Regulation of gene expression in primate polyomaviruses

Journal of Virology

Volumn 83, Issue 21, 2009, Pages 10846-10856

  White, Martyn K ^a   Safak, Mahmut ^a   Khalili, Kamel ^a  

^a TEMPLE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DNA POLYMERASE; MESSENGER RNA; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR; VIRUS DNA; VIRUS T ANTIGEN;

BK VIRUS; CELL SPECIFICITY; CELL TYPE; DNA METHYLATION; DNA REPLICATION; GENE CONTROL; GENE EXPRESSION; GLIA CELL; HOST RANGE; HUMAN; JC VIRUS; KAROLINSKA INSTITUTE VIRUS; KIDNEY ALLOGRAFT; KIDNEY DISEASE; KIDNEY TUBULE CELL; LEUKOENCEPHALOPATHY; MEAN CORPUSCULAR VOLUME; MERKEL CELL TUMOR; NONHUMAN; NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE; POLYOMA VIRUS; PRIMATE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN BINDING; RESPIRATORY SYSTEM; SEQUENCE ANALYSIS; SHORT SURVEY; SIMIAN VIRUS 40; TISSUE DISTRIBUTION; VIRUS GENE; VIRUS GENOME; VIRUS ISOLATION; VIRUS REPLICATION; WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY VIRUS;

ANIMALS; BASE SEQUENCE; BK VIRUS; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION, VIRAL; HUMANS; JC VIRUS; MOLECULAR SEQUENCE DATA; POLYOMAVIRUS; PRIMATES; REGULATORY SEQUENCES, NUCLEIC ACID; SEQUENCE ALIGNMENT; SIMIAN VIRUS 40; SPECIES SPECIFICITY;

BK POLYOMAVIRUS; DNA VIRUSES; JC POLYOMAVIRUS; POLYOMAVIRUS; PRIMATES; SIMIAN VIRUS 40;

EID: 70350306663     PISSN: 0022538X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1128/JVI.00542-09     Document Type: Short Survey

References (130)

1. Abend, J. R., and M. J. Imperiale. 2008. Transforming growth factor-beta-mediated regulation of BK virus gene expression. Virology 378:6-12.
2. Abend, J. R., J. A. Low, and M. J. Imperiale. 2007. Inhibitory effect of gamma interferon on BK virus gene expression and replication. J. Virol. 81:272-279. (Pubitemid 44975167)
3. Abend, J. R., A. E. Joseph, D. Das, D. B. Campbell-Cecen, and M. J. Imperiale. 2009. A truncated T antigen expressed from an alternatively spliced BK virus early mRNA. J. Gen. Virol. 90:1238-1245.
4. Agostini, H. T., C. F. Ryschkewitsch, and G. L. Stoner. 1998. Rearrangements of archetypal regulatory regions in JC virus genomes from urine. Res. Virol. 149:163-170.
5. Akan, I., I. K. Sariyer, R. Biffi, V. Palermo, S. Woolridge, M. K. White, S. Amini, K. Khalili, and M. Safak. 2006. Human polyomavirus JCV late leader peptide region contains important regulatory elements. Virology 349:66-78. (Pubitemid 44255712)
6. Allander, T., K. Andreasson, S. Gupta, A. Bjerkner, G. Bogdanovic, M. A. Persson, T. Dalianis, T. Ramqvist, and B. Andersson. 2007. Identification of a third human polyomavirus. J. Virol. 81:4130-4136.
7. Amemiya, K., R. Traub, L. Durham, and E. O. Major. 1992. Adjacent nuclear factor-1 and activator protein binding sites in the enhancer of the neurotropic JC virus: a common characteristic of many brain-specific genes. J. Biol. Chem. 267:14204-14211.
8. Beggs, A. H., R. J. Frisque, and G. A. Scangos. 1988. Extinction of JC virus tumor-antigen expression in glial cell-fibroblast hybrids. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:7632-7636.
