Classical conditioning in the vegetative and minimally conscious state

Nature Neuroscience

Volumn 12, Issue 10, 2009, Pages 1343-1349

  Bekinschtein, Tristan A ^a,c,f   Shalom, Diego E ^a,d,e   Forcato, Cecilia ^c   Herrera, Maria ^e   Coleman, Martin R ^b   Manes, Facundo F ^a,c,d   Sigman, Mariano ^e  

^a Institute of Cognitive Neurology   (Argentina)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

^c Raul Carrea Institute   (Argentina)

^d HOSPITAL UNIVERSITARIO FUNDACIÓN FAVALORO   (Argentina)

^e UNIVERSIDAD DE BUENOS AIRES   (Argentina)

^f MEDICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; AUDITORY STIMULATION; AVERSIVE BEHAVIOR; BRAIN ATROPHY; BRAIN REGION; CLINICAL ARTICLE; CONDITIONED REFLEX; CONSCIOUSNESS DISORDER; CONTROLLED STUDY; ELECTROMYOGRAPHY; EVENT RELATED POTENTIAL; HUMAN; LEARNING; PRIORITY JOURNAL;

ACOUSTIC STIMULATION; ADULT; ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE; ATTENTION; AVOIDANCE LEARNING; AWARENESS; BLINKING; CONDITIONING, CLASSICAL; CONSCIOUSNESS DISORDERS; CONTINGENT NEGATIVE VARIATION; ELECTROMYOGRAPHY; EVOKED POTENTIALS; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PSYCHOACOUSTICS; REACTION TIME; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 70349556054     PISSN: 10976256     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/nn.2391     Document Type: Article

References (46)

