Future of orthopaedic sports medicine and soft tissue healing: The important role of engineering

Cellular and Molecular Bioengineering

Volumn 2, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 448-461

  Woo, Savio L Y ^a   Liang, Rui ^a   Fisher, Matthew B ^a  

^a University of Pittsburgh   (United States)

Author keywords

Biomechanics; Functional tissue engineering; Ligaments; Orthopaedics; Tendons

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGICAL FACTOR; COLLAGEN FIBER; TISSUE SCAFFOLD;

ANISOTROPY; ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT; BIOENGINEERING; BIOMECHANICS; EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX; FUTUROLOGY; HEALING; HUMAN; KNEE LIGAMENT; LIGAMENT AND TENDON INJURY; LIGAMENT INJURY; MEDICAL RESEARCH; ORTHOPEDICS; PATELLA TENDON; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REGENERATION; REVIEW; SOFT TISSUE; SPORTS MEDICINE; TENDON INJURY; TISSUE ENGINEERING; VISCOELASTICITY;

EID: 70349490602     PISSN: 18655025     EISSN: 18655033     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s12195-009-0065-7     Document Type: Review

References (186)

1. SD Abramowitch CD Papageorgiou RE Debski TD Clineff SL-Y Woo 2003 A biomechanical and histological evaluation of the structure and function of the healing medial collateral ligament in a goat model Knee Surg. Sports Traumatol. Arthrosc. 11 155 162
2. SD Abramowitch SL-Y Woo 2004 An improved method to analyze the stress relaxation of ligaments following a finite ramp time based on the quasi-linear viscoelastic theory J. Biomech Eng 126 92 97
3. E Adachi T Hayashi 1986 In vitro formation of hybrid fibrils of type V collagen and type I collagen. Limited growth of type I collagen into thick fibrils by type V collagen Connect. Tissue Res 14 257 266
4. E Adriani PP Mariani G Maresca N Santori 1995 Healing of the patellar tendon after harvesting of its mid-third for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction and evolution of the unclosed donor site defect Knee Surg. Sports Traumatol. Arthrosc. 3 138 143
5. M Agung M Ochi S Yanada N Adachi Y Izuta T Yamasaki K Toda 2006 Mobilization of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells into the injured tissues after intraarticular injection and their contribution to tissue regeneration Knee Surg. Sports Traumatol. Arthrosc. 14 1307 1314
6. T Ait Si Selmi D Fithian P Neyret 2006 The evolution of osteoarthritis in 103 patients with ACL reconstruction at 17 years follow-up Knee 13 353 358
7. AA Amis D Dowson V Wright JH Miller 1979 The derivation of elbow joint forces, and their relation to prosthesis design J. Med Eng Technol. 3 229 234
8. KN An FC Hui BF Morrey RL Linscheid EY Chao 1981 Muscles across the elbow joint: a biomechanical analysis J. Biomech 14 659 669
9. TP Andriacchi GB Andersson RW Fermier D Stern JO Galante 1980 A study of lower-limb mechanics during stair-climbing J. Bone Joint Surg. Am. 62 749 757
10. T Andriacchi A Schultz T Belytschko J Galante 1974 A model for studies of mechanical interactions between the human spine and rib cage J. Biomech 7 497 507
11. JL Asay A Mundermann TP Andriacchi 2009 Adaptive patterns of movement during stair climbing in patients with knee osteoarthritis J. Orthop. Res 27 325 329
12. AE Atwater 1979 Biomechanics of overarm throwing movements and of throwing injuries Exerc. Sport Sci. Rev. 7 43 85
13. HA Awad GP Boivin MR Dressler FN Smith RG Young DL Butler 2003 Repair of patellar tendon injuries using a cell-collagen composite J. Orthop. Res 21 420 431
14. ML Batten JC Hansen LE Dahners 1996 Influence of dosage and timing of application of platelet-derived growth factor on early healing of the rat medial collateral ligament J. Orthop. Res 14 736 741
15. Beaty, J. Knee and leg: soft tissue trauma. In: OKU Orthopaedic Knowledge Update, edited by J. Beaty. Rosemont, IL: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, 1999, pp. xix, 442.
