메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 42, Issue 6, 2009, Pages 548-575

The role of working memory and fluency practice on the reading comprehension of students who are dysfluent readers

Author keywords

Cognitive processing; Instruction; Reading

Indexed keywords

APTITUDE TEST; ARTICLE; ATTENTION; CHILD; COMPREHENSION; DYSLEXIA; EDUCATION; FEMALE; HUMAN; LEARNING; LINGUISTICS; MALE; PSYCHOMETRY; REACTION TIME; READING; SEMANTICS; SHORT TERM MEMORY; STATISTICS; TEACHING;

EID: 70449130883     PISSN: 00222194     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0022219409338742     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (69)

References (87)
  • 5
    • 0023020183 scopus 로고
    • The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic and statistical considerations
    • Baron, R.M., & Kenny, D.A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182.
    • (1986) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.51 , pp. 1173-1182
    • Baron, R.M.1    Kenny, D.A.2
  • 6
    • 84904772236 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Size and sequence in vocabulary development: Implications for choosing words for primary grade vocabulary instruction
    • In A. Hiebert & M. Kamil (Eds.), Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum
    • Biemiller, A. (2005). Size and sequence in vocabulary development: Implications for choosing words for primary grade vocabulary instruction. In A. Hiebert & M. Kamil (Eds.), Teaching and learning vocabulary: Bringing research to practice (pp. 223-242). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
    • (2005) Teaching and Learning Vocabulary: Bringing Research to Practice , pp. 223-242
    • Biemiller, A.1
  • 8
    • 1642364684 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Children's reading comprehension ability: Concurrent prediction by working memory, verbal ability, and component skills
    • Cain, K., Oakhill, J., & Bryant, P. (2004). Children's reading comprehension ability: Concurrent prediction by working memory, verbal ability, and component skills. Journal of Educational Psychology, 96, 31-42.
    • (2004) Journal of Educational Psychology , vol.96 , pp. 31-42
    • Cain, K.1    Oakhill, J.2    Bryant, P.3
  • 9
    • 10844237121 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Individual differences in the inference of word meanings from context: The influence of reading comprehension, vocabulary knowledge, and memory capacity
    • Cain, K., Oakhill, J., & Lemmon, K. (2004). Individual differences in the inference of word meanings from context: The influence of reading comprehension, vocabulary knowledge, and memory capacity. Journal of Educational Psychology, 96(4), 671-681.
    • (2004) Journal of Educational Psychology , vol.96 , Issue.4 , pp. 671-681
    • Cain, K.1    Oakhill, J.2    Lemmon, K.3
  • 11
    • 0036744421 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A synthesis of research on effective interventions for building fluency with elementary students with learning disabilities
    • Chard, D.J., Vaughn, S., & Tyler, B. (2002). A synthesis of research on effective interventions for building fluency with elementary students with learning disabilities. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 35, 386-406.
    • (2002) Journal of Learning Disabilities , vol.35 , pp. 386-406
    • Chard, D.J.1    Vaughn, S.2    Tyler, B.3
  • 15
    • 0000053757 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Working memory and language comprehension: A meta-analysis
    • Daneman, M., & Merikle, P.M. (1996). Working memory and language comprehension: A meta-analysis. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 3, 442-433.
    • (1996) Psychonomic Bulletin & Review , vol.3 , pp. 442-433
    • Daneman, M.1    Merikle, P.M.2
  • 16
    • 0032134125 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Working memory deficits of reading disabled children
    • de Jong, P. (1998). Working memory deficits of reading disabled children. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 70, 75-95.
    • (1998) Journal of Experimental Child Psychology , vol.70 , pp. 75-95
    • de Jong, P.1
  • 17
    • 85044916584 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intervention provided to linguistically diverse middle school students with severe reading difficulties
    • Denton, C.A., Wexler, J., Vaughn, S., & Bryan, D. (2008). Intervention provided to linguistically diverse middle school students with severe reading difficulties. Learning Disabilities Research & Practice, 23, 79-89.
