Hematological Issues in Critically Ill Patients with Cancer

Critical Care Clinics

Volumn 26, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 107-132

  Carlson, Karen S ^a   DeSancho, Maria T ^a  

^a NEW YORK PRESBYTERIAN HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

Cancer; Critical illness; Hemostasis; Thrombosis

Indexed keywords

ACTIVATED PROTHROMBIN COMPLEX; ALTEPLASE; AMINOCAPROIC ACID; ANTITHROMBIN; APIXABAN; ARGATROBAN; DABIGATRAN; DALTEPARIN; ELTROMBOPAG; ENOXAPARIN; FIBRIN; FONDAPARINUX; FRESH FROZEN PLASMA; HEPARIN; IDRAPARINUX; IMMUNOGLOBULIN; LEPIRUDIN; LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT HEPARIN; PROTAMINE SULFATE; RECOMBINANT BLOOD CLOTTING FACTOR 7A; RECOMBINANT INTERLEUKIN 11; RETINOIC ACID; RITUXIMAB; RIVAROXABAN; ROMIPLOSTIM; TRANEXAMIC ACID; UNINDEXED DRUG; VINCRISTINE; VITAMIN K GROUP; WARFARIN;

ACUTE KIDNEY FAILURE; ALLERGIC REACTION; ANTICOAGULATION; ARTERY THROMBOSIS; BLEEDING; BLOOD CLOTTING; BLOOD CLOTTING DISORDER; BLOOD CLOTTING FACTOR 10 DEFICIENCY; CATHETER THROMBOSIS; CLINICAL FEATURE; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTINUOUS INFUSION; CRITICAL ILLNESS; CRYOPRECIPITATE; DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR CLOTTING; DRUG ELIMINATION; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG PROTEIN BINDING; FIBRINOLYSIS; HEMOPHILIA; HEMOSTASIS; HEPARIN INDUCED THROMBOCYTOPENIA; HUMAN; HYPERVISCOSITY SYNDROME; IMMUNE COMPLEX DISEASE; JACOBSEN SYNDROME; LOADING DRUG DOSE; LOW DRUG DOSE; LUNG EMBOLISM; NEOPLASM; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PLASMAPHERESIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RECOMMENDED DRUG DOSE; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; THROMBOCYTE TRANSFUSION; THROMBOCYTOPATHY; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; THROMBOGENESIS; THROMBOSIS; THROMBOTIC THROMBOCYTOPENIC PURPURA; VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM;

CRITICAL ILLNESS; HEMATOLOGIC DISEASES; HEMOSTASIS; HUMANS; INTENSIVE CARE UNITS; NEOPLASMS;

EID: 70449781150     PISSN: 07490704     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ccc.2009.09.006     Document Type: Review

References (120)