16. T Belytschko RF Kulak AB Schultz JO Galante 1974 Finite element stress analysis of an intervertebral disc J. Biomech 7 277 285
17. BD Beynnon D Proffer DJ Drez Jr CJ Stankewich RJ Johnson 1995 Biomechanical assessment of the healing response of the rabbit patellar tendon after removal of its central third Am. J. Sports Med 23 452 457
18. LU Bigliani RG Pollock LJ Soslowsky EL Flatow RJ Pawluk VC Mow 1992 Tensile properties of the inferior glenohumeral ligament J. Orthop. Res 10 187 197
19. DE Birk 2001 Type V collagen: heterotypic type I/V collagen interactions in the regulation of fibril assembly Micron 32 223 237
20. DE Birk JM Fitch JP Babiarz KJ Doane TF Linsenmayer 1990 Collagen fibrillogenesis in vitro: interaction of types I and V collagen regulates fibril diameter J. Cell Sci. 95 649 657
21. BT Briggs EY Chao 1982 The mechanical performance of the standard Hoffmann-Vidal external fixation apparatus J. Bone Joint Surg. Am. 64 566 573
22. SP Bruder N Jaiswal SE Haynesworth 1997 Growth kinetics, self-renewal, and the osteogenic potential of purified human mesenchymal stem cells during extensive subcultivation and following cryopreservation J. Cell. BioChem 64 278 294
23. RT Burks RC Haut RL Lancaster 1990 Biomechanical and histological observations of the dog patellar tendon after removal of its central one-third Am. J. Sports Med 18 146 153
24. DD Buss R Min M Skyhar B Galinat RF Warren TL Wickiewicz 1995 Nonoperative treatment of acute anterior cruciate ligament injuries in a selected group of patients Am. J. Sports Med 23 160 165
25. DL Butler N Juncosa-Melvin GP Boivin MT Galloway JT Shearn C Gooch H Awad 2008 Functional tissue engineering for tendon repair: a multidisciplinary strategy using mesenchymal stem cells, bioscaffolds, and mechanical stimulation J. Orthop. Res 26 1 9
26. DL Butler FR Noyes ES Grood 1980 Ligamentous restraints to anterior-posterior drawer in the human knee. A biomechanical study J. Bone Joint Surg. Am. 62 259 270
27. AI Caplan 1991 Mesenchymal stem cells J. Orthop. Res 9 641 650
28. AI Caplan D Reuben SE Haynesworth 1998 Cell-based tissue engineering therapies: the influence of whole body physiology Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 33 3 14
29. DR Carter WC Hayes 1977 The compressive behavior of bone as a two-phase porous structure J. Bone Joint Surg. Am. 59 954 962
30. CH Chen WJ Chen CH Shih SW Chou 2004 Arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with periosteum-enveloping hamstring tendon graft Knee Surg. Sports Traumatol. Arthrosc. 12 398 405
31. CH Chen HW Liu CL Tsai CM Yu IH Lin GH Hsiue 2008 Photoencapsulation of bone morphogenetic protein-2 and periosteal progenitor cells improve tendon graft healing in a bone tunnel Am. J. Sports Med 36 461 473
32. MG Ciccotti SJ Lombardo B Nonweiler M Pink 1994 Non-operative treatment of ruptures of the anterior cruciate ligament in middle-aged patients. Results after long-term follow-up J. Bone Joint Surg. Am. 76 1315 1321
33. RD Crowninshield RC Johnston JG Andrews RA Brand 1978 A biomechanical investigation of the human hip J. Biomech 11 75 85
34. JD Currey 1970 The mechanical properties of bone Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res 73 209 231
35. Y Dai TD Vaught J Boone SH Chen CJ Phelps S Ball JA Monahan PM Jobst KJ McCreath AE Lamborn JL Cowell-Lucero KD Wells A Colman IA Polejaeva DL Ayares 2002 Targeted disruption of the alpha1, 3-galactosyltransferase gene in cloned pigs Nat. Biotechnol. 20 251 255
36. MI Danto SL-Y Woo 1993 The mechanical properties of skeletally mature rabbit anterior cruciate ligament and patellar tendon over a range of strain rates J. Orthop. Res 11 58 67
37. CJ De Duca WJ Forrest 1973 Force analysis of individual muscles acting simultaneously on the shoulder joint during isometric abduction J. Biomech 6 385 393
38. D Discher C Dong JJ Fredberg F Guilak D Ingber P Janmey RD Kamm GW Schmid-Schonbein S Weinbaum 2009 Biomechanics: cell research and applications for the next decade Ann. BioMed Eng 37 847 859
39. ZA Duri PM Aichroth R Wilkins J Jones 1999 Patellar tendonitis and anterior knee pain Am. J. Knee Surg. 12 99 108
40. DM Elliott PS Robinson JA Gimbel JJ Sarver JA Abboud RV Iozzo LJ Soslowsky 2003 Effect of altered matrix proteins on quasilinear viscoelastic properties in transgenic mouse tail tendons Ann. BioMed Eng 31 599 605
41. FG Evans R Vincentelli 1969 Relation of collagen fiber orientation to some mechanical properties of human cortical bone J. Biomech 2 63 71
42. JF Fetto JL Marshall 1980 The natural history and diagnosis of anterior cruciate ligament insufficiency Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res 147 29 38
43. C Frank D McDonald D Bray R Bray R Rangayyan D Chimich N Shrive 1992 Collagen fibril diameters in the healing adult rabbit medial collateral ligament Connect. Tissue Res 27 251 263
44. C Frank D McDonald N Shrive 1997 Collagen fibril diameters in the rabbit medial collateral ligament scar: a longer term assessment Connect. Tissue Res 36 261 269
45. C Frank SL-Y Woo D Amiel F Harwood M Gomez W Akeson 1983 Medial collateral ligament healing. A multidisciplinary assessment in rabbits Am. J. Sports Med 11 379 389 (Pubitemid 14202811)
46. T Friedmann 1989 Progress toward human gene therapy Science 244 1275 1281
47. H Fujie GA Livesay SL-Y Woo S Kashiwaguchi G Blomstrom 1995 The use of a universal force-moment sensor to determine in situ forces in ligaments: a new methodology J. Biomech Eng 117 1 7
48. T Fukubayashi H Kurosawa 1980 The contact area and pressure distribution pattern of the knee. A study of normal and osteoarthrotic knee joints Acta Orthop. Scand. 51 871 879
49. Fung, Y. C. Stress strain history relations of soft tissues in simple elongation. In: Biomechanics: Its Foundations and Objectives, edited by Y. C. Fung, N. Perrone, and M. Anliker. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1972, pp. 181-207.