    • (2008) Learning Disabilities Research & Practice , vol.23 , pp. 79-89
    • Denton, C.A.1    Wexler, J.2    Vaughn, S.3    Bryan, D.4
  • 19
    • 0003105852 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Grapheme-phoneme knowledge is essential for learning to read words in English
    • In J. L. Metsala & L. C. Ehri (Eds.), Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum
    • Ehri, L.C. (1998). Grapheme-phoneme knowledge is essential for learning to read words in English. In J. L. Metsala & L. C. Ehri (Eds.), Word recognition in beginning literacy (pp. 3-40). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
    • (1998) Word Recognition in Beginning Literacy , pp. 3-40
    • Ehri, L.C.1
  • 22
    • 3142696215 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The reading span test and its predictive power for reading comprehension ability
    • Friedman, N.P., & Miyake, A. (2003). The reading span test and its predictive power for reading comprehension ability. Journal of Memory and Language, 51, 136-158.
    • (2003) Journal of Memory and Language , vol.51 , pp. 136-158
    • Friedman, N.P.1    Miyake, A.2
  • 23
    • 28344451378 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The relationship between children's reading comprehension, working memory, language skills, and components of reading decoding in a normal sample
    • Goff, D., Pratt, C., & Ong, B. (2005). The relationship between children's reading comprehension, working memory, language skills, and components of reading decoding in a normal sample. Reading and Writing, 18, 583-616.
    • (2005) Reading and Writing , vol.18 , pp. 583-616
    • Goff, D.1    Pratt, C.2    Ong, B.3
  • 24
    • 0007333838 scopus 로고
    • Individual differences in the efficiency of word recognition
    • Herdman, C., & LeFevre, J. (1992). Individual differences in the efficiency of word recognition. Educational Psychology, 84, 95-105.
    • (1992) Educational Psychology , vol.84 , pp. 95-105
    • Herdman, C.1    LeFevre J.LeFevre, J.2
  • 25
    • 84928224558 scopus 로고
    • The effect of repeated readings on reading rate, speech pauses, and word recognition accuracy
    • Herman, P. (1985). The effect of repeated readings on reading rate, speech pauses, and word recognition accuracy. Reading Research Quarterly, 20, 553-565.
    • (1985) Reading Research Quarterly , vol.20 , pp. 553-565
    • Herman, P.1
  • 26
    • 0002527190 scopus 로고
    • Deficits in output phonology: An explanation of reading failure?
    • Hulme, C., & Snowling, M.J. (1992). Deficits in output phonology: An explanation of reading failure? Cognitive Neuropsychology, 9(1), 47-72.
    • (1992) Cognitive Neuropsychology , vol.9 , Issue.1 , pp. 47-72
    • Hulme, C.1    Snowling, M.J.2
  • 28
    • 0026451760 scopus 로고
    • A capacity theory of comprehension: Individual differences in working memory
    • Just, M.A., & Carpenter, P.A. (1992). A capacity theory of comprehension: Individual differences in working memory. Psychological Review, 99, 122-149.
    • (1992) Psychological Review , vol.99 , pp. 122-149
    • Just, M.A.1    Carpenter, P.A.2
  • 29
    • 0033273259 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sources of developmental change in children's word-problem performance
    • Kail, R., & Hall, L.K. (1999). Sources of developmental change in children's word-problem performance. Journal of Educational Psychology, 91, 660-668.
    • (1999) Journal of Educational Psychology , vol.91 , pp. 660-668
    • Kail, R.1    Hall, L.K.2
  • 31
    • 85047687164 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fluency: A review of developmental and remedial practices
    • Kuhn, M.R., & Stahl, S.A. (2003). Fluency: A review of developmental and remedial practices. Journal of Educational Psychology, 95, 3-21.
    • (2003) Journal of Educational Psychology , vol.95 , pp. 3-21
    • Kuhn, M.R.1    Stahl, S.A.2
  • 32
    • 58149207085 scopus 로고
    • Reasoning ability is (little more than) working-memory capacity!
    • Kyllonen, P.C., & Christal, R.E. (1990). Reasoning ability is (little more than) working-memory capacity! Intelligence, 14, 389-433.
    • (1990) Intelligence , vol.14 , pp. 389-433
    • Kyllonen, P.C.1    Christal, R.E.2
  • 33
    • 34248953462 scopus 로고
    • Toward a theory of automatic information processing in reading
    • LaBerge, D., & Samuels, S.J. (1974). Toward a theory of automatic information processing in reading. Cognitive Psychology, 6, 293-323.
    • (1974) Cognitive Psychology , vol.6 , pp. 293-323
    • LaBerge, D.1    Samuels, S.J.2
  • 34
    • 0031285850 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transfer from word training to reading in context: Gains in reading fluency and comprehension
    • Levy, B., Abello, B., & Lysynchuk, L. (1997). Transfer from word training to reading in context: Gains in reading fluency and comprehension. Learning Disabilities Quarterly, 20, 173-188.
