolo, J.1    Charavay, F.2    Merien, F.3    Perolat, P.4
  • 146
    • 0043270490 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In vitro susceptibilities of seven Leptospira species to traditional and newer antibiotics
    • Hospenthal DR, Murray CK. In vitro susceptibilities of seven Leptospira species to traditional and newer antibiotics. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003; 47: 2646-48.
    • (2003) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.47 , pp. 2646-2648
    • Hospenthal, D.R.1    Murray, C.K.2
  • 148
    • 0036957030 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An urban outbreak of leptospirosis in mumbai, India
    • Bharadwaj R, Bal AM, Joshi SA, et al. An urban outbreak of leptospirosis in mumbai, India. Jpn J Infect Dis 2002; 55: 194-96.
    • (2002) Jpn J Infect Dis , vol.55 , pp. 194-196
    • Bharadwaj, R.1    Bal, A.M.2    Joshi, S.A.3
  • 149
    • 0032233127 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The reactogenicity and immunogenicity of the first Cuban vaccine against human leptospirosis
    • Martinez Sanchez R, Obregon Fuentes AM, Perez Sierra A, et al. The reactogenicity and immunogenicity of the first Cuban vaccine against human leptospirosis. Rev Cubana Med Trop 1998; 50: 159-66.
    • (1998) Rev Cubana Med Trop , vol.50 , pp. 159-166
    • Martinez Sanchez, R.1    Obregon Fuentes, A.M.2    Perez Sierra, A.3
  • 150
    • 0034490094 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of the effectiveness of a new vaccine against human leptospirosis in groups at risk
    • Martinez Sanchez R, Perez Sierra A, Baro Suarez M, et al. Evaluation of the effectiveness of a new vaccine against human leptospirosis in groups at risk. Rev Panam Salud Publica 2000; 8: 385-92.
    • (2000) Rev Panam Salud Publica , vol.8 , pp. 385-392
    • Martinez Sanchez, R.1    Perez Sierra, A.2    Baro Suarez, M.3
  • 151
    • 0033156448 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The evaluation of the reactogenicity and immunogenic activity of a new concentrated inactivated leptospirosis vaccine
    • Ikoev VN, Gorbunov MA, Vachaev BF, et al. The evaluation of the reactogenicity and immunogenic activity of a new concentrated inactivated leptospirosis vaccine. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1999: 39-43.
    • (1999) Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol , pp. 39-43
    • Ikoev, V.N.1    Gorbunov, M.A.2    Vachaev, B.F.3
  • 152
    • 0344115669 scopus 로고
    • Development and situation of and techniques for production of leptospirosis vaccine in China
    • Chen TZ. Development and situation of and techniques for production of leptospirosis vaccine in China. Jpn J Bacteriol 1985; 40: 755-62.
    • (1985) Jpn J Bacteriol , vol.40 , pp. 755-762
    • Chen, T.Z.1
  • 153
    • 0035161379 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • First isolation of Leptospira fainei serovar hurstbridge from two human patients with Weil's syndrome
    • Petersen AM, Boye K, Blom J, Schlichting P, Krogfelt KA. First isolation of Leptospira fainei serovar hurstbridge from two human patients with Weil's syndrome. J Med Microbiol 2001; 50: 96-100.
    • (2001) J Med Microbiol , vol.50 , pp. 96-100
    • Petersen, A.M.1    Boye, K.2    Blom, J.3    Schlichting, P.4    Krogfelt, K.A.5
  • 154
    • 0029685528 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical assessment of autoimmune and immunocomplex reactions in patients with leptospirosis
    • Frolov VM, Peresadin NA, Baklanova AV. Clinical assessment of autoimmune and immunocomplex reactions in patients with leptospirosis. Klin Med (Mosk) 1996; 74: 68.
    • (1996) Klin Med (Mosk) , vol.74 , pp. 68
    • Frolov, V.M.1    Peresadin, N.A.2    Baklanova, A.V.3
  • 155
    • 0025653394 scopus 로고
    • Etiology and occurrence of periodic eye inflammation of horses in the area of Berlin
    • Alexander CS, Keller H. Etiology and occurrence of periodic eye inflammation of horses in the area of Berlin. Tierarztl Prax 1990; 18: 623-27.
    • (1990) Tierarztl Prax , vol.18 , pp. 623-627
    • Alexander, C.S.1    Keller, H.2
  • 157
    • 0034956109 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of a monovalent leptospiral vaccine to prevent renal colonization and urinary shedding in cattle exposed to Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar hardjo
    • Bolin CA, Alt DP. Use of a monovalent leptospiral vaccine to prevent renal colonization and urinary shedding in cattle exposed to Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar hardjo. Am J Vet Res 2001; 62: 995-1000.
    • (2001) Am J Vet Res , vol.62 , pp. 995-1000
    • Bolin, C.A.1    Alt, D.P.2
  • 158
    • 0034912192 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Leptospiral proteins recognized during the humoral immune response to leptospirosis in humans
    • Guerreiro H, Croda J, Flannery B, et al. Leptospiral proteins recognized during the humoral immune response to leptospirosis in humans. Infect Immun 2001; 69: 4958-68.
    • (2001) Infect Immun , vol.69 , pp. 4958-4968
    • Guerreiro, H.1    Croda, J.2    Flannery, B.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.