50. Fung, Y. C., N. Perrone, and M. Anliker. Biomechanics, Its Foundations and Objectives. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, pp. xiii, 641, 1972.
51. Giphart, J. E., K. B. Shelburne, K. Anstett, J. P. Brunkhorst, J. D. Pault, S. L-Y. Woo, J. R. Steadman, and M. R. Torry. Measurement of 3D In Vivo Knee Motion Using Biplane Fluoroscopy: Investigation of Non-contact ACL Injuries. Presented at XVIth International Conference on Mechanics in Medicine and Biology, Pittsburgh, PA, 2008.
52. SA Goldstein DL Wilson DA Sonstegard LS Matthews 1983 The mechanical properties of human tibial trabecular bone as a function of metaphyseal location J. Biomech 16 965 969
53. J Goshima VM Goldberg AI Caplan 1991 Osteogenic potential of culture-expanded rat marrow cells as assayed in vivo with porous calcium phosphate ceramic Biomaterials 12 253 258
54. DA Hart N Nakamura L Marchuk H Hiraoka R Boorman Y Kaneda NG Shrive CB Frank 2000 Complexity of determining cause and effect in vivo after antisense gene therapy Clin. Orthop. 379 S242 S251
55. RA Hart SL-Y Woo PO Newton 1992 Ultrastructural morphometry of anterior cruciate and medial collateral ligaments: an experimental study in rabbits J. Orthop. Res 10 96 103
56. RC Haut RW Little 1972 A constitutive equation for collagen fibers J. Biomech 5 423 430
57. RC Haut AC Powlison 1990 The effects of test environment and cyclic stretching on the failure properties of human patellar tendons J. Orthop. Res 8 532 540
58. C Hirsch 1955 The reaction of intervertebral discs to compression forces J. Bone Joint Surg. Am. 37-A 1188 1196
59. C Hirsch J Galante 1967 Laboratory conditions for tensile tests in annulus fibrosus from human intervertebral discs Acta Orthop. Scand. 38 148 162
60. Hirshman, H. P., D. M. Daniel, and K. Miyasaka. The fate of the unoperated knee ligament injuries. In: Knee Ligaments: Structure, Function, Injury, and Repair, edited by D. M. Daniel, W. Akenson, and J. O'Connor. New York: Raven Press, 1990, pp. 481-503.
61. L Hovelius 1982 Incidence of shoulder dislocation in Sweden Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res 166 127 131
62. R Huiskes 1980 Stress analyses of implanted orthopaedic joint prostheses for optimal design and fixation Acta Orthop. Belg. 46 711 727
63. PA Indelicato 1983 Non-operative treatment of complete tears of the medial collateral ligament of the knee J. Bone Joint Surg. Am. 65 323 329
64. GA Johnson GA Livesay SL-Y Woo KR Rajagopal 1996 A single integral finite strain viscoelastic model of ligaments and tendons J. Biomech Eng 118 221 226
65. P Jokl N Kaplan P Stovell K Keggi 1984 Non-operative treatment of severe injuries to the medial and anterior cruciate ligaments of the knee J. Bone Joint Surg. Am. 66 741 744
66. N Juncosa-Melvin GP Boivin C Gooch MT Galloway JR West MG Dunn DL Butler 2006 The effect of autologous mesenchymal stem cells on the biomechanics and histology of gel-collagen sponge constructs used for rabbit patellar tendon repair Tissue Eng 12 369 379
67. P Kannus 1988 Long-term results of conservatively treated medial collateral ligament injuries of the knee joint Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res 226 103 112
68. P Kannus 1997 Tendons-a source of major concern in competitive and recreational athletes Scand. J. Med Sci. Sports 7 53 54
69. P Kannus M Jarvinen 1987 Conservatively treated tears of the anterior cruciate ligament. Long-term results J. Bone Joint Surg. Am. 69 1007 1012
70. S Karaoglu MB Fisher SL-Y Woo YC Fu R Liang SD Abramowitch 2008 Use of a bioscaffold to improve healing of a patellar tendon defect after graft harvest for ACL reconstruction: a study in rabbits J. Orthop. Res 26 255 263
71. MA Kessler H Behrend S Henz G Stutz A Rukavina MS Kuster 2008 Function, osteoarthritis and activity after ACL-rupture: 11 years follow-up results of conservative versus reconstructive treatment Knee Surg. Sports Traumatol. Arthrosc. 16 442 448
72. Y Kimura A Hokugo T Takamoto Y Tabata H Kurosawa 2008 Regeneration of anterior cruciate ligament by biodegradable scaffold combined with local controlled release of basic fibroblast growth factor and collagen wrapping Tissue Eng Part C. Methods 14 47 57
73. D Kobayashi M Kurosaka S Yoshiya K Mizuno 1997 Effect of basic fibroblast growth factor on the healing of defects in the canine anterior cruciate ligament Knee Surg. Sports Traumatol. Arthrosc. 5 189 194