9. Benoist, C., and P. Chambon. 1981. In vivo sequence requirements of the SV40 early promotor region. Nature 290:304-310.
10. Bialasiewicz, S., D. M. Whiley, S. B. Lambert, K. Jacob, C. Bletchly, D. Wang, M. D. Nissen, and T. P. Sloots. 2008. Presence of the newly discovered human polyomaviruses KI and WU in Australian patients with acute respiratory tract infection. J. Clin. Virol. 41:63-68.
11. Bofill-Mas, S., P. Clemente-Casares, E. O. Major, B. Curfman, and R. Girones. 2003. Analysis of the excreted JC virus strains and their potential oral transmission. J. Neurovirol. 9:498-507. (Pubitemid 36986816)
12. Bollag, B., C. Prins, E. L. Snyder, and R. J. Frisque. 2000. Purified JC virus T and T′ proteins differentially interact with the retinoblastoma family of tumor suppressor proteins. Virology 274:165-178. (Pubitemid 30650691)
13. Bollag, B., L. H. Kilpatrick, S. K. Tyagarajan, M. J. Tevethia, and R. J. Frisque. 2006. JC virus T′135, T′136 and T′165 proteins interact with cellular p107 and p130 in vivo and influence viral transformation potential. J. Neurovirol. 12:428-442.
14. Brady, J., J. B. Bolen, M. Radonovich, N. Salzman, and G. Khoury. 1984. Stimulation of simian virus 40 late gene expression by simian virus 40 tumor antigen. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81:2040-2044.
15. Buchman, A. R., M. Fromm, and P. Berg. 1984. Complex regulation of simian virus 40 early-region transcription from different overlapping promoters. Mol. Cell. Biol. 4:1900-1914.
16. Cantalupo, P., A. Doering, C. S. Sullivan, A. Pal, K. W. Peden, A. M. Lewis, and J. M. Pipas. 2005. Complete nucleotide sequence of polyomavirus SA12. J. Virol. 79:13094-13104. (Pubitemid 41433228)
17. Chowdhury, M., M. Kundu, and K. Khalili. 1993. GA/GC-rich sequence confers Tat responsiveness to human neurotropic virus promoter, JCVL, in cells derived from central nervous system. Oncogene 8:887-892. (Pubitemid 23087419)
18. Crum-Cianflone, N., M. Quigley, G. Utz, and B. Hale. 2007. BK virus-associated renal failure among HIV patients. AIDS 21:1501-1502. (Pubitemid 46988021)
19. Daha, M. R., and C. Van Kooten. 2000. Is the proximal tubular cell a proinflammatory cell? Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 15:(Suppl. 6):41-43.
20. Daniel, D. C., M. J. Wortman, R. J. Schiller, H. Liu, L. Gan, J. S. Mellen, C.-F. Chang, G. L. Gallia, J. Rappaport, K. Khalili, and E. M. Johnson. 2001. Coordinate effects of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protein Tat and cellular protein Pur α on DNA replication initiated at the JC virus origin. J. Gen. Virol. 82:1543-1553.
21. Daniels, R., D. Sadowicz, and D. N. Hebert. 2007. A very late viral protein triggers the lytic release of SV40. PLoS Pathog. 3:e98.
22. Deb, S., A. L. DeLucia, C. P. Baur, A. Koff, and P. Tegtmeyer. 1986. Domain structure of the simian virus 40 core origin of replication. Mol. Cell. Biol. 6:1663-1670.
23. DeLucia, A. L., B. A. Lewton, R. Tjian, and P. Tegtmeyer. 1983. Topography of simian virus 40 A protein-DNA complexes: arrangement of pentanucleotide interaction sites at the origin of replication. J. Virol. 46:143-150. (Pubitemid 13161253)
24. Del Valle, L., M. K. White, and K. Khalili. 2008. Potential mechanisms of the human polyomavirus JC in neural oncogenesis. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 67:729-740.
