Human monkeypox: An emerging zoonosis

Lancet Infectious Diseases

Volumn 4, Issue 1, 2004, Pages 15-25

  Di Giulio, Daniel B ^a,b   Eckburg, Paul B ^a,b  

^a STANFORD UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b VA PALO ALTO HEALTH CARE SYSTEM   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AFRICA; BIOLOGICAL WARFARE; CHICKENPOX; ENDEMIC DISEASE; HUMAN; LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS; MONKEYPOX; NONHUMAN; POXVIRUS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RARE DISEASE; REVIEW; SMALLPOX; UNITED STATES; VIRUS TRANSMISSION; VIRUS VIRULENCE; ZOONOSIS;

EID: 0347987052     PISSN: 14733099     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S1473-3099(03)00856-9     Document Type: Review

References (66)

1. Enserink M, Stone R. Public health: dead virus walking. Science 2002; 295: 2001-05.
2. von Magnus P, Anderson EK, Petersen KB, Birch-Anderson A. A pox-like disease in cynomolgus monkeys. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand 1959; 46: 156-76.
3. WHO. The global eradication of smallpox: final report of the Global Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1980.
4. Gispen R. Relevance of some poxvirus infections in monkeys to smallpox eradication. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1975; 69: 299-302.
5. Marennikova SS, Seluhina EM, Mal'ceva NN, Cimiskjan KL, Macevic GR. Isolation and properties of the causal agent of a new variola-like disease (monkeypox) in man. Bull World Health Organ 1972; 46: 599-611.
6. Marennikova SS, Shelukhina EM, Maltseva NN. Monkeypox virus and whitepox viruses. Acta Virol 1978; 22: 512.
7. Rondle CJ, Sayeed KA. Studies on monkeypox virus. Bull World Health Organ 1972; 46: 577-83.
8. Gispen R, Brand-Saathof B. Three specific antigens produced in vaccinia, variola, and monkeypox infections. J Infect Dis 1974; 129: 289-95.
9. Gispen R, Brand-Saathof BB, Hekker AC. Monkeypox-specific antibodies in human and simian sera from the Ivory Coast and Nigeria. Bull World Health Organ 1976; 53: 355-60.
10. Ichihashi Y, Oie M. Epitope mosaic on the surface proteins of orthopoxviruses. Virology 1988; 163: 133-44.
11. Arita M, Tagaya I. Virion polypeptides of poxviruses. Arch Virol 1980; 63: 209-25.
12. Shchelkunov SN, Totmenin AV, Babkin IV, et al. Human monkeypox and smallpox viruses: genomic comparison. FEBS Lett 2001; 509: 66-70.
13. Breman JG. Monkeypox: an emerging infection for humans? In: Scheld WM, Craig WA, Hughes JM, eds. Emerging infections, 4th edn. Washington DC: ASM Press, 2000:45-67.
14. Douglass N, Dumbell K. Independent evolution of monkeypox and variola viruses. J Virol 1992; 66: 7565-67.
15. Esposito JJ, Nakano JH, Obijeski JF. Can variola-like viruses be derived from monkeypox virus? An investigation based on DNA mapping. Bull World Health Organ 1985; 63: 695-703.
16. Dumbell KR, Archard LC. Comparison of white pock (h) mutants of monkeypox virus with parental monkeypox and with variola-like viruses isolated from animals. Nature 1980; 286: 29-32.
17. Marennikova SS, Shelukhina EM. Whitepox virus isolated from hamsters inoculated with monkeypox virus. Nature 1978; 276: 291-92.
18. Ladnyj ID, Ziegler P, Kima E. A human infection caused by monkeypox virus in Basankusu Territory, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Bull World Health Organ 1972; 46: 593-97.
19. Breman JG, Kalisa R, Steniowski MV, Zanotto E, Gromyko AI, Arita I. Human monkeypox, 1970-79. Bull World Health Organ 1980; 58: 165-82.
20. Jezek Z, Marennikova SS, Mutumbo M, Nakano JH, Paluku KM, Szczeniowski M. Human monkeypox: a study of 2,510 contacts of 214 patients. J Infect Dis 1986; 154: 551-55.