74. WM Lai VC Mow 1980 Drag-induced compression of articular cartilage during a permeation experiment Biorheology 17 111 123
75. TC Lam CB Frank NG Shrive 1992 Calibration characteristics of a video dimension analyser (VDA) system J. Biomech 25 1227 1231
76. LE Lanyon WG Hampson AE Goodship JS Shah 1975 Bone deformation recorded in vivo from strain gauges attached to the human tibial shaft Acta Orthop. Scand. 46 256 268
77. CT Laurencin AM Ambrosio MD Borden JA Cooper Jr 1999 Tissue engineering: orthopedic applications Annu. Rev. BioMed Eng 1 19 46
78. TQ Lee J Dettling MD Sandusky PJ McMahon 1999 Age related biomechanical properties of the glenoid-anterior band of the inferior glenohumeral ligament-humerus complex Clin. Biomech 14 471 476
79. J Lee FL Harwood WH Akeson D Amiel 1998 Growth factor expression in healing rabbit medial collateral and anterior cruciate ligaments Iowa Orthop. J. 18 19 25
80. C Lehman F Cuomo FJ Kummer JD Zuckerman 1995 The incidence of full thickness rotator cuff tears in a large cadaveric population Bull. Hosp. Jt Dis. 54 30 31
81. G Li SK Van de Velde JT Bingham 2008 Validation of a non-invasive fluoroscopic imaging technique for the measurement of dynamic knee joint motion J. Biomech 41 1616 1622
82. R Liang SL-Y Woo TD Nguyen PC Liu A Almarza 2008 Effects of a bioscaffold on collagen fibrillogenesis in healing medial collateral ligament in rabbits J. Orthop. Res 26 1098 1104
83. R Liang SL-Y Woo Y Takakura DK Moon F Jia SD Abramowitch 2006 Long-term effects of porcine small intestine submucosa on the healing of medial collateral ligament: a functional tissue engineering study J. Orthop. Res 24 811 819
84. M Liden N Sernert L Rostgard-Christensen C Kartus L Ejerhed 2008 Osteoarthritic changes after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using bone-patellar tendon-bone or hamstring tendon autografts: a retrospective, 7-year radiographic and clinical follow-up study Arthroscopy 24 899 908
85. N Maffulli 1997 Rehabilitation of an anterior cruciate ligament Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res 343 253 255
86. T Mammoto RA Seerattan KD Paulson CA Leonard RC Bray PT Salo 2008 Nerve growth factor improves ligament healing J. Orthop. Res 26 957 964
87. JM Mansour VC Mow 1976 The permeability of articular cartilage under compressive strain and at high pressures J. Bone Joint Surg. Am. 58 509 516
88. JK Marchant RA Hahn TF Linsenmayer DE Birk 1996 Reduction of type V collagen using a dominant-negative strategy alters the regulation of fibrillogenesis and results in the loss of corneal-specific fibril morphology J. Cell Biol 135 1415 1426
89. S Maretschek A Greiner T Kissel 2008 Electrospun biodegradable nanofiber nonwovens for controlled release of proteins J. Control. Release 127 180 187
90. KL Markolf JS Mensch HC Amstutz 1976 Stiffness and laxity of the knee-the contributions of the supporting structures. A quantitative in vitro study J. Bone Joint Surg. Am. 58 583 594
91. V Martinek C Latterman A Usas S Abramowitch SL-Y Woo FH Fu J Huard 2002 Enhancement of tendon-bone integration of anterior cruciate ligament grafts with bone morphogenetic protein-2 gene transfer: a histological and biomechanical study J. Bone Joint Surg. Am. 84-A 1123 1131
92. RL Mauck MA Soltz CC Wang DD Wong PH Chao WB Valhmu CT Hung GA Ateshian 2000 Functional tissue engineering of articular cartilage through dynamic loading of chondrocyte-seeded agarose gels J. Biomech Eng 122 252 260
93. KC Miyasaka DM Daniel ML Stone, et al. 1991 The incidence of knee ligament injuries in the general population Am. J. Knee Surg. 4 3 8
94. KL Moffat IN Wang SA Rodeo HH Lu 2009 Orthopedic interface tissue engineering for the biological fixation of soft tissue grafts Clin. Sports Med 28 157 176
95. DK Moon SD Abramowitch SL-Y Woo 2006 The development and validation of a charge-coupled device laser reflectance system to measure the complex cross-sectional shape and area of soft tissues J. Biomech 39 3071 3075
96. DK Moon SL-Y Woo Y Takakura MT Gabriel SD Abramowitch 2006 The effects of refreezing on the viscoelastic and tensile properties of ligaments J. Biomech 39 1153 1157
97. VC Mow SC Kuei WM Lai CG Armstrong 1980 Biphasic creep and stress relaxation of articular cartilage in compression? Theory and experiments J. Biomech Eng 102 73 84