25. Deyerle, K. L., F. G. Sajjadi, and S. Subramani. 1989. Analysis of origin of DNA replication of human papovavirus BK. J. Virol. 63:356-365. (Pubitemid 19028115)
26. Dynan, W. S., and R. Tjian. 1983. Isolation of transcription factors that discriminate between different promoters recognized by RNA polymerase II. Cell 32:669-680.
27. Everett, R. D., D. Baty, and P. Chambon. 1983. The repeated GC-rich motifs upstream from the TATA box are important elements of the SV40 early promoter. Nucleic Acids Res. 11:2447-2464.
28. Feigenbaum, L., K. Khalili, E. Major, and G. Khoury. 1987. Regulation of the host range of human papovavirus JCV. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84:3695-3698.
29. Feigenbaum, L., S. H. Hinrichs, and G. Jay. 1992. JC virus and simian virus 40 enhancers and transforming proteins: role in determining tissue specificity and pathogenicity in transgenic mice. J. Virol. 66:1176-1182.
30. Feng, H., M. Shuda, Y. Chang, and P. S. Moore. 2008. Clonal integration of a polyomavirus in human Merkel cell carcinoma. Science 319:1096-1100. (Pubitemid 351300792)
31. Fiers, W., R. Contreras, G. Haegemann, R. Rogiers, A. Van de Voorde, H. Van Heuverswyn, J. Van Herreweghe, G. Volckaert, and M. Ysebaert. 1978. Complete nucleotide sequence of SV40 DNA. Nature 273:113-120. (Pubitemid 8322604)
32. Frisque, R. J., and F. A. White. 1992. The molecular biology of JC virus, causative agent of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, p. 25-160. In R. P. Roos (ed.), Molecular neurovirology. Humana Press, Inc., Totowa, NJ.
33. Frisque, R. J., G. L. Bream, and M. T. Cannella. 1984. Human polyomavirus JC virus genome. J. Virol. 51:458-469.
34. Fromental, C., M. Kanno, H. Nomiyama, and P. Chambon. 1988. Cooperativity and hierarchical levels of functional organization in the SV40 enhancer. Cell 54:943-953. (Pubitemid 18229431)
35. Fromm, M., and P. Berg. 1982. Deletion mapping of DNA regions required for SV40 early region promoter function in vivo. J. Mol. Appl. Genet. 1:457-481.
36. Garcea, R. L., and M. J. Imperiale. 2003. Simian virus 40 infection of humans. J. Virol. 77:5039-5045.
37. Gardner, S. D., A. M. Field, D. V. Coleman, and B. Hulme. 1971. New human papovavirus (B.K.) isolated from urine after renal transplantation. Lancet i:1253-1257.
38. Gaynor, A. M., M. D. Nissen, D. M. Whiley, I. M. Mackay, S. B. Lambert, G. Wu, D. C. Brennan, G. A. Storch, T. P. Sloots, and D. Wang. 2007. Identification of a novel polyomavirus from patients with acute respiratory tract infections. PLoS Pathog. 3:e64.
39. Gendra, E., D. F. Colgan, B. Meany, and M. M. Konarska. 2007. A sequence motif in the simian virus 40 (SV40) early core promoter affects alternative splicing of transcribed mRNA. J. Biol. Chem. 282:11648-11657.
40. Gorrill, T. S., and K. Khalili. 2005. Cooperative interaction of p65 and C/EBPbeta modulates transcription of BKV early promoter. Virology 335:1-9.
41. Gorrill, T., M. Feliciano, R. Mukerjee, B. E. Sawaya, K. Khalili, and M. K. White. 2006. Activation of early gene transcription in polyomavirus BK by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat. J. Gen. Virol. 87:1557-1566.
42. Gosert, R., C. H. Rinaldo, G. A. Funk, A. Egli, E. Ramos, C. B. Drachenberg, and H. H. Hirsch. 2008. Polyomavirus BK with rearranged noncoding control region emerge in vivo in renal transplant patients and increase viral replication and cytopathology. J. Exp. Med. 205:841-852.