21. The current status of human monkeypox: memorandum from a WHO meeting. Bull World Health Organ 1984; 62: 703-13.
22. Jezek Z, Gromyko AI, Szczeniowski MV. Human monkeypox. J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol 1983; 27: 13-28.
23. Jezek Z, Szczeniowski M, Paluku KM, Mutombo M. Human monkeypox: clinical features of 282 patients. J Infect Dis 1987; 156: 293-98.
24. Breman JG, Henderson DA. Diagnosis and management of smallpox. N Engl J Med 2002; 346: 1300-08.
25. Jezek Z, Szczeniowski M, Paluku KM, Mutombo M, Grab B. Human monkeypox: confusion with chickenpox. Acta Trop 1988; 45: 297-307.
26. Update: multistate outbreak of monkeypox-Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Missouri, Ohio, and Wisconsin, 2003. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2003; 52: 616-18.
27. Update: multistate outbreak of monkeypox-Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Missouri, Ohio, and Wisconsin, 2003. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2003; 52: 561-64.
28. Update: multistate outbreak of monkeypox-Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Missouri, Ohio, and Wisconsin, 2003. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2003; 52: 589-90.
29. Jezek Z, Grab B, Szczeniowski MV, Paluku KM, Mutombo M. Human monkeypox: secondary attack rates. Bull World Health Organ 1988; 66: 465-70.
30. Jezek Z, Arita I, Mutombo M, Dunn C, Nakano JH, Szczeniowski M. Four generations of probable person-to-person transmission of human monkeypox. Am J Epidemiol 1986; 123: 1004-12.
31. Jezek Z, Grab B, Dixon H. Stochastic model for interhuman spread of monkeypox. Am J Epidemiol 1987; 126: 1082-92.
32. Heymann DL, Szczeniowski M, Esteves K. Reemergence of monkeypox in Africa: a review of the past six years. Br Med Bull 1998; 54: 693-702.
33. Jezek Z, Fenner F. Human monkeypox. Monogr Virol 1988; 17: 1-140.
34. Arita I, Jezek Z, Khodakevich L, Ruti K. Human monkeypox: a newly emerged orthopoxvirus zoonosis in the tropical rain forests of Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1985; 34: 781-89.
35. Human monkeypox-Kasai Oriental, Zaire, 1996-1997. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1997; 46: 304-07.
36. Human monkeypox-Kasai Oriental, Democratic Republic of Congo, February 1996-October 1997. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1997; 46: 1168-71.
37. Multistate outbreak of monkeypox-Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin, 2003. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2003; 52: 537-40.
38. Mutombo M, Arita I, Jezek Z. Human monkeypox transmitted by a chimpanzee in a tropical rain-forest area of Zaire. Lancet 1983; 1: 735-37.
39. Khodakevich L, Jezek Z, Kinzanzka K. Isolation of monkeypox virus from wild squirrel infected in nature. Lancet 1986; 1: 98-99.
40. Khodakevich L, Jezek Z, Messinger D. Monkeypox virus: ecology and public health significance. Bull World Health Organ 1988; 66: 747-52.
41. Hutin YJ, Williams RJ, Malfait P, et al. Outbreak of human monkeypox, Democratic Republic of Congo, 1996 to 1997. Emerg Infect Dis 2001; 7: 434-38.
42. Larkin M. Monkeypox spreads as US public-health system plays catch-up. Lancet Infect Dis 2003; 3: 461.
43. McNeil DG. Death sought for animals in monkeypox case. New York Times 2003 July 3.
44. Human monkeypox in Kasai Oriental, Democratic Republic of the Congo (former Zaire): preliminary report of October 1997 investigation. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 1997; 72: 369-72.
45. Cohen J. Is an old virus up to new tricks? Science 1997; 277: 312-13.