98. VC Mow WM Lai 1974 Some surface characteristics of articular cartilage. I. A scanning electron microscopy study and a theoretical model for the dynamic interaction of synovial fluid and articular cartilage J. Biomech 7 449 456
99. MM Murray 2009 Current status and potential of primary ACL repair Clin. Sports Med 28 51 61
100. MM Murray M Palmer E Abreu KP Spindler D Zurakowski BC Fleming 2009 Platelet-rich plasma alone is not sufficient to enhance suture repair of the ACL in skeletally immature animals: an in vivo study J. Orthop. Res 27 639 645
101. MM Murray KP Spindler E Abreu JA Muller A Nedder M Kelly J Frino D Zurakowski M Valenza BD Snyder SA Connolly 2007 Collagen-platelet rich plasma hydrogel enhances primary repair of the porcine anterior cruciate ligament J. Orthop. Res 25 81 91
102. MM Murray KP Spindler C Devin BS Snyder J Muller M Takahashi P Ballard LB Nanney D Zurakowski 2006 Use of a collagen-platelet rich plasma scaffold to stimulate healing of a central defect in the canine ACL J. Orthop. Res 24 820 830
103. V Musahl SD Abramowitch TW Gilbert E Tsuda JH Wang SF Badylak SL-Y Woo 2004 The use of porcine small intestinal submucosa to enhance the healing of the medial collateral ligament-a functional tissue engineering study in rabbits J. Orthop. Res 22 214 220
104. AL Nachemson AB Schultz MH Berkson 1979 Mechanical properties of human lumbar spine motion segments. Influence of age, sex, disc level, and degeneration Spine 4 1 8
105. CN Nagineni D Amiel MH Green M Berchuck WH Akeson 1992 Characterization of the intrinsic properties of the anterior cruciate and medial collateral ligament cells: an in vitro cell culture study J. Orthop. Res 10 465 475
106. N Nakamura DA Hart RS Boorman Y Kaneda NG Shrive LL Marchuk K Shino T Ochi CB Frank 2000 Decorin antisense gene therapy improves functional healing of early rabbit ligament scar with enhanced collagen fibrillogenesis in vivo J. Orthop. Res 18 517 523
107. P Neuman I Kostogiannis T Friden H Roos LE Dahlberg M Englund 2009 Patellofemoral osteoarthritis 15 years after anterior cruciate ligament injury-a prospective cohort study Osteoarthritis Cartilage 17 284 290
108. TD Nguyen R Liang SL-Y Woo SD Burton C Wu A Almarza MS Sacks S Abramowitch 2009 Effects of cell seeding and cyclic stretch on the fiber remodeling in an extracellular matrix-derived bioscaffold Tissue Eng Part A 15 957 963
109. C Niyibizi K Kavalkovich T Yamaji SL-Y Woo 2000 Type V collagen is increased during rabbit medial collateral ligament healing Knee Surg. Sports Traumatol. Arthrosc. 8 281 285
110. FR Noyes JL DeLucas PJ Torvik 1974 Biomechanics of anterior cruciate ligament failure: an analysis of strain-rate sensitivity and mechanisms of failure in primates J. Bone Joint Surg. Am. 56 236 253
111. FR Noyes ES Grood 1976 The strength of the anterior cruciate ligament in humans and Rhesus monkeys J. Bone Joint Surg. Am. 58 1074 1082
112. FR Noyes PA Mooar DS Matthews DL Butler 1983 The symptomatic anterior cruciate-deficient knee. Part I: the long-term functional disability in athletically active individuals J. Bone Joint Surg. Am. 65 154 162
113. A Pandey M Mann 2000 Proteomics to study genes and genomes Nature 405 837 846
114. RH Peterson SL-Y Woo 1986 A new methodology to determine the mechanical properties of ligaments at high strain rates J. Biomech Eng 108 365 367
115. CJ Phelps C Koike TD Vaught J Boone KD Wells SH Chen S Ball SM Specht IA Polejaeva JA Monahan PM Jobst SB Sharma AE Lamborn AS Garst M Moore AJ Demetris WA Rudert R Bottino S Bertera M Trucco TE Starzl Y Dai DL Ayares 2003 Production of alpha 1, 3-galactosyltransferase-deficient pigs Science 299 411 414
116. IA Polejaeva SH Chen TD Vaught RL Page J Mullins S Ball Y Dai J Boone S Walker DL Ayares A Colman KH Campbell 2000 Cloned pigs produced by nuclear transfer from adult somatic cells Nature 407 86 90 (Pubitemid 30706881)
117. JW Pugh RM Rose EL Radin 1973 A structural model for the mechanical behavior of trabecular bone J. Biomech 6 657 670
118. KM Quapp JA Weiss 1998 Material characterization of human medial collateral ligament J. Biomech Eng 120 757 763
119. EL Radin HG Parker JW Pugh RS Steinberg IL Paul RM Rose 1973 Response of joints to impact loading. 3. Relationship between trabecular microfractures and cartilage degeneration J. Biomech 6 51 57