43. Henson, J. W. 1994. Regulation of the glial-specific JC virus early promoter by the transcription factor Sp1. J. Biol. Chem. 269:1046-1050.
44. Higgins, D. G., and P. M. Sharp. 1988. CLUSTAL: a package for performing multiple sequence alignment on a microcomputer. Gene 73:237-244.
45. Hirsch, H. H. 2005. BK virus: opportunity makes a pathogen. Clin. Infect. Dis. 41:354-360.
46. Hirsch, H. H., W. Knowles, M. Dickenmann, J. Passweg, T. Klimkait, M. J. Mihatsch, and J. Steiger. 2002. Prospective study of polyomavirus type BK replication and nephropathy in renal-transplant recipients. N. Engl. J. Med. 347:488-496.
47. Hou, J., and E. O. Major. 2000. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: JC virus induced demyelination in the immune compromised host. J. Neurovirol. 6(Suppl. 2):S98-S100. (Pubitemid 30348921)
48. Imperiale, M. J., and E. O. Major. 2007. Polyomaviruses, p. 2263-2298. In D. M. Knipe, P. M. Howley, D. E. Griffin, R. A. Lamb, M. A. Martin, B. Roizman, and S. E. Straus (ed.), Fields virology, 5th ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA.
49. Javier, R. T., and J. S. Butel. 2008. The history of tumor virology. Cancer Res. 68:7693-7706.
50. Johannessen, M., M. R. Myhre, M. Dragset, C. Tümmler, and U. Moens. 2008. Phosphorylation of human polyomavirus BK agnoprotein at Ser-11 is mediated by PKC and has an important regulative function. Virology 379:97-109.
51. Karlin, S., W. Doerfler, and L. R. Cardon. 1994. Why is CpG suppressed in the genomes of virtually all small eukaryotic viruses but not in those of large eukaryotic viruses? J. Virol. 68:2889-2897. (Pubitemid 24129736)
52. Keller, J. M., and J. C. Alwine. 1984. Activation of the SV40 late promoter: direct effects of T antigen in the absence of viral DNA replication. Cell 36:381-389.
53. Kenney, S., V. Natarajan, D. Strike, G. Khoury, and N. P. Salzman. 1984. JC virus enhancer-promoter active in human brain cells. Science 226:1337-1339. (Pubitemid 15215590)
54. Khalili, K., J. Brady, and G. Khoury. 1987. Translational regulation of SV40 early mRNA defines a new viral protein. Cell 48:639-645.
55. Khalili, K., M. K. White, H. Sawa, K. Nagashima, and M. Safak. 2005. The agnoprotein of polyomaviruses: a multifunctional auxiliary protein. J. Cell. Physiol. 204:1-7.
56. Khalili, K., J. Gordon, and M. K. White. 2006. The polyomavirus, JCV, and its involvement in human disease. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 577:274-287.
57. Khalili, K., M. Safak, L. Del Valle, and M. K. White. 2008. JC virus molecular biology and the human demyelinating disease, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, p. 190-211. In C. S. Reiss (ed.), Neurotropic virus infections, Chapter 10. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
58. Kim, H.-S., J. W. Henson, and R. J. Frisque. 2001. Transcription and replication in the human polyomaviruses, p. 73-126. In K. Khalili and G. L. Stoner (ed.), Human polyomaviruses: molecular and clinical perspectives. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, NY.
59. Knowles, W. A. 2001. The epidemiology of BK virus and the occurrence of antigenic and genomic subtypes, p. 527-584. In K. Khalili and G. L. Stoner (ed.), Human polyomaviruses: molecular and clinical perspectives. Wiley-Liss, Inc., New York, NY.
60. Krachmarov, C. P., L. G. Chepenik, S. Barr-Vagell, K. Khalili, and E. M. Johnson. 1996. Activation of the JC virus Tat-responsive transcriptional control element by association of the Tat protein of human immunodeficiency virus 1 with cellular protein Pur alpha. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:14112-14117.