1. Furie B., and Furie B.C. Mechanisms of thrombus formation. N Engl J Med 359 9 (2008) 938-949
2. Andrews R.K., Shen Y., Gardiner E.E., et al. Platelet adhesion receptors and (patho)physiological thrombus formation. Histol Histopathol 16 3 (2001) 969-980
3. Reininger A.J. Function of von Willebrand factor in haemostasis and thrombosis. Haemophilia 14 Suppl 5 (2008) 11-26
4. Varga-Szabo D., Pleines I., and Nieswandt B. Cell adhesion mechanisms in platelets. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 28 3 (2008) 403-412
5. Ruggeri Z.M. Mechanisms initiating platelet thrombus formation. Thromb Haemost 78 1 (1997) 611-616
6. Fullard J.F. The role of the platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa in thrombosis and haemostasis. Curr Pharm Des 10 14 (2004) 1567-1576
7. Esmon C.T. Inflammation and the activated protein C anticoagulant pathway. Semin Thromb Hemost 32 Suppl 1 (2006) 49-60
8. Rosenberg R.D., and Aird W.C. Vascular-bed-specific hemostasis and hypercoagulable states. N Engl J Med 340 20 (1999) 1555-1564
9. Manchanda N., and Schwartz B.S. Single chain urokinase. Augmentation of enzymatic activity upon binding to monocytes. J Biol Chem 266 22 (1991) 14580-14584
10. Wiman B. The fibrinolytic enzyme system. Basic principles and links to venous and arterial thrombosis. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 14 2 (2000) 325-338 vii
11. McMahon B., and Kwaan H.C. The plasminogen activator system and cancer. Pathophysiol Haemost Thromb 36 3-4 (2008) 184-194
12. Bouillaud S. De l-Obliteration des veines et de son influence sur la formation des hydropisies partielles: consideration sur la hydropisies passive et general. Arch Gen Med 1 (1823) 188-204 [in French]
13. Trousseau A. Phlegmasia alba dolens. In: Trousseau A. (Ed). Clinique medicinale de l'Hotel-Dieu de Paris. 2nd edition (1865), Bailliere J.-B. et fils, Paris (France) 645-712
14. Buller H.R., van Doormaal F.F., van Sluis G.L., et al. Cancer and thrombosis: from molecular mechanisms to clinical presentations. J Thromb Haemost 5 Suppl 1 (2007) 246-254
15. Billroth T. Lectures on surgical pathology and therapeutics: a handbook for students and practitioners. In: Hackley C.E. (Ed) (1877), D. Appelton and Company, New York (NY)
16. Saba H.I., Morelli G.A., and Saba R.I. Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) in cancer. Cancer Treat Res 148 (2009) 137-156
17. Kaplinska K., and Mielicki W.P. Direct analysis reveals an absence of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid in cancer procoagulant from human tissues. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 20 5 (2009) 315-320
18. Kaplinska K., Rozalski M., Krajewska U., et al. Cancer procoagulant (CP) analysis in human WM 115 malignant melanoma cells in vitro. Thromb Res 124 3 (2009) 364-367
19. Moore K.L., Esmon C.T., and Esmon N.L. Tumor necrosis factor leads to the internalization and degradation of thrombomodulin from the surface of bovine aortic endothelial cells in culture. Blood 73 1 (1989) 159-165
20. Nachman R.L., Hajjar K.A., Silverstein R.L., et al. Interleukin 1 induces endothelial cell synthesis of plasminogen activator inhibitor. J Exp Med 163 6 (1986) 1595-1600
21. Heit J.A., Mohr D.N., Silverstein M.D., et al. Predictors of recurrence after deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: a population-based cohort study. Arch Intern Med 160 6 (2000) 761-768
22. Blom J.W., Doggen C.J., Osanto S., et al. Malignancies, prothrombotic mutations, and the risk of venous thrombosis. JAMA 293 6 (2005) 715-722
23. Shen V.S., and Pollak E.W. Fatal pulmonary embolism in cancer patients: is heparin prophylaxis justified?. South Med J 73 7 (1980) 841-843
24. Dentali F., Squizzato A., Brivio L., et al. JAK2V617F mutation for the early diagnosis of Ph-myeloproliferative neoplasms in patients with venous thromboembolism: a meta-analysis. Blood 113 22 (2009) 5617-5623
25. Carrier M., Le Gal G., Wells P.S., et al. Systematic review: the Trousseau syndrome revisited: should we screen extensively for cancer in patients with venous thromboembolism?. Ann Intern Med 149 5 (2008) 323-333
26. Tagalakis V., Tamim H., Blostein M., et al. Use of warfarin and risk of urogenital cancer: a population-based, nested case-control study. Lancet Oncol 8 5 (2007) 395-402