120. SA Rodeo S Kawamura HJ Kim C Dynybil L Ying 2006 Tendon healing in a bone tunnel differs at the tunnel entrance versus the tunnel exit: an effect of graft-tunnel motion? Am. J. Sports Med 34 1790 1800
121. SA Rodeo K Suzuki XH Deng J Wozney RF Warren 1999 Use of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 to enhance tendon healing in a bone tunnel Am. J. Sports Med 27 476 488
122. N Rydell 1973 Biomechanics of the hip-joint Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res 92 6 15
123. RA Sachs DM Daniel ML Stone RF Garfein 1989 Patellofemoral problems after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction Am. J. Sports Med 17 760 765
124. AK Saha 1971 Dynamic stability of the glenohumeral joint Acta Orthop. Scand. 42 491 505 312655
125. RK Saiki DH Gelfand S Stoffel SJ Scharf R Higuchi GT Horn KB Mullis HA Erlich 1988 Primer-directed enzymatic amplification of DNA with a thermostable DNA polymerase Science 239 487 491
126. LJ Salmon VJ Russell K Refshauge D Kader C Connolly J Linklater LA Pinczewski 2006 Long-term outcome of endoscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with patellar tendon autograft: minimum 13-year review Am. J. Sports Med 34 721 732
127. SU Scheffler TD Clineff CD Papageorgiou RE Debski C Benjamin SL-Y Woo 2001 Structure and function of the healing medial collateral ligament in a goat model Ann. BioMed Eng 29 173 180
128. JT Shearn N Juncosa-Melvin GP Boivin MT Galloway W Goodwin C Gooch MG Dunn DL Butler 2007 Mechanical stimulation of tendon tissue engineered constructs: effects on construct stiffness, repair biomechanics, and their correlation J. Biomech Eng 129 848 854
129. JS Sher JW Uribe A Posada BJ Murphy MB Zlatkin 1995 Abnormal findings on magnetic resonance images of asymptomatic shoulders J. Bone Joint Surg. Am. 77 10 15
130. NG Shrive JJ O'Connor JW Goodfellow 1978 Load-bearing in the knee joint Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res 131 279 287
131. SR Simon EL Radin IL Paul RM Rose 1972 The response of joints to impact loading. II. In vivo behavior of subchondral bone J. Biomech 5 267 272
132. WP Smutz M Drexler LJ Berglund E Growney KN An 1996 Accuracy of a video strain measurement system J. Biomech 29 813 817
133. JP Spalazzi E Dagher SB Doty XE Guo SA Rodeo HH Lu 2008 In vivo evaluation of a multiphased scaffold designed for orthopaedic interface tissue engineering and soft tissue-to-bone integration J. BioMed Mater. Res A 86 1 12
134. KP Spindler JM Dawson GC Stahlman JM Davidson LB Nanney 2002 Collagen expression and biomechanical response to human recombinant transforming growth factor beta (rhTGF-beta2) in the healing rabbit MCL J. Orthop. Res 20 318 324
135. KP Spindler MM Murray KB Detwiler JT Tarter JM Dawson LB Nanney JM Davidson 2003 The biomechanical response to doses of TGF-beta 2 in the healing rabbit medial collateral ligament J. Orthop. Res 21 245 249
136. RN Stauffer EY Chao RC Brewster 1977 Force and motion analysis of the normal, diseased, and prosthetic ankle joint Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res 127 189 196
137. DH Sutherland L Cooper D Daniel 1980 The role of the ankle plantar flexors in normal walking J. Bone Joint Surg. Am. 62 354 363
138. T Tashiro H Hiraoka Y Ikeda T Ohnuki R Suzuki T Ochi K Nakamura N Fukui 2006 Effect of GDF-5 on ligament healing J. Orthop. Res 24 71 79
139. S Tashman P Kolowich D Collon K Anderson W Anderst 2007 Dynamic function of the ACL-reconstructed knee during running Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res 454 66 73
140. S Thomopoulos GR Williams JA Gimbel M Favata LJ Soslowsky 2003 Variation of biomechanical, structural, and compositional properties along the tendon to bone insertion site J. Orthop. Res 21 413 419 (Pubitemid 36546807)
141. H Tohyama K Yasuda Y Kitamura E Yamamoto K Hayashi 2003 The changes in mechanical properties of regenerated and residual tissues in the patellar tendon after removal of its central portion Clin. Biomech 18 765 772
142. PA Torzilli VC Mow 1976 On the fundamental fluid transport mechanisms through normal and pathological articular cartilage during function. I. The formulation J. Biomech 9 541 552
143. SJ Turkel MW Panio JL Marshall FG Girgis 1981 Stabilizing mechanisms preventing anterior dislocation of the glenohumeral joint J. Bone Joint Surg. Am. 63 1208 1217
