Fluctuations of glaciers in the tropical Andes over the last millennium and palaeoclimatic implications: A review

Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology

Volumn 281, Issue 3-4, 2009, Pages 269-282

  Jomelli, Vincent ^a   Favier, Vincent ^b   Rabatel, Antoine ^a   Brunstein, Daniel ^a   Hoffmann, Georg ^c   Francou, Bernard ^d  

^a CNRS   (France)

^b DEPARTAMENTO DE BIOLOGÍA   (Chile)

^c LABORATOIRE DES SCIENCES DU CLIMAT ET DE L ENVIRONNEMENT   (France)

^d Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement Ecuador   (Ecuador)

Author keywords

El Ni o Southern Oscillation (ENSO); Glacier fluctuations; Last millennium; Palaeoclimatic conditions; Solar activity; Tropical Andes; Volcanism

Indexed keywords

CLIMATE CONDITIONS; EIGHTEENTH CENTURY; EL NINO-SOUTHERN OSCILLATION; GLACIER; LACUSTRINE DEPOSIT; MORAINE; NINETEENTH CENTURY; PALEOCLIMATE; RADIOCARBON DATING; SOLAR ACTIVITY; TWENTIETH CENTURY; VOLCANISM;

ANDES; SOUTH AMERICA;

EID: 70349090209     PISSN: 00310182     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2008.10.033     Document Type: Article

References (145)