    • (1997) Learning Disabilities Quarterly , vol.20 , pp. 173-188
    • Levy, B.1    Abello, B.2    Lysynchuk, L.3
  • 35
    • 85008770450 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Automaticity and reading: Perspectives from the instance theory of automatization
    • Logan, G.D. (1997). Automaticity and reading: Perspectives from the instance theory of automatization. Reading & Writing Quarterly: Overcoming Learning Difficulties, 13, 123-146.
    • (1997) Reading & Writing Quarterly: Overcoming Learning Difficulties , vol.13 , pp. 123-146
    • Logan, G.D.1
  • 36
    • 0041116316 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Remediating the core deficits of developmental reading disability: A double-deficit perspective
    • Lovett, M.W., Steinbach, K.A., & Frijters, J.C. (2000). Remediating the core deficits of developmental reading disability: A double-deficit perspective. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 33, 334-358.
    • (2000) Journal of Learning Disabilities , vol.33 , pp. 334-358
    • Lovett, M.W.1    Steinbach, K.A.2    Frijters, J.C.3
  • 37
    • 30044432485 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The criterion validity of tasks of basic processes
    • Luo, D., Thompson, L.A., & Detterman, D.K. (2006). The criterion validity of tasks of basic processes. Intelligence, 34, 2006.
    • (2006) Intelligence , vol.34
    • Luo, D.1    Thompson, L.A.2    Detterman, D.K.3
  • 38
    • 0001222567 scopus 로고
    • Peer-mediated reading instruction in special education resource rooms
    • Mathes, P.G., & Fuchs, L.S. (1993). Peer-mediated reading instruction in special education resource rooms. Learning Disabilities Research & Practice, 8(4), 233-243.
    • (1993) Learning Disabilities Research & Practice , vol.8 , Issue.4 , pp. 233-243
    • Mathes, P.G.1    Fuchs, L.S.2
  • 39
    • 84907293444 scopus 로고
    • Some effects of the nature and frequency of vocabulary instruction on the knowledge and use of words
    • McKeown, M., Beck, I., Omanson, R., & Pople, M. (1985). Some effects of the nature and frequency of vocabulary instruction on the knowledge and use of words. Reading Research Quarterly, 20, 522-535.
    • (1985) Reading Research Quarterly , vol.20 , pp. 522-535
    • McKeown, M.1    Beck, I.2    Omanson, R.3    Pople, M.4
  • 45
    • 34548205727 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Repeated reading versus continuous reading: Influences on reading fluency and comprehension
    • O'Connor, R.E., White, A., & Swanson, H.L. (2007). Repeated reading versus continuous reading: Influences on reading fluency and comprehension. Exceptional Children, 74, 31-46.
    • (2007) Exceptional Children , vol.74 , pp. 31-46
    • O'Connor, R.E.1    White, A.2    Swanson, H.L.3
  • 46
    • 18844448988 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reinterpreting the development of reading skills
    • Paris, S. (2005). Reinterpreting the development of reading skills. Reading Research Quarterly, 40, 184-202.
    • (2005) Reading Research Quarterly , vol.40 , pp. 184-202
    • Paris, S.1
  • 47
    • 0035712572 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Working memory and updating processes in reading comprehension
    • Palladino, P., Cornoldi, C., De Beni, R., & Pazzaglia, F. (2001). Working memory and updating processes in reading comprehension. Memory & Cognition, 29, 344-354.
    • (2001) Memory & Cognition , vol.29 , pp. 344-354
    • Palladino, P.1    Cornoldi, C.2    De Beni, R.3    Pazzaglia, F.4
  • 48
    • 0003637433 scopus 로고
    • New York: Oxford University Press
    • Perfetti, C. (1985). Reading ability. New York: Oxford University Press.
    • (1985) Reading Ability
    • Perfetti, C.1
  • 50
    • 0002129364 scopus 로고
    • The nonword reading deficit in developmental dyslexia: A review
    • Rack, J.P., Snowling, M.J., & Olson, R.K. (1992). The nonword reading deficit in developmental dyslexia: A review. Reading Research Quarterly, 27, 28-53.
    • (1992) Reading Research Quarterly , vol.27 , pp. 28-53
    • Rack, J.P.1    Snowling, M.J.2    Olson, R.K.3
  • 51
    • 0001726205 scopus 로고
    • Effects of fluency training on second graders' reading comprehension
    • Reutzel, D.R., & Hollingsworth, P.M. (1993). Effects of fluency training on second graders' reading comprehension. Journal of Educational Research, 86, 325-331.