144. United States Census Bureau. 2000. United States Census 2000.
145. JC Venter MD Adams EW Myers PW Li RJ Mural GG Sutton HO Smith M Yandell CA Evans, et al. 2001 The sequence of the human genome Science 291 1304 1351
146. F Vercillo SL-Y Woo SY Noorani O Dede 2007 Determination of a safe range of knee flexion angles for fixation of the grafts in double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a human cadaveric study Am. J. Sports Med 35 1513 1520
147. Viidik, A. Mechanical properties of parallel-fibered collagenous tissues. In: Biology of Collagen, edited by A. Viidik and J. Vuust. London: Academic Press, 1980, pp. 237-255.
148. A Von Porat EM Roos H Roos 2004 THigh prevalence of osteoarthritis 14 years after an anterior cruciate ligament tear in male soccer players: a study of radiographic and patient relevant outcomes Ann. Rheum. Dis. 63 269 273
149. LA Warren JL Marshall F Girgis 1974 The prime static stabilizer of the medical side of the knee J. Bone Joint Surg. Am. 56 665 674
150. N Watanabe SL-Y Woo C Papageorgiou C Celechovsky S Takai 2002 Fate of donor bone marrow cells in medial collateral ligament after simulated autologous transplantation Microsc. Res Tech. 58 39 44
151. RH Waterston K Lindblad-Toh E Birney J Rogers JF Abril P Agarwal R Agarwala R Ainscough M Alexandersson, et al. 2002 Initial sequencing and comparative analysis of the mouse genome Nature 420 520 562
152. JA Weiss SL-Y Woo KJ Ohland S Horibe PO Newton 1991 Evaluation of a new injury model to study medial collateral ligament healing: primary repair versus nonoperative treatment J. Orthop. Res 9 516 528
153. ME Wiig D Amiel J Van de Berg L Kitabayashi FL Harwood KE Arfors 1990 The early effect of high molecular weight hyaluronan (hyaluronic acid) on anterior cruciate ligament healing: an experimental study in rabbits J. Orthop. Res 8 425 434
154. CR Wirth CJ Campbell MJ Askew VC Mow 1973 Biomechanics of compression plating Surg. Forum 24 470 471
155. J Wismans F Veldpaus J Janssen A Huson P Struben 1980 A three-dimensional mathematical model of the knee-joint J. Biomech 13 677 685
156. F Witte J Fischer J Nellesen HA Crostack V Kaese A Pisch F Beckmann H Windhagen 2006 In vitro and in vivo corrosion measurements of magnesium alloys Biomaterials 27 1013 1018
157. F Witte H Ulrich C Palm E Willbold 2007 Biodegradable magnesium scaffolds. Part II: peri-implant bone remodeling J. BioMed Mater. Res A 81 757 765 (Pubitemid 46786908)
158. SL-Y Woo 1982 Mechanical properties of tendons and ligaments. I. Quasi-static and nonlinear viscoelastic properties Biorheology 19 385 396
159. SL-Y Woo SD Abramowitch R Kilger R Liang 2006 Biomechanics of knee ligaments: injury, healing, and repair J. Biomech 39 1 20
160. SL-Y Woo WH Akeson GF Jemmott 1976 Measurements of nonhomogeneous, directional mechanical properties of articular cartilage in tension J. Biomech 9 785 791
161. SL-Y Woo MI Danto KJ Ohland TQ Lee PO Newton 1990 The use of a laser micrometer system to determine the cross-sectional shape and area of ligaments: a comparative study with two existing methods J. Biomech Eng 112 426 431
162. SL-Y Woo RE Debski EK Wong M Yagi D Tarinelli 1999 Use of robotic technology for diathrodial joint research J. Sci. Med Sport 2 283 297
163. SL-Y Woo MA Gomez WH Akeson 1981 The time and history-dependent viscoelastic properties of the canine medical collateral ligament J. Biomech Eng 103 293 298
164. SL-Y Woo MA Gomez Y Seguchi CM Endo WH Akeson 1983 Measurement of mechanical properties of ligament substance from a bone-ligament-bone preparation J. Orthop. Res 1 22 29
165. SL-Y Woo MA Gomez TJ Sites PO Newton CA Orlando WH Akeson 1987 The biomechanical and morphological changes in the medial collateral ligament of the rabbit after immobilization and remobilization J. Bone Joint Surg. Am. 69 1200 1211