1. Adams J.B., Mann M.E., and Ammann C.M. Proxy evidence for an El Nino-like response to volcanic forcing. Nature 426 (2003) 274-278
2. Ames A., and Francou B. Cordillera Blanca. Glaciares en la Historia. Bulletin de l'Institut Francais d'Etudes Andines 24 (1995) 37-64
3. Beschel R. Dating rock surfaces by lichen growth and its application to glaciology and physiography (lichenometry). In: Raasch G.O. (Ed). Geology of the Arctic 2 (1961), University of Toronto Press, Toronto 1044-1062
4. Broggi J.A. La desglaciación actual de los Andes del Peru. Boletín de la Sociedad Geología del Peru 14-15 (1943) 59-90
5. Benn D.I., and Evans D.J.A. Glaciers and glaciation (1998), Publisher Arnold, London 734pp.
6. Benn D.I., Owen L.A., Osmaston H.A., Seltzer G.O., Porter S.C., and Mark B. Reconstruction of equilibrium-line altitudes for tropical and subtropical glaciers. Quaternary International 138 (2005) 8-21
7. Bouguer P. Relation abrégée du voyage fait au Pérou par Messieurs de l'Académie Royale des Sciences pour mesurer les degrés du méridien aux environs de l'équateur et en conclure la figure de la Terre, Paris (1748)
8. Boussingault J.B. Viajes científicos a los Andes ecuatoriales (1849) Librería Castellana, Lasserre Editor, París, XXI, 332 pp.
9. Bradley R.S., and Jones P.D. Little Ice Age summer temperature variations: their nature and relevance to recent global warming trends. The Holocene 3 (1993) 367-376
10. Bradley R.S., and Jones P.D. Climate Since A.D. 1500 (1995), Routledge, New York 706 pp.
11. Bradley R.S., Briffa K.R., Cole J., Hughes M.K., and Osbornes T.J. In: Alverson K., Bradley T., and Pederson F. (Eds). The climate of the last millennium. In: Paleoclimate, Global Change and the Future, PAGES (2002), Springer 105-141
12. Bradley R.S., Vuille M., Hardy D., and Thomson L.G. Low latitude ice cores record Pacific sea surface temperatures. Geophysical Research Letters 30 (2003) 10.1029/ 2002GL016546
13. Cáceres B., Maisincho L., Taupin J.D., Francou B., Cadier E., Delachaux F., Bucher R., Villacis M., Paredes D., Chazarin J.P., Garces A., and Laval R. Glaciares del Ecuador: Antizana y Carihuyarazo, balance de masa, topografía, meteorología & hidrología. Informe del Año 2004. IRD, EMAAP-Q, INAMHI Quito (2005)
14. Ceballos J.L., Eusca C., Tegui J., Ramirez M., Cañon C., Huggel C., Haeberli W., and Machguth H. Fast shrinkage of tropical glaciers in Colombia. Annals of Glaciology 43 (2006) 194-201
15. Chepstow-Lusty A., Frogley M.R., Bauer B.S., Bush M.B., and Herrera A.T. A late Holocene record of arid events from the Cuzco region, Peru. Journal of Quaternary Science 18 (2003) 491-502
16. Chuine I., Yiou P., Viovy N., Seguin B., Daux V., and Le Roy Ladurie E. Grape ripening as a past climate indicator. Nature 432 (2004) 289-290
17. Clapperton C.M. Quaternary glaciations in the Cordillera Blanca, Peru and the Cordillera Real, Bolivia. Revista CIAF (Bogota) 6 (1981) 93-111
18. Clapperton C.M. The glaciation of the Andes. Quaternary Science Review 2 (1983) 85-155
19. Cobb K.M., Charles C.D., Cheng H., and Edwards L. El Nino/Southern Oscillation and tropical pacific climate during the last millennium. Nature 424 (2003) 271-276
20. Cooley D., Naveau P., Jomelli V., Rabatel A., and Grancher D. A Bayesian hierarchical extreme value model for lichenometry. Environmetrics 17 (2006) 555-574
21. Corrège T., Quinn T., Delcroix T., Le Cornec F., Récy J., and Cabioch G. Little Ice Age sea surface temperature variability in the southwest tropical Pacific. Geophysical Research Letters 28 (2001) 3477-3480
22. de Humboldt, A., 1804. Voyage aux régions équinoxiales du Nouveau Continent, fait en 1799, 1800, 1801, 1802, 1803 et 1804 par Alexandre de Humboldt et Aimé Bonpland. Rédigé par Alexandre de Humboldt, 30 volumes, Paris, F. Schoell, 1807-1834.
23. de Humboldt A. Voyage aux régions équinoxiales du Nouveau Continent, fait en 1799, 1800, 1801, 1802, 1803 et 1804 par Alexandre de Humboldt et Aimé Bonpland vol. 30 (1807-1834), Rédigé par Alexandre de Humboldt, Paris
24. Eddy J.A. The Maunder minimum. Science 192 (1976) 1189-1202
25. Favier V., Wagnon P., Chazarin J.-P., Maisincho L., and Coudrain A. One-year measurements of surface heat budget on the ablation zone of Antizana Glacier 15, Ecuadorian Andes. Journal of Geophysical Research 109 (2004) D18105 10.1029/2003JD004359
26. Favier V., Wagnon P., and Ribstein P. Glaciers of the outer and inner tropics: a different behaviour but a common response to climatic forcing. Geophysical Research Letters 31 (2004) L16403 10.1029/2004GL020654
27. Francou B. Andes del Ecuador: los glaciares en la época de los viajeros (siglos XVIII a XX). In: Deler J.P., and Mesclier E. (Eds). Los Andes, el reto del espacio mundo andino homenaje a Olivier Dollfus (2004), IFEA-IEP, Lima 137-152
28. Método de observación de glaciares en los Andes tropicales. In: Francou B., and Pouyaud B. (Eds). Mediciones de terreno y procesamiento de datos. GREAT ICE document (2004) 240 pp.
29. Francou B., Ribstein P., Saravia R., and Tiriau E. Monthly balance and water discharge of an inter-tropical glacier: Zongo glacier, Cordillera Real, Bolivia, 16°S. Journal of Glaciology 41 (1995) 61-67
30. Francou B., Ribstein P., Semiond H., Portocarrero C., and Rodrigez A. Balances de glaciares y clima en Bolivia y Peru: Impacto de los eventos ENSO. Bulletin de l'Institut Français d'Etudes Andines 24 (1995) 661-670
31. Francou B., Fabre D., Pouyaud B., Jomelli V., and Arnaud Y. Symptoms of degradation in a tropical rock glacier (Andes of Bolivia, 21 S). Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 10 (1999) 91-100
32. Francou B., Ramírez E., Cáceres B., and Mendoza J. Glacier evolution in the Tropical Andes during the last decades of the 20th century: Chacaltaya, Bolivia, and Antizana, Ecuador. Ambio 29 (2000) 416-422
33. Francou B., Le Mehauté N., and Jomelli V. Factors controlling spacing distances of sorted stripes in a low-latitude, Alpine Environment (Cordillera Real, Bolivia, 16°S). Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 12 (2001) 367-377
34. Francou B., Vuille M., Wagnon P., Mendoza J., and Sicart J.-E. Tropical climate change recorded by a glacier in the central Andes during the last decades of the twentieth century: Chacaltaya, Bolivia, 16 S. Journal of Geophysical Research 108 (2003) 4059 DOI: 10.129/2002JD002473