    • (1993) Journal of Educational Research , vol.86 , pp. 325-331
    • Reutzel, D.R.1    Hollingsworth, P.M.2
  • 52
    • 84928224344 scopus 로고
    • Repeated reading and reading fluency in learning disabled children
    • Roshotte, C.A., & Torgesen, J.K. (1985). Repeated reading and reading fluency in learning disabled children. Reading Research Quarterly, 20(2), 180-188.
    • (1985) Reading Research Quarterly , vol.20 , Issue.2 , pp. 180-188
    • Roshotte, C.A.1    Torgesen, J.K.2
  • 53
    • 84937266400 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Exploration of the developmental components contributing to elementary school children's reading comprehension
    • Rupley, W.H., Willson, V.L., & Nichols, W.D. (1998). Exploration of the developmental components contributing to elementary school children's reading comprehension. Scientific Studies of Reading, 2, 143-158.
    • (1998) Scientific Studies of Reading , vol.2 , pp. 143-158
    • Rupley, W.H.1    Willson, V.L.2    Nichols, W.D.3
  • 54
    • 0004282518 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SAS Institute. Cary, NC: Author
    • SAS Institute. (2003). SAS/STAT user's guide. Cary, NC: Author.
    • (2003) SAS/STAT User's Guide
  • 55
    • 84965565704 scopus 로고
    • On the acquisition of reading fluency
    • Schreiber, P.A. (1980). On the acquisition of reading fluency. Journal of Reading Behavior, 12, 177-186.
    • (1980) Journal of Reading Behavior , vol.12 , pp. 177-186
    • Schreiber, P.A.1
  • 59
    • 0022814430 scopus 로고
    • Language mechanisms and reading disorder
    • Shankweiler, D., & Crain, S. (1986). Language mechanisms and reading disorder. Cognition, 24, 139-168.
    • (1986) Cognition , vol.24 , pp. 139-168
    • Shankweiler, D.1    Crain, S.2
  • 60
    • 84970305078 scopus 로고
    • Cognitive profiles of reading disabled children: Comparison of language skills in phonology, morphology, and syntax
    • Shankweiler, D., Crain, S., Katz, L., Fowler, A.E., Liberman, A.M., Brady, S.A.,et al.(1995). Cognitive profiles of reading disabled children: Comparison of language skills in phonology, morphology, and syntax. Psychological Science, 6, 149-156.
    • (1995) Psychological Science , vol.6 , pp. 149-156
    • Shankweiler, D.1    Crain, S.2    Katz, L.3    Fowler, A.E.4    Liberman, A.M.5    Brady, S.A.6
  • 61
    • 0024711985 scopus 로고
    • The development of working memory in normally achieving and subtypes of learning disabled
    • Siegel, L.S., & Ryan, E.B. (1989). The development of working memory in normally achieving and subtypes of learning disabled. Child Development, 60, 973-980.
    • (1989) Child Development , vol.60 , pp. 973-980
    • Siegel, L.S.1    Ryan, E.B.2
  • 62
    • 42249111226 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Indexing response to intervention: A longitudinal study of reading risk from kindergarten through third grade
    • Simmons, D.C., Coyne, M.D., Kwok, O., McDonagh, S., Harn, B.A., & Kame'enui, E.J. (2008). Indexing response to intervention: A longitudinal study of reading risk from kindergarten through third grade. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 41, 158-173.
    • (2008) Journal of Learning Disabilities , vol.41 , pp. 158-173
    • Simmons, D.C.1    Coyne, M.D.2    Kwok, O.3    McDonagh, S.4    Harn, B.A.5    Kame'enui, E.J.6
  • 63
    • 1542366904 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fitting individual growth models using SAS PROC MIXED
    • In S. L. Hersberger & D. S. Moskowitz (Eds.), Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum
    • Singer, J.D. (2002). Fitting individual growth models using SAS PROC MIXED. In S. L. Hersberger & D. S. Moskowitz (Eds.), Modeling intraindividual variability with repeated measures data: Methods and applications (pp. 135-170). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
    • (2002) Modeling Intraindividual Variability with Repeated Measures Data: Methods and Applications , pp. 135-170
    • Singer, J.D.1
  • 65
    • 79959397945 scopus 로고
    • Toward an interactive-compensatory model of individual differences in the development of reading fluency
    • Stanovich, K.E. (1980). Toward an interactive-compensatory model of individual differences in the development of reading fluency. Reading Research Quarterly, 16, 32-71.