61. Lashgari, M. S., H. Tada, S. Amini, and K. Khalili. 1989. Regulation of JCVL promoter function: transactivation of JCVL promoter by JCV and SV40 early proteins. Virology 170:292-295.
62. Lednicky, J. A., and J. S. Butel. 1997. Tissue culture adaptation of natural isolates of simian virus 40: changes occur in viral regulatory region but not in carboxy-terminal domain of large T-antigen. J. Gen. Virol. 78:1697-1705.
63. Reference deleted.
64. Lee, W., P. Mitchell, and R. Tjian. 1987. Purified transcription factor AP-1 interacts with TPA-inducible enhancer elements. Cell 49:741-752. (Pubitemid 18094764)
65. Lynch, K. J., and R. J. Frisque. 1990. Identification of critical elements within the JC virus DNA replication origin. J. Virol. 64:5812-5822.
66. Lynch, K. J., and R. J. Frisque. 1991. Factors contributing to the restricted DNA replicating activity of JC virus. Virology 180:306-317.
67. Lynch, K. J., S. Haggerty, and R. J. Frisque. 1994. DNA replication of chimeric JC virus-simian virus 40 genomes. Virology 204:819-822. (Pubitemid 24330890)
68. Macchi, M., J. M. Bornert, I. Davidson, M. Kanno, R. Rosales, M. Vigneron, J. H. Xiao, C. Fromental, and P. Chambon. 1989. The SV40 TC-II(κ B) enhanson binds ubiquitous and cell type specifically inducible nuclear proteins from lymphoid and non-lymphoid cell lines. EMBO J. 8:4215-4227. (Pubitemid 20066865)
69. Manley, K., B. A. O'Hara, G. V. Gee, C. P. Simkevich, J. M. Sedivy, and W. J. Atwood. 2006. NFAT4 is required for JC virus infection of glial cells. J. Virol. 80:12079-12085. (Pubitemid 44904358)
70. Manley, K., B. A. O'Hara, and W. J. Atwood. 2008. Nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT) plays a role in SV40 infection. Virology 372:48-55. (Pubitemid 351215462)
71. Markowitz, R. B., and W. S. Dynan. 1988. Binding of cellular proteins to the regulatory region of BK virus DNA. J. Virol. 62:3388-3398. (Pubitemid 18205192)
72. Mayreddy, R. P., M. Safak, M. Razmara, P. Zoltick, and K. Khalili. 1996. Transcription of the JC virus archetype late genome: importance of the κB and the 23-base-pair motifs in late promoter activity in glial cells. J. Virol. 70:2387-2393.
73. Mázló, M., H. G. Ressetar, and G. L. Stoner. 2001. The neuropathology and pathogenesis of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, p. 257-335. In K. Khalili and G. L. Stoner (ed.), Human polyomaviruses: molecular and clinical perspectives. Wiley-Liss, Inc., New York, NY.
74. Mermod, N., T. J. Williams, and R. Tjian. 1988. Enhancer binding factors AP-4 and AP-1 act in concert to activate SV40 late transcription in vitro. Nature 332:557-561.
75. Milavetz, B. I. 2002. SP1 and AP-1 elements direct chromatin remodeling in SV40 chromosomes during the first 6 hours of infection. Virology 294:170-179.
76. Mitchell, P. J., C. Wang, and R. Tjian. 1987. Positive and negative regulation of transcription in vitro: enhancer-binding protein AP-2 is inhibited by SV40 T antigen. Cell 50:847-861.
77. Moens, U., and O. P. Rekvig. 2001. Molecular biology of BK virus and clinical and basic aspects of BK virus renal infection, p. 359-408. In K. Khalili and G. L. Stoner (ed.), Human polyomaviruses: molecular and clinical perspectives. Wiley-Liss, Inc., New York, NY.