27. Tagalakis V., Blostein M., Robinson-Cohen C., et al. The effect of anticoagulants on cancer risk and survival: systematic review. Cancer Treat Rev 33 4 (2007) 358-368
28. Maria T., and DeSancho J.H.R. Coagulopathic complications of cancer patients. In: Kufe D.W. (Ed). Cancer medicine. 7th edition (2006), BC Decker, Hamilton (ON) Canada
29. Johnson M.J. Bleeding, clotting and cancer. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 9 5 (1997) 294-301
30. Marks P.W. Coagulation disorders in the ICU. Clin Chest Med 30 1 (2009) 123-129 ix
31. DeSancho M.T., and Rand J.H. Bleeding and thrombotic complications in critically ill patients with cancer. Crit Care Clin 17 3 (2001) 599-622
32. Kaplan R.N., Psaila B., and Lyden D. Niche-to-niche migration of bone-marrow-derived cells. Trends Mol Med 13 2 (2007) 72-81
33. Kaushansky K., and Drachman J.G. The molecular and cellular biology of thrombopoietin: the primary regulator of platelet production. Oncogene 21 21 (2002) 3359-3367
34. Avecilla S.T., Hattori K., Heissig B., et al. Chemokine-mediated interaction of hematopoietic progenitors with the bone marrow vascular niche is required for thrombopoiesis. Nat Med 10 1 (2004) 64-71
35. Slichter S.J. Evidence-based platelet transfusion guidelines. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program (2007) 172-178
36. Schiffer C.A., Anderson K.C., Bennett C.L., et al. Platelet transfusion for patients with cancer: clinical practice guidelines of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. J Clin Oncol 19 5 (2001) 1519-1538
37. Green D. Management of bleeding complications of hematologic malignancies. Semin Thromb Hemost 33 4 (2007) 427-434
38. Federici A.B. Acquired von Willebrand syndrome: is it an extremely rare disorder or do we see only the tip of the iceberg?. J Thromb Haemost 6 4 (2008) 565-568
39. Federici A.B. Acquired von Willebrand syndrome: an underdiagnosed and misdiagnosed bleeding complication in patients with lymphoproliferative and myeloproliferative disorders. Semin Hematol 43 1 Suppl 1 (2006) S48-S58
40. Federici A.B. Therapeutic approaches to acquired von Willebrand syndrome. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 9 2 (2000) 347-354
41. Sucker C., Scharf R.E., and Zotz R.B. Use of recombinant factor VIIa in inherited and acquired von Willebrand disease. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 15 1 (2009) 27-31
42. Fozza C., Bellizzi S., Piseddu G., et al. Acquired hemophilia in a patient affected by acute myeloid leukemia. Am J Hematol 79 1 (2005) 81-82
43. Tiede A., Huth-Kuhne A., Oldenburg J., et al. Immunosuppressive treatment for acquired haemophilia: current practice and future directions in Germany, Austria and Switzerland. Ann Hematol 88 4 (2009) 365-370
44. Brophy D.F., Martin E.J., Carr S.L., et al. The effect of uremia on platelet contractile force, clot elastic modulus and bleeding time in hemodialysis patients. Thromb Res 119 6 (2007) 723-729
45. Cases A., Escolar G., Reverter J.C., et al. Recombinant human erythropoietin treatment improves platelet function in uremic patients. Kidney Int 42 3 (1992) 668-672
46. Diaz-Ricart M., Etebanell E., Cases A., et al. Erythropoietin improves signaling through tyrosine phosphorylation in platelets from uremic patients. Thromb Haemost 82 4 (1999) 1312-1317
47. Hedges S.J., Dehoney S.B., Hooper J.S., et al. Evidence-based treatment recommendations for uremic bleeding. Nat Clin Pract Nephrol 3 3 (2007) 138-153
48. Vigano G., Benigni A., Mendogni D., et al. Recombinant human erythropoietin to correct uremic bleeding. Am J Kidney Dis 18 1 (1991) 44-49
49. Zwaginga J.J., IJsseldijk M.J., de Groot P.G., et al. Treatment of uremic anemia with recombinant erythropoietin also reduces the defects in platelet adhesion and aggregation caused by uremic plasma. Thromb Haemost 66 6 (1991) 638-647
50. Peng J., Friese P., Heilmann E., et al. Aged platelets have an impaired response to thrombin as quantitated by P-selectin expression. Blood 83 1 (1994) 161-166
51. Tassies D., Reverter J.C., Cases A., et al. Effect of recombinant human erythropoietin treatment on circulating reticulated platelets in uremic patients: association with early improvement in platelet function. Am J Hematol 59 2 (1998) 105-109