    • (1980) Reading Research Quarterly , vol.16 , pp. 32-71
    • Stanovich, K.E.1
  • 66
    • 38249018881 scopus 로고
    • Concepts in developmental theories of reading skill: Cognitive resources, automaticity, and modularity
    • Stanovich, K.E. (1990). Concepts in developmental theories of reading skill: Cognitive resources, automaticity, and modularity. Developmental Review, 10, 72-100.
    • (1990) Developmental Review , vol.10 , pp. 72-100
    • Stanovich, K.E.1
  • 67
    • 58149207301 scopus 로고
    • Phenotypic performance profile of children with reading disabilities: A regression-based test of the phonological-core difference model
    • Stanovich, K., & Siegel, L.S. (1994). Phenotypic performance profile of children with reading disabilities: A regression-based test of the phonological-core difference model. Journal of Educational Psychology, 86, 24-53.
    • (1994) Journal of Educational Psychology , vol.86 , pp. 24-53
    • Stanovich, K.1    Siegel, L.S.2
  • 68
    • 0000406214 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of reading comprehension and decoding difficulties in children
    • In C. Cornoldi & J. Oakhill (Eds.), Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum
    • Stothard, S., & Hulme, C. (1996). A comparison of reading comprehension and decoding difficulties in children. In C. Cornoldi & J. Oakhill (Eds.), Reading comprehension difficulties in children: Processes and intervention (pp. 95-106). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
    • (1996) Reading Comprehension Difficulties in Children: Processes and Intervention , pp. 95-106
    • Stothard, S.1    Hulme, C.2
  • 69
    • 0030043051 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Individual and age-related differences in children's working memory
    • Swanson, H.L. (1996) Individual and age-related differences in children's working memory. Memory & Cognition, 24, 70-82.
    • (1996) Memory & Cognition , vol.24 , pp. 70-82
    • Swanson, H.L.1
  • 70
    • 0032607415 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reading comprehension and working memory in skilled readers: Is the phonological loop more important than the executive system
    • Swanson, H.L. (1999). Reading comprehension and working memory in skilled readers: Is the phonological loop more important than the executive system? Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 72, 1-31.
    • (1999) Journal of Experimental Child Psychology , vol.72 , pp. 1-31
    • Swanson, H.L.1
  • 71
    • 0034580079 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Working memory, short-term memory, articulation speed, word recognition, and reading comprehension in learning disabled readers: Executive and/or articulatory system?
    • Swanson, H.L., & Ashbaker, M. (2000). Working memory, short-term memory, articulation speed, word recognition, and reading comprehension in learning disabled readers: Executive and/or articulatory system? Intelligence, 28, 1-30.
    • (2000) Intelligence , vol.28 , pp. 1-30
    • Swanson, H.L.1    Ashbaker, M.2
  • 72
    • 4544266992 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The relationship between working memory and mathematical problem solving in children at risk and not at risk for serious math difficulties
    • Swanson, H.L., & Beebe-Frankenberger, M. (2004). The relationship between working memory and mathematical problem solving in children at risk and not at risk for serious math difficulties. Journal of Educational Psychology, 96, 471-491.
    • (2004) Journal of Educational Psychology , vol.96 , pp. 471-491
    • Swanson, H.L.1    Beebe-Frankenberger, M.2
  • 73
    • 33744527050 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Do different components of working memory underlie different subgroups of reading disabilities?
    • Swanson, H.L., Howard, C., & Sáez, L. (2006). Do different components of working memory underlie different subgroups of reading disabilities? Journal of Learning Disabilities, 39, 252-269.
    • (2006) Journal of Learning Disabilities , vol.39 , pp. 252-269
    • Swanson, H.L.1    Howard, C.2    Sáez, L.3
  • 75
    • 1542638037 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Learning disabled and average readers' working memory and comprehension: Does metacognition play a role?
    • Swanson, H.L., & Trahan, M. (1996). Learning disabled and average readers' working memory and comprehension: Does metacognition play a role? British Journal of Educational Psychology, 66, 333-355.