46. Jezek Z, Grab B, Szczeniowski M, Paluku KM, Mutombo M. Clinico-epidemiological features of monkeypox patients with an animal or human source of infection. Bull World Health Organ 1988; 66: 459-64.
47. Meyer H, Perrichot M, Stemmler M, et al. Outbreaks of disease suspected of being due to human monkeypox virus infection in the Democratic Republic of Congo in 2001. J Clin Microbiol 2002; 40: 2919-21.
48. Anon. Don't underestimate the enemy. Nature 2001; 409: 269.
49. Breman JG, Henderson DA. Poxvirus dilemmas: monkeypox, smallpox, and biologic terrorism. N Engl J Med 1998; 339: 556-59.
50. Jackson RJ, Ramsay AJ, Christensen CD, Beaton S, Hall DF, Ramshaw IA. Expression of mouse interleukin-4 by a recombinant ectromelia virus suppresses cytolytic lymphocyte responses and overcomes genetic resistance to mousepox. J Virol 2001; 75: 1205-10.
51. Sharma DP, Ramsay AJ, Maguire DJ, Rolph MS, Ramshaw IA. Interleukin-4 mediates down regulation of antiviral cytokine expression and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses and exacerbates vaccinia virus infection in vivo. J Virol 1996; 70: 7103-07.
52. Broad WJ. Bioterror researchers build a more lethal mousepox. New York Times 2003 Nov 1.
53. Shane S. Building a stronger mousepox to guard nation against terror. Baltimore Sun 2003 Nov 1.
54. Damon IK, Esposito JJ. Poxviruses that infect humans. In: Murray PR, Baron EJ, Jorgensen JH, Pfaller MA, Yolker MH, eds. Manual of clinical microbiology, 8th edn. Washington DC: ASM Press, 2003: 1583-91.
55. Stagles MJ, Watson AA, Boyd JF, More IA, McSeveney D. The histopathology and electron microscopy of a human monkeypox lesion. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1985; 79: 192-202.
56. Ropp SL, Jin Q, Knight JC, Massung RF, Esposito JJ. PCR strategy for identification and differentiation of smallpox and other orthopoxviruses. J Clin Microbiol 1995; 33: 2069-76.
57. Meyer H, Pfeffer M, Rziha HJ. Sequence alterations within and downstream of the A-type inclusion protein genes allow differentiation of Orthopoxvirus species by polymerase chain reaction. J Gen Virol 1994; 75: 1975-81.
58. Meyer H, Ropp SL, Esposito JJ. Gene for A-type inclusion body protein is useful for a polymerase chain reaction assay to differentiate orthopoxviruses. J Virol Methods 1997; 64: 217-21.
59. Ibrahim MS, Esposito JJ, Jahrling PB, Lofts RS. The potential of 5′ nuclease PCR for detecting a single-base polymorphism in Orthopoxvirus. Mol Cell Probes 1997; 11: 143-47.
60. Lapa S, Mikheev M, Shchelkunov S, et al. Species-level identification of orthopoxviruses with an oligonucleotide microchip. J Clin Microbiol 2002; 40: 753-57.
61. McConnell S, Hickman RL, Wooding WL, Jr., Huxsoll DL. Monkeypox: experimental infection in chimpanzee (Pan satyrus) and immunization with vaccinia virus. Am J Vet Res 1968; 29: 1675-80.
62. Fine PE, Jezek Z, Grab B, Dixon H. The transmission potential of monkeypox virus in human populations. Int J Epidemiol 1988; 17: 643-50.
63. De Clercq E. Cidofovir in the treatment of poxvirus infections. Antiviral Res 2002; 55: 1-13.
64. Meadows KP, Tyring SK, Pavia AT, Rallis TM. Resolution of recalcitrant molluscum contagiosum virus lesions in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients treated with cidofovir. Arch Dermatol 1997; 133: 987-90.
65. Smee DF, Bailey KW, Sidwell RW. Treatment of lethal vaccinia virus respiratory infections in mice with cidofovir. Antivir Chem Chemother 2001; 12: 71-76.
66. Smee DF, Bailey KW, Wong M, Sidwell RW. Intranasal treatment of cowpox virus respiratory infections in mice with cidofovir. Antiviral Res 2000; 47: 171-77.