1. Koch, C. The Quest for Consciousness: A Neurobiological Approach (Roberts and Company, Englewood, Colorado, 2004).
2. Laureys, S. The neural correlate of (un)awareness: lessons from the vegetative state. Trends Cogn. Sci. 9, 556-559 (2005).
3. Clark, R.E. & Squire, L.R. Classical conditioning and brain systems: the role of awareness. Science 280, 77-81 (1998).
4. Clark, R.E., Manns, J.R. & Squire, L.R. Trace and delay eyeblink conditioning: contrasting phenomena of declarative and nondeclarative memory. Psychol. Sci. 12, 304-308 (2001).
5. Knight, D.C., Cheng, D.T., Smith, C.N., Stein, E.A. & Helmstetter, F.J. Neural substrates mediating human delay and trace fear conditioning. J. Neurosci. 24, 218-228 (2004).
6. McGlinchey-Berroth, R., Carrillo, M.C., Gabrieli, J.D., Brawn, C.M. & Disterhoft, J.F. Impaired trace eyeblink conditioning in bilateral, medial-temporal lobe amnesia. Behav. Neurosci. 111, 873-882 (1997).
7. Clark, R.E., Manns, J.R. & Squire, L.R. Classical conditioning, awareness and brain systems. Trends Cogn. Sci. 6, 524-531 (2002).
8. Dawson, M.E. & Furedy, J.J. The role of awareness in human differential autonomic classical conditioning: the necessary-gate hypothesis. Psychophysiology 13, 50-53 (1976).
9. Lovibond, P. F. & Shanks, D.R. The role of awareness in Pavlovian conditioning: empirical evidence and theoretical implications. J. Exp. Psychol. Anim. Behav. Process. 28, 3-26 (2002).
10. Jennett, B. Thirty years of the vegetative state: clinical, ethical and legal problems. Prog. Brain Res. 150, 537-543 (2005).
11. Jennett, B. & Plum, F. Persistent vegetative state after brain damage. A syndrome in search of a name. Lancet 299, 734-737 (1972).
12. Royal College of Physicians. The Vegetative State: Guidance on Diagnosis and Management (Royal College of Physicians, London, 2003)
13. Multi-Society Task Force on PVS. Medical aspects of the persistent vegetative state. N. Engl. J. Med. 330, 1572-1579 (1994).
14. Giacino, J.T. et al. The minimally conscious state: defnition and diagnostic criteria. Neurology 58, 349-353 (2002).
15. Baars, B.J. A Cognitive Theory of Consciousness (Cambridge University Press, New York, 1988).
16. Dehaene, S. & Naccache, L. Towards a cognitive neuroscience of consciousness: basic evidence and a workspace framework. Cognition 79, 1-37 (2001).
17. Boly, M. et al. Auditory processing in severely brain injured patients: differences between the minimally conscious state and the persistent vegetative state. Arch. Neurol. 61, 233-238 (2004).
18. Bekinschtein, T.A. et al. Neural signature of the conscious processing of auditory regularities. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 106, 1672-1677 (2009).
19. Bekinschtein, T. et al. Emotion processing in the minimally conscious state. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 75, 788 (2004).
20. Kotchoubey, B. et al. Information processing in severe disorders of consciousness: vegetative state and minimally conscious state. Clin. Neurophysiol. 116, 2441-2453 (2005).
21. Laureys, S. et al. Cerebral processing in the minimally conscious state. Neurology 63, 916-918 (2004).
22. Schiff, N.D. et al. fMRI reveals large-scale network activation in minimally conscious patients. Neurology 64, 514-523 (2005).
23. Schnakers, C. et al. Voluntary brain processing in disorders of consciousness. Neurology 71, 1614-1620 (2008).
24. Laureys, S. et al. Auditory processing in the vegetative state. Brain 123, 1589-1601 (2000).
25. Menon, D.K. et al. Cortical processing in persistent vegetative state. Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre Team. Lancet 352, 200 (1998).
26. Boly, M. et al. Perception of pain in the minimally conscious state with PET activation: an observational study. Lancet Neurol. 7, 1013-1020 (2008).
27. Coleman, M.R. et al. Do vegetative patients retain aspects of language comprehension? Evidence from fMRI. Brain 130, 2494-2507 (2007).
28. Owen, A.M. et al. Detecting awareness in the vegetative state. Science 313, 1402 (2006).
29. Alkire, M.T., Hudetz, A.G. & Tononi, G. Consciousness and anesthesia. Science 322, 876-880 (2008).
30. Tononi, G. & Edelman, G.M. Consciousness and complexity. Science 282, 1846-1851 (1998).
31. Manns, J.R., Clark, R.E. & Squire, L.R. Standard delay eyeblink classical conditioning is independent of awareness. J. Exp. Psychol. Anim. Behav. Process. 28, 32-37 (2002).
32. Veselis, R.A., Reinsel, R.A. & Feshchenko, V.A. Drug-induced amnesia is a separate phenomenon from sedation: electrophysiologic evidence. Anesthesiology 95, 896-907 (2001).
33. Boly, M. et al. When thoughts become action: an fMRI paradigm to study volitional brain activity in noncommunicative brain-injured patients. Neuroimage 36, 979-992 (2007).
34. Bekinschtein, T.A. Cognitive Processes in the Vegetative and Minimally Conscious State. (PhD thesis, Univ. Buenos Aires, 2006).
35. Carew, T.J., Hawkins, R.D. & Kandel, E.R. Differential classical conditioning of a defensive withdrawal refex in Aplysia californica. Science 219, 397-400 (1983).
36. Morris, J.S., Ohman, A. & Dolan, R.J. Conscious and unconscious emotional learning in the human amygdala. Nature 393, 467-470 (1998).
37. Öhman, A. & Soares, J.J. Emotional conditioning to masked stimuli: expectancies for aversive outcomes following nonrecognized fear-relevant stimuli. J. Exp. Psychol. Gen. 127, 69-82 (1998).
38. Carter, R.M., O'Doherty, J.P., Seymour, B., Koch, C. & Dolan, R.J. Contingency awareness in human aversive conditioning involves the middle frontal gyrus. Neuroimage 29, 1007-1012 (2006).
39. Voss, H.U. et al. Possible axonal regrowth in late recovery from the minimally conscious state. J. Clin. Invest. 116, 2005-2011 (2006).
40. Giacino, J.T., Kalmar, K. & Whyte, J. The JFK coma recovery scale-revised: measurement characteristics and diagnostic utility. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 85, 2020-2029 (2004).
41. Shiel, A. et al. The Wessex head injury matrix (WHIM) main scale: a preliminary report on a scale to assess and monitor patient recovery after severe head injury. Clin. Rehabil. 14, 408-416 (2000).
42. Bekinschtein, T.A. et al. Can electromyography objectively detect voluntary movement in disorders of consciousness? J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 79, 826-828 (2008).
43. Galton, C.J. et al. Temporal lobe rating scale, application to Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal dementia. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 70, 165-173 (2001).
44. Soriano, S.G., McCann, M.E. & Laussen, P.C. Neuroanesthesia. Innovative techniques and monitoring. Anesthesiol. Clin. North America 20, 137-151 (2002).
45. Siegel, S. & Castellan, N.J. Nonparametric Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences (MacGraw-Hill, New York, 1998).
46. Harrell, F.E. Jr. et al. Regression modeling strategies for improved prognostic prediction. Stat. Med. 3, 143-152 (1984)