166. SL-Y Woo MA Gomez YK Woo WH Akeson 1982 Mechanical properties of tendons and ligaments. II. The relationships of immobilization and exercise on tissue remodeling Biorheology 19 397 408
167. SL-Y Woo JM Hollis DJ Adams RM Lyon S Takai 1991 Tensile properties of the human femur-anterior cruciate ligament-tibia complex. The effects of specimen age and orientation Am. J. Sports Med 19 217 225
168. SL-Y Woo M Inoue E McGurk-Burleson MA Gomez 1987 Treatment of the medial collateral ligament injury. II: Structure and function of canine knees in response to differing treatment regimens Am. J. Sports Med 15 22 29
169. SL-Y Woo GA Johnson BA Smith 1993 Mathematical modeling of ligaments and tendons J. Biomech Eng 115 468 473
170. SL-Y Woo SC Kuei D Amiel MA Gomez WC Hayes FC White WH Akeson 1981 The effect of prolonged physical training on the properties of long bone: a study of Wolff's Law J. Bone Joint Surg. Am. 63 780 787
171. SL-Y Woo TQ Lee MA Gomez S Sato FP Field 1987 Temperature dependent behavior of the canine medial collateral ligament J. Biomech Eng 109 68 71
172. SL-Y Woo JV Matthews WH Akeson D Amiel FR Convery 1975 Connective tissue response to immobility. Correlative study of biomechanical and biochemical measurements of normal and immobilized rabbit knees Arthritis Rheum. 18 257 264
173. SL-Y Woo KJ Ohland JA Weiss 1990 Aging and sex-related changes in the biomechanical properties of the rabbit medial collateral ligament Mech. Ageing Dev. 56 129 142
174. SL-Y Woo CA Orlando JF Camp WH Akeson 1986 Effects of postmortem storage by freezing on ligament tensile behavior J. Biomech 19 399 404
175. SL-Y Woo CA Orlando MA Gomez CB Frank WH Akeson 1986 Tensile properties of the medial collateral ligament as a function of age J. Orthop. Res 4 133 141
176. SL-Y Woo RH Peterson KJ Ohland TJ Sites MI Danto 1990 The effects of strain rate on the properties of the medial collateral ligament in skeletally immature and mature rabbits: a biomechanical and histological study J. Orthop. Res 8 712 721
177. Woo, S. L-Y., P. Renstrom, and S. P. Arnoczky (eds) Tendinopathy in
178. SL-Y Woo MA Ritter D Amiel TM Sanders MA Gomez SC Kuei SR Garfin WH Akeson 1980 The biomechanical and biochemical properties of swine tendons-long term effects of exercise on the digital extensors Connect. Tissue Res 7 177 183
179. SL-Y Woo BR Simon WH Akeson MP McCarty 1977 An interdisciplinary approach to evaluate the effect of internal fixation plate on long bone remodeling J. Biomech 10 87 95
180. SL-Y Woo BR Simon SC Kuei WH Akeson 1980 Quasi-linear viscoelastic properties of normal articular cartilage J. Biomech Eng 102 85 90
181. SL-Y Woo DW Smith KA Hildebrand JA Zeminski LA Johnson 1998 Engineering the healing of the rabbit medial collateral ligament Med Biol Eng Comput. 36 359 364
182. SL-Y Woo Y Takakura R Liang F Jia DK Moon 2006 Treatment with bioscaffold enhances the fibril morphology and the collagen composition of healing medial collateral ligament in rabbits Tissue Eng 12 159 166
183. T Yamaji RE Levine SL-Y Woo C Niyibizi KW Kavalkovich CM Weaver-Green 1996 Medial collateral ligament healing one year after a concurrent medial collateral ligament and anterior cruciate ligament injury: an interdisciplinary study in rabbits J. Orthop. Res 14 223 227
184. K Yasuda F Tomita S Yamazaki A Minami H Tohyama 2004 The effect of growth factors on biomechanical properties of the bone-patellar tendon-bone graft after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a canine model study Am. J. Sports Med 32 870 880
185. FC Yin WR Tompkins KL Peterson M Intaglietta 1972 A video-dimension analyzer IEEE Trans. BioMed Eng 19 376 381
186. RG Young DL Butler W Weber AI Caplan SL Gordon DJ Fink 1998 Use of mesenchymal stem cells in a collagen matrix for Achilles tendon repair J. Orthop. Res 16 406 413