52. Tefferi A., and Elliott M. Thrombosis in myeloproliferative disorders: prevalence, prognostic factors, and the role of leukocytes and JAK2V617F. Semin Thromb Hemost 33 4 (2007) 313-320
53. Arellano-Rodrigo E., Alvarez-Larran A., Reverter J.C., et al. Platelet turnover, coagulation factors, and soluble markers of platelet and endothelial activation in essential thrombocythemia: relationship with thrombosis occurrence and JAK2 V617F allele burden. Am J Hematol 84 2 (2009) 102-108
54. Finazzi G., and Barbui T. Evidence and expertise in the management of polycythemia vera and essential thrombocythemia. Leukemia 22 8 (2008) 1494-1502
55. Menell J.S., Cesarman G.M., Jacovina A.T., et al. Annexin II and bleeding in acute promyelocytic leukemia. N Engl J Med 340 13 (1999) 994-1004
56. Tallman M.S., Brenner B., Serna J.d.L., et al. Meeting report. Acute promyelocytic leukemia-associated coagulopathy, 21 January 2004, London, United Kingdom. Leuk Res 29 3 (2005) 347-351
57. Ansell J., Hirsh J., Hylek E., et al. Pharmacology and management of the vitamin K antagonists: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th Edition). Chest 133 Suppl 6 (2008) 160S-198S
58. DeLoughery T.G. Critical care clotting catastrophies. Crit Care Clin 21 3 (2005) 531-562
59. Richardson P. Hemostatic complications of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: from hemorrhage to microangiopathies and VOD. Pathophysiol Haemost Thromb 33 Suppl 1 (2003) 50-53
60. O'Connell K.A., Wood J.J., Wise R.P., et al. Thromboembolic adverse events after use of recombinant human coagulation factor VIIa. JAMA 295 3 (2006) 293-298
61. Mayer S.A., Brun N.C., Begtrup K., et al. Recombinant activated factor VII for acute intracerebral hemorrhage. N Engl J Med 352 8 (2005) 777-785
62. Aledort L.M. Comparative thrombotic event incidence after infusion of recombinant factor VIIa versus factor VIII inhibitor bypass activity. J Thromb Haemost 2 10 (2004) 1700-1708
63. Hay C.R. Thrombosis and recombinant factor VIIa. J Thromb Haemost 2 10 (2004) 1698-1699
64. Abraham S., Zhang W., Greenberg N., et al. Maspin functions as tumor suppressor by increasing cell adhesion to extracellular matrix in prostate tumor cells. J Urol 169 3 (2003) 1157-1161
65. Sun N.C., McAfee W.M., Hum G.J., et al. Hemostatic abnormalities in malignancy, a prospective study of one hundred eight patients. Part I. Coagulation studies. Am J Clin Pathol 71 1 (1979) 10-16
66. Francis J.L., Biggerstaff J., and Amirkhosravi A. Hemostasis and malignancy. Semin Thromb Hemost 24 2 (1998) 93-109
67. Rahr H.B., and Sorensen J.V. Venous thromboembolism and cancer. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 3 4 (1992) 451-460
68. Prandoni P., Lensing A.W., Piccioli A., et al. Recurrent venous thromboembolism and bleeding complications during anticoagulant treatment in patients with cancer and venous thrombosis. Blood 100 10 (2002) 3484-3488
69. Babu B., and Carman T.L. Cancer and clots: all cases of venous thromboembolism are not treated the same. Cleve Clin J Med 76 2 (2009) 129-135
70. Lee A.Y., Levine M.N., Baker R.I., et al. Low-molecular-weight heparin versus a coumarin for the prevention of recurrent venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer. N Engl J Med 349 2 (2003) 146-153
71. Lee A.Y., Rickles F.R., Julian J.A., et al. Randomized comparison of low molecular weight heparin and coumarin derivatives on the survival of patients with cancer and venous thromboembolism. J Clin Oncol 23 10 (2005) 2123-2129
72. Cortes J., Saura C., and Atzori F. Risk of venous thromboembolism with bevacizumab in cancer patients. JAMA 301 14 (2009) 1434-1435 [author reply: 1435-6]
73. El Accaoui R.N., Shamseddeen W.A., and Taher A.T. Thalidomide and thrombosis. A meta-analysis. Thromb Haemost 97 6 (2007) 1031-1036
74. Zangari M., Elice F., Fink L., et al. Thrombosis in multiple myeloma. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 7 3 (2007) 307-315
75. Bokemeyer C., Aapro M.S., Courdi A., et al. EORTC guidelines for the use of erythropoietic proteins in anaemic patients with cancer: 2006 update. Eur J Cancer 43 2 (2007) 258-270