    • (1996) British Journal of Educational Psychology , vol.66 , pp. 333-355
    • Swanson, H.L.1    Trahan, M.2
  • 76
    • 1042291069 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rapid naming, phonological awareness, and reading: A meta-analysis of the correlation evidence
    • Swanson, H.L., Trainin, G., Necoechea, D.M., & Hammill, D.D. (2003). Rapid naming, phonological awareness, and reading: A meta-analysis of the correlation evidence. Review of Educational Research, 73, 407-440.
    • (2003) Review of Educational Research , vol.73 , pp. 407-440
    • Swanson, H.L.1    Trainin, G.2    Necoechea, D.M.3    Hammill, D.D.4
  • 77
    • 85044912704 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of a combined repeated reading and question generation intervention on reading achievement
    • Therrien, W.J., Wickstrom, K., & Jones, K. (2006). Effect of a combined repeated reading and question generation intervention on reading achievement. Learning Disabilities Research & Practice, 21, 89-97.
    • (2006) Learning Disabilities Research & Practice , vol.21 , pp. 89-97
    • Therrien, W.J.1    Wickstrom, K.2    Jones, K.3
  • 79
    • 0008488069 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intensive remedial instruction for children with severe reading disabilities: Immediate and long-term outcomes from two instructional approaches
    • Torgesen, J.K., Alexander, A.W., Wagner, R.K., Rashotte, C.A., Voeller, K.K., & Conway, T. (2001). Intensive remedial instruction for children with severe reading disabilities: Immediate and long-term outcomes from two instructional approaches. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 34, 33-58, 78.
    • (2001) Journal of Learning Disabilities , vol.34
    • Torgesen, J.K.1    Alexander, A.W.2    Wagner, R.K.3    Rashotte, C.A.4    Voeller, K.K.5    Conway, T.6
  • 80
    • 35648992459 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the division of short-term memory and working memory: An examination of simple and complex span and their relation to higher order abilities
    • Unsworth, N., & Engle, R.W. (2007). On the division of short-term memory and working memory: An examination of simple and complex span and their relation to higher order abilities. Psychological Bulletin, 133, 1038-1066.
    • (2007) Psychological Bulletin , vol.133 , pp. 1038-1066
    • Unsworth, N.1    Engle, R.W.2
  • 81
    • 0030373845 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cognitive profiles of difficult-to-remediate and readily remediated poor readers: Early identification as a vehicle for distinguishing between cognitive and experiential deficits as basic causes of specific reading disability
    • Vellutino, F.R., Scanlon, D.M., Sipay, E.R., Small, S.G., Pratt, A., Chen, R.,et al.(1996). Cognitive profiles of difficult-to-remediate and readily remediated poor readers: Early identification as a vehicle for distinguishing between cognitive and experiential deficits as basic causes of specific reading disability. Journal of Educational Psychology, 88, 601-638.
    • (1996) Journal of Educational Psychology , vol.88 , pp. 601-638
    • Vellutino, F.R.1    Scanlon, D.M.2    Sipay, E.R.3    Small, S.G.4    Pratt, A.5    Chen, R.6
  • 82
    • 0031278215 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Meta-analysis of age-cognition relations in adulthood: Estimates of linear and nonlinear age effects and structural models
    • Verhaeghen, P., & Salthouse, T.A. (1997). Meta-analysis of age-cognition relations in adulthood: Estimates of linear and nonlinear age effects and structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 122, 231-249.
    • (1997) Psychological Bulletin , vol.122 , pp. 231-249
    • Verhaeghen, P.1    Salthouse, T.A.2
  • 83
    • 0030265825 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A capacity theory of sentence comprehension: Critique of Just & Carpenter (1992)
    • Waters, G.S., & Caplin, D. (1996). A capacity theory of sentence comprehension: Critique of Just & Carpenter (1992). Psychological Review, 103, 761-772.
    • (1996) Psychological Review , vol.103 , pp. 761-772
    • Waters, G.S.1    Caplin, D.2
  • 85
    • 13844259437 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuropsychological analyses of comorbidity between reading disability and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: In search of the common deficit
    • Willcutt, E.G., Pennington, B.F., Olson, R.K., Chhabildas, N., & Hulslander, J. (2005). Neuropsychological analyses of comorbidity between reading disability and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: In search of the common deficit. Developmental Neuropsychology, 27(1), 35-78.
    • (2005) Developmental Neuropsychology , vol.27 , Issue.1 , pp. 35-78
    • Willcutt, E.G.1    Pennington, B.F.2    Olson, R.K.3    Chhabildas, N.4    Hulslander, J.5


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.