78. Moens, U., N. Subramaniam, B. Johansen, T. Johansen, and T. Traavik. 1994. A steroid hormone response unit in the late leader of the noncoding control region of the human polyomavirus BK confers enhanced host cell permissivity. J. Virol. 68:2398-2408. (Pubitemid 24091919)
79. Nakao, M. 2001. Epigenetics: interaction of DNA methylation and chromatin. Gene 278:25-31. (Pubitemid 33055776)
80. Newman, J. S., G. B. Baskin, and R. J. Frisque. 1998. Identification of SV40 in brain, kidney and urine of healthy and SIV-infected rhesus monkeys. J. Neurovirol. 4:394-406.
81. Norja, P., I. Ubillos, K. Templeton, and P. Simmonds. 2007. No evidence for an association between infections with WU and KI polyomaviruses and respiratory disease. J. Clin. Virol. 40:307-311.
82. Ondek, B., L. Gloss, and W. Herr. 1988. The SV40 enhancer contains two distinct levels of organization. Nature 333:40-45. (Pubitemid 18108995)
83. O'Neill, F. J., J. E. Greenlee, and H. Carney. 2003. The archetype enhancer of simian virus 40 DNA is duplicated during virus growth in human cells and rhesus monkey kidney cells but not in green monkey kidney cells. Virology 310:173-182.
84. Orba, Y., H. Sawa, H. Iwata, S. Tanaka, and K. Nagashima. 2004. Inhibition of virus production in JC virus-infected cells by postinfection RNA interference. J. Virol. 78:7270-7273. (Pubitemid 38781565)
85. Padgett, B. L., G. M. Zu Rhein, D. L. Walker, R. Echroade, and B. Dessel. 1971. Cultivation of papova-like virus from human brain with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Lancet i:1257-1260.
86. Pawlita, M., A. Clad, and H. zur Hausen. 1985. Complete DNA sequence of lymphotropic papovavirus: prototype of a new species of the polyomavirus genus. Virology 143:196-211.
87. Peden, K., L. Sheng, R. Omeir, M. Yacobucci, M. Klutch, M. Laassri, K. Chumakov, A. Pal, H. Murata, and A. M. Lewis, Jr. 2008. Recovery of strains of the polyomavirus SV40 from rhesus monkey kidney cells dating from the 1950s to the early 1960s. Virology 370:63-76.
88. Prins, C., and R. J. Frisque. 2001. JC virus T′ proteins encoded by alternatively spliced early mRNAs enhance T antigen-mediated viral DNA replication in human cells. J. Neurovirol. 7:250-264. (Pubitemid 32685259)
89. Radhakrishnan, S., J. Gordon, L. Del Valle, J. Cui, and K. Khalili. 2004. Intracellular approach for blocking JC virus gene expression by using RNA interference during viral infection. J. Virol. 78:7264-7269. (Pubitemid 38781564)
90. Raj, G. V., and K. Khalili. 1994. Identification and characterization of a novel GGA/C-binding protein, GBP-i, that is rapidly inducible by cytokines. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14:7770-7781.
91. Raj, G. V., and K. Khalili. 1995. Transcriptional regulation: lessons from the human neurotropic polyomavirus, JCV. Virology 213:283-291.
92. Raj, G. V., M. Safak, G. H. MacDonald, and K. Khalili. 1996. Transcriptional regulation of human polyomavirus JC: evidence for a functional interaction between RelA (p65) and the Y-box-binding protein, YB-1. J. Virol. 70:5944-5953.
93. Ranganathan, P. N., and K. Khalili. 1993. The transcriptional enhancer element, kappa B, regulates promoter activity of the human neurotropic virus, JCV, in cells derived from the CNS. Nucleic Acids Res. 21:1959-1964. (Pubitemid 23178916)
94. Ravichandran, V., and E. O. Major. 2008. DNA-binding transcription factor NF-1A negatively regulates JC virus multiplication. J. Gen. Virol. 89:1396-1401.
95. Reddy, V. B., B. Thimmappaya, R. Dhar, K. N. Subramanian, B. S. Zain, J. Pan, P. K. Ghosh, M. L. Celma, and S. M. Weissman. 1978. The genome of simian virus 40. Science 200:494-502.