35. Francou B., Vuille M., Favier V., and Caceres B. New evidence for an ENSO impact on low-latitude glaciers: Antizana 15, Andes of Ecuador, 0-28 S. Journal of Geophysical Research 109 (2004) D18106 10.1029/2003JD004484
36. Francou B., Cáceres B., Gomez J., and Soruco A. Coherence of the glacier signal throughout the tropical Andes over the last decades. Proceedings of the First International Conference on the Impact of Climate Change on High-Mountain System, IDEAM, Bogota, November 2005, 87-97 (2007)
37. García M., and Francou B. The Hearth of the Andes (2002), Libri Mundi, Quito
38. Garreaud R.D. Multi-scale analysis of the summertime precipitation over the Central Andes. Monthly Weather Review 127 (1999) 901-921
39. Garreaud R.D. Cold air incursions over subtropical and tropical South America. A numerical case study. Monthly Weather Review 127 (1999) 2823-2853
40. Garreaud R., Vuille M., and Clement A. The climate of the Altiplano: observed current conditions and mechanisms of past changes. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 194 (2003) 5-22
41. Gerbaux M., Genthon C., Etchevers P., Vincent C., and Dedieu J.P. Mass balance reconstruction in the French Alps using the snow model Crocus and climate sensitivity study of mass balance. Journal of Glaciology 51 (2005) 561-572
42. Georges C. The 20th century glacier fluctuations in the tropical Cordillera Blanca (Peru). Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 36 (2004) 100-107
43. Greene A.M., Seager R., and Broecker W.S. Tropical snowline depression at the last glacial maximum: comparison with proxy records using a single-cell tropical climate model. Journal of Geophysical Research 107 D8 (2002) 4061 10.1029/2001JD000670
44. Gouze P., Argollo J., Saliège J.F., and Servant M. Interprétation paléoclimatique des oscillations des glaciers au cours des 20 derniers millénaires dans les régions tropicales, exemple des Andes boliviennes. Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences 303 (1986) 219-224
45. Hardy D.R., Vuille M., Braun C., Keimig F., and Bradley R.S. Annual and daily meteorological cycles at high altitude on a tropical mountain. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 79 (1998) 1899-1913
46. Haug G.H., Gunther D., Peterson L.C., Sigman D.M., Hughen K.A., and Aeschlimann B. Climate and the collapse of Maya civilization. Science 299 (2003) 1731-1735
47. Herd, D.G., 1974. Glacial and volcanic geology of the Ruiz-Tolima volcanic complex, Cordillera Central, Colombia. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 78pp.
48. Herd D.M. Glacial and volcanic geology of the Ruiz-Tolima volcanic complex, Central Cordillera, Colombia vol. 8 (1982), Publ. Geol. Esp. INGEOMINAS (Bogotá) 48pp.
49. Hastenrath S. Heat-budget measurements on the Quelccaya Ice Cap, Peruvian Andes. Journal of Glaciology 20 (1978) 85-97
50. Hastenrath S. The Glaciation of the Equadorian Andes (1981), Balkema, Rotterdam 160 pp.
51. Hastenrath S. The Glaciers of Equatorial East Africa (1984), D Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht 353 pp.
52. Hastenrath S., and Kruss P.D. The dramatic retreat of Mount Kenya's glaciers between 1963 and 1987: greenhouse forcing. Annals of Glaciology 16 (1992) 127-133
53. Hastenrath S., and Ames A. Recession of Yanamarey Glacier in Cordillera Blanca, Peru, during the 20th century. Journal of Glaciology 41 (1995) 191-196
54. Hostetler S.W., and Clark P.U. Inferred from glacier mass-balance modeling tropical climate at the last glacial maximum. Science 290 (2000) 1747-1750
55. IPCC. In: Solomon S., Qin D., Manning M., Chen Z., Marquis M., Averyt K.B., Tignor M., and Miller H.L. (Eds). Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2007), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom 996 pp.
56. Jomelli V., Grancher D., Naveau P., and Cooley D. Assessment study of lichenometric methods for dating surface. Geomorphology 86 (2007) 131-143
57. Jomelli, V., Ginot, P., Rabatel, A., Grancher, D., Brunstein, D., 2007b. The Little Ice Age in the tropical Andes. In: Is it the end of snowy heights? Glaciers and climatic change in the Andean Community. Published by the General Secretariat of the Andean Community, IRD, UNESCO and the Spanish International cooperation Agency. Lima Peru Communita Andina, 103pp.
58. Jomelli V., Grancher D., Brunstein D., and Solomina O. Recalibration of the Rhizocarpon growth curve in Cordillera Blanca (Peru) and LIA chronology implication. Geomorphology 93 (2008) 201-212
59. Jomelli V., Argollo J., Brunstein D., Favier V., Hoffmann G., Ledru M.P., and Sicart J.E. Multiproxy analysis of climate variability for the last millennium in the tropical Andes. In: Peretz L.N. (Ed). Climate Change Research Progress (2008), Nova Science Publishers 127-159
60. Jones P.D., and Mann M.E. Climate over past millennia. Reviews of Geophysics 42 (2004) 1-42
61. Jones P.D., Osborn T.J., and Briffa K.R. The evolution of climate over the last millennium. Science 292 (2001) 662-667
62. Jordan E. Die Gletscher der Bolivianischen Anden (1991), Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttggart
63. Jordan E., Ungerechts L., Cáceres B., Peñafiel A., and Francou B. Estimation by photogrammetry of the glacier recession on the Cotopaxi Volcano (Ecuador) between 1956 and 1997. Hydrological Sciences/Journal des Sciences Hydrologiques, IAHS 50 (2005) 949-961
64. Juen, I., 2006. Glacier mass balance and runoff in the Cordillera Blanca, Perú. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Innsbruck, Department of Geography, Austria.
65. Kalnay E., Kanamitsu M., Kistler R., Collins W., Deaven D., Gandin L., Iredell M., Saha S., White G., Woollen J., Zhu Y., Chelliah M., Ebisuzaki W., Higgins W., Janowiak J., Mo K.C., Ropelewski C., Wang J., Leetmaa A., Reynolds R., Jenne R., and Joseph D. The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 77 (1996) 437-471
66. Kaser G. The Nature of Tropical Glaciers: International Hydrological Series (1998), UNESCO-Cambridge University Press
67. Kaser G. A review of the modern fluctuations of tropical