76. Wells P.S., Hirsh J., Anderson D.R., et al. Accuracy of clinical assessment of deep-vein thrombosis. Lancet 345 8961 (1995) 1326-1330
77. Wells P.S., Anderson D.R., Bormanis J., et al. Value of assessment of pretest probability of deep-vein thrombosis in clinical management. Lancet 350 9094 (1997) 1795-1798
78. King V., Vaze A.A., Moskowitz C.S., et al. D-dimer assay to exclude pulmonary embolism in high-risk oncologic population: correlation with CT pulmonary angiography in an urgent care setting. Radiology 247 3 (2008) 854-861
79. Kearon C., Ginsberg J.S., and Hirsh J. The role of venous ultrasonography in the diagnosis of suspected deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Ann Intern Med 129 12 (1998) 1044-1049
80. Kearon C., Kahn S.R., Agnelli G., et al. Antithrombotic therapy for venous thromboembolic disease: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines, 8th edition. Chest 133 Suppl 6 (2008) 454S-545S
81. Pastores S.M. Management of venous thromboembolism in the intensive care unit. J Crit Care 24 2 (2009) 185-191
82. Han S., Chaya C., and Hoo G.W. Thrombolytic therapy for massive pulmonary embolism in a patient with a known intracranial tumor. J Intensive Care Med 21 4 (2006) 240-245
83. Fox M.A., and Kahn S.R. Postthrombotic syndrome in relation to vena cava filter placement: a systematic review. J Vasc Interv Radiol 19 7 (2008) 981-985
84. Wallace M.J., Jean J.L., Gupta S., et al. Use of inferior vena caval filters and survival in patients with malignancy. Cancer 101 8 (2004) 1902-1907
85. Geerts W.H., Bergqvist D., Pineo G.F., et al. Prevention of venous thromboembolism: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th Edition). Chest 133 Suppl 6 (2008) 381S-453S
86. Agnelli G., Bergqvist D., Cohen A.T., et al. Randomized clinical trial of postoperative fondaparinux versus perioperative dalteparin for prevention of venous thromboembolism in high-risk abdominal surgery. Br J Surg 92 10 (2005) 1212-1220
87. Bergqvist D., Agnelli G., Cohen A.T., et al. Duration of prophylaxis against venous thromboembolism with enoxaparin after surgery for cancer. N Engl J Med 346 13 (2002) 975-980
88. Rasmussen M.S. Preventing thromboembolic complications in cancer patients after surgery: a role for prolonged thromboprophylaxis. Cancer Treat Rev 28 3 (2002) 141-144
89. Bern M.M., Lokich J.J., Wallach S.R., et al. Very low doses of warfarin can prevent thrombosis in central venous catheters. A randomized prospective trial. Ann Intern Med 112 6 (1990) 423-428
90. Monreal M., Alastrue A., Rull M., et al. Upper extremity deep venous thrombosis in cancer patients with venous access devices-prophylaxis with a low molecular weight heparin (Fragmin). Thromb Haemost 75 2 (1996) 251-253
91. Walshe L.J., Malak S.F., Eagan J., et al. Complication rates among cancer patients with peripherally inserted central catheters. J Clin Oncol 20 15 (2002) 3276-3281
92. Ponec D., Irwin D., Haire W.D., et al. Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (alteplase) for restoration of flow in occluded central venous access devices: a double-blind placebo-controlled trial-the Cardiovascular Thrombolytic to Open Occluded Lines (COOL) efficacy trial. J Vasc Interv Radiol 12 8 (2001) 951-955
93. Chang J.C., and Naqvi T. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura associated with bone marrow metastasis and secondary myelofibrosis in cancer. Oncologist 8 4 (2003) 375-380
94. Tsai H.M., and Lian E.C. Antibodies to von Willebrand factor-cleaving protease in acute thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. N Engl J Med 339 22 (1998) 1585-1594
95. Tripodi A., Chantarangkul V., Bohm M., et al. Measurement of von Willebrand factor cleaving protease (ADAMTS-13): results of an international collaborative study involving 11 methods testing the same set of coded plasmas. J Thromb Haemost 2 9 (2004) 1601-1609
96. Peyvandi F., Siboni S.M., Lambertenghi Deliliers D., et al. Prospective study on the behaviour of the metalloprotease ADAMTS13 and of von Willebrand factor after bone marrow transplantation. Br J Haematol 134 2 (2006) 187-195