96. Rio, D. C., and R. Tjian. 1983. SV40 T antigen binding site mutations that affect autoregulation. Cell 32:1227-1240.
97. Robertson, K. D. 2002. DNA methylation and chromatin - unraveling the tangled web. Oncogene 21:5361-5379. (Pubitemid 34983473)
98. Romagnoli, L., I. K. Sariyer, J. Tung, M. Feliciano, B. E. Sawaya, L. Del Valle, P. Ferrante, K. Khalili, M. Safak, and M. K. White. 2008. Early growth response-1 protein is induced by JC virus infection and binds and regulates the JC virus promoter. Virology 375:331-341.
99. Rubinstein, R., N. Pare, and E. H. Harley. 1987. Structure and function of the transcriptional control region of nonpassaged BK virus. J. Virol. 61:1747-1750. (Pubitemid 17069781)
100. Rubinstein, R., B. C. Schoonakker, and E. H. Harley. 1991. Recurring theme of changes in the transcriptional control region of BK virus during adaptation to cell culture. J. Virol. 65:1600-1604.
101. Safak, M., G. L. Gallia, and K. Khalili. 1999. A 23-bp sequence element from human neurotropic JC virus is responsive to NF-kappa B subunits. Virology 262:178-189. (Pubitemid 29455015)
102. Safak, M., R. Barrucco, A. Darbinyan, Y. Okada, K. Nagashima, and K. Khalili. 2001. Interaction of JC virus Agno protein with T antigen modulates transcription and replication of the viral genome in glial cells. J. Virol. 75:1476-1486. (Pubitemid 32094705)
103. Safak, M., B. Sadowska, R. Barrucco, and K. Khalili. 2002. Functional interaction between JC virus late regulatory agnoprotein and cellular Y-box binding transcription factor, YB-1. J. Virol. 76:3828-3838. (Pubitemid 34250548)
104. Sariyer, I. K., I. Akan, V. Palermo, J. Gordon, K. Khalili, and M. Safak. 2006. Phosphorylation mutants of JC virus agnoprotein are unable to sustain the viral infection cycle. J. Virol. 80:3893-3903.
105. Sariyer, I. K., K. Khalili, and M. Safak. 2008. Dephosphorylation of JC virus agnoprotein by protein phosphatase 2A: inhibition by small t antigen. Virology 375:464-479.
106. Seif, I., G. Khoury, and R. Dhar. 1979. The genome of human papovavirus BKV. Cell 18:963-977.
107. Seo, G. J., L. H. Fink, B. O'Hara, W. J. Atwood, and C. S. Sullivan. 2008. Evolutionarily conserved function of a viral microRNA. J. Virol. 82:9823-9828.
108. Seo, G. J., C. J. Chen, and C. S. Sullivan. 2009. Merkel cell polyomavirus encodes a microRNA with the ability to autoregulate viral gene expression. Virology 383:183-187.
109. Sharp, C. P., P. Norja, I. Anthony, J. E. Bell, and P. Simmonds. 2009. Reactivation and mutation of newly discovered WU, KI, and Merkel cell carcinoma polyomaviruses in immunosuppressed individuals. J. Infect. Dis. 199:398-404.
110. Shuda, M., H. Feng, H. J. Kwun, S. T. Rosen, O. Gjoerup, P. S. Moore, and Y. Chang. 2008. T antigen mutations are a human tumor-specific signature for Merkel cell polyomavirus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 105:16272-16277.
111. Stewart, S. E., B. E. Eddy, and N. G. Borgese. 1958. Neoplasms in mice inoculated with a tumor agent carried in tissue culture. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 20:1223-1243.
112. Sullivan, C. S., A. T. Grundhoff, S. Tevethia, J. M. Pipas, and D. Ganem. 2005. SV40-encoded microRNAs regulate viral gene expression and reduce susceptibility to cytotoxic T cells. Nature 435:682-686.
113. Sunden, Y., S. Semba, T. Suzuki, Y. Okada, Y. Orba, K. Nagashima, T. Umemura, and H. Sawa. 2007. Identification of DDX1 as a JC virus transcriptional control region-binding protein. Microbiol. Immunol. 51:327-337.
114. Sunden, Y., S. Semba, T. Suzuki, Y. Okada, Y. Orba, K. Nagashima, T. Umemura, and H. Sawa. 2007. DDX1 promotes proliferation of the JC virus through transactivation of its promoter. Microbiol. Immunol. 51:339-347.
115. Sweet, B. H., and M. R. Hilleman. 1960. The vacuolating virus, S.V. 40. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 105:420-427.
116. Tada, H., J. Rappaport, M. Lashgari, S. Amini, F. Wong-Staal, and K. Khalili. 1990. Trans-activation of the JC virus late promoter by the tat protein of type 1 human immunodeficiency virus in glial cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:3479-3483.
117. Tavis, J. E., and R. J. Frisque. 1991. Altered DNA binding and replication activities of JC virus T-antigen mutants. Virology 183:239-250.
118. Reference deleted.
119. Trowbridge, P. W., and R. J. Frisque. 1995. Identification of three new JC virus proteins generated by alternative splicing of the early viral mRNA. J. Neurovirol. 1:195-206.
120. Tyagarajan, S. K., and R. J. Frisque. 2006. Stability and function of JC virus large T antigen and T′ proteins are altered by mutation of their phosphorylated threonine 125 residues. J. Virol. 80:2083-2091.
121. Vaz, B., P. Cinque, M. Pickhardt, and T. Weber. 2000. Analysis of the transcriptional control region in progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. J. Neurovirol. 6:398-409. (Pubitemid 30696962)
122. Vilchez, R. A., and J. S. Butel. 2004. Emergent human pathogen simian virus 40 and its role in cancer. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 17:495-508.
123. Wegner, M., D. W. Drolet, and M. G. Rosenfeld. 1993. Regulation of JC virus by the POU-domain transcription factor Tst-1: implications for progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:4743-4747.
124. White, M. K., and K. Khalili. 2004. Polyomaviruses and human cancer: molecular mechanisms underlying patterns of tumorigenesis. Virology 324:1-16. (Pubitemid 38737394)
125. White, M. K., T. S. Gorrill, and K. Khalili. 2006. Reciprocal transactivation between HIV-1 and other human viruses. Virology 352:1-13.
126. Winklhofer, K. F., I. Albrecht, M. Wegner, and R. Heilbronn. 2000. Human cytomegalovirus immediate-early gene 2 expression leads to JCV replication in nonpermissive cells via transcriptional activation of JCV T antigen. Virology 275:323-334.
127. Yogo, Y., and C. Sugimoto. 2001. The archetype concept and regulatory region rearrangement, p. 127-148. In K. Khalili and G. L. Stoner (ed.), Human polyomaviruses: molecular and clinical perspectives. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, NY.
128. Yogo, Y., T. Kitamura, C. Sugimoto, T. Ueki, Y. Aso, K. Hara, and F. Taguchi. 1990. Isolation of a possible archetypal JC virus DNA sequence from nonimmunocompromised individuals. J. Virol. 64:3139-3143. (Pubitemid 20171319)
129. Yogo, Y., S. Zhong, Y. Xu, M. Zhu, Y. Chao, C. Sugimoto, H. Ikegaya, A. Shibuya, and T. Kitamura. 2008. Conserved archetypal configuration of the transcriptional control region during the course of BK polyomavirus evolution. J. Gen. Virol. 89:1849-1856.
130. Zerrahn, J., U. Knippschild, T. Winkler, and W. Deppert. 1993. Independent expression of the transforming amino-terminal domain of SV40 large T antigen from an alternatively spliced third SV40 early mRNA. EMBO J. 12:4739-4746. (Pubitemid 23330279)