97. Oleksowicz L., Bhagwati N., and DeLeon-Fernandez M. Deficient activity of von Willebrand's factor-cleaving protease in patients with disseminated malignancies. Cancer Res 59 9 (1999) 2244-2250
98. Mannucci P.M., Karimi M., Mosalaei A., et al. Patients with localized and disseminated tumors have reduced but measurable levels of ADAMTS-13 (von Willebrand factor cleaving protease). Haematologica 88 4 (2003) 454-458
99. Blot E., Decaudin D., Veyradier A., et al. Cancer-related thrombotic microangiopathy secondary to Von Willebrand factor-cleaving protease deficiency. Thromb Res 106 2 (2002) 127-130
100. Reddy P.S., Deauna-Limayo D., Cook J.D., et al. Rituximab in the treatment of relapsed thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Ann Hematol 84 4 (2005) 232-235
101. Crowther M.A., and George J.N. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: 2008 update. Cleve Clin J Med 75 5 (2008) 369-375
102. Swisher K.K., Terrell D.R., Vesely S.K., et al. Clinical outcomes after platelet transfusions in patients with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Transfusion 49 5 (2009) 873-887
103. Levi M. Cancer and DIC. Haemostasis 31 Suppl 1 (2001) 47-48
104. Rickles F.R., and Falanga A. Molecular basis for the relationship between thrombosis and cancer. Thromb Res 102 6 (2001) V215-V224
105. Levi M., Toh C.H., Thachil J., et al. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of disseminated intravascular coagulation. Br J Haematol 145 1 (2009) 24-33
106. Toh C.H., and Hoots W.K. The scoring system of the Scientific and Standardisation Committee on Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation of the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis: a 5-year overview. J Thromb Haemost 5 3 (2007) 604-606
107. Bakhtiari K., Meijers J.C., de Jonge E., et al. Prospective validation of the International Society of Thrombosis and Haemostasis scoring system for disseminated intravascular coagulation. Crit Care Med 32 12 (2004) 2416-2421
108. Falanga A., and Rickles F.R. Pathogenesis and management of the bleeding diathesis in acute promyelocytic leukaemia. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 16 3 (2003) 463-482
109. Mannucci P.M., and Levi M. Prevention and treatment of major blood loss. N Engl J Med 356 22 (2007) 2301-2311
110. Warkentin T.E., Greinacher A., Koster A., et al. Treatment and prevention of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines, 8th edition. Chest 133 Suppl 6 (2008) 340S-380S
111. Warkentin T.E., Roberts R.S., Hirsh J., et al. An improved definition of immune heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in postoperative orthopedic patients. Arch Intern Med 163 20 (2003) 2518-2524
112. Warkentin T.E. Drug-induced immune-mediated thrombocytopenia-from purpura to thrombosis. N Engl J Med 356 9 (2007) 891-893
113. Warkentin T.E. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 21 4 (2007) 589-607 v
114. Warkentin T.E., Sheppard J.A., Sigouin C.S., et al. Gender imbalance and risk factor interactions in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Blood 108 9 (2006) 2937-2941
115. Lo G.K., Juhl D., Warkentin T.E., et al. Evaluation of pretest clinical score (4 T's) for the diagnosis of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in two clinical settings. J Thromb Haemost 4 4 (2006) 759-765
116. Cantor S.B., Elting L.S., Hudson Jr. D.V., et al. Pharmacoeconomic analysis of oprelvekin (recombinant human interleukin-11) for secondary prophylaxis of thrombocytopenia in solid tumor patients receiving chemotherapy. Cancer 97 12 (2003) 3099-3106
117. Levy B., Arnason J.E., and Bussel J.B. The use of second-generation thrombopoietic agents for chemotherapy-induced thrombocytopenia. Curr Opin Oncol 20 6 (2008) 690-696
118. Eriksson B.I., Quinlan D.J., and Weitz J.I. Comparative pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of oral direct thrombin and factor Xa inhibitors in development. Clin Pharmacokinet 48 1 (2009) 1-22
119. Sanford M., and Plosker G.L. Dabigatran etexilate. Drugs 68 12 (2008) 1699-1709
120. Prandoni P., Tormene D., Perlati M., et al. Idraparinux: review of its clinical efficacy and safety for prevention and treatment of thromboembolic disorders. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 17 5 (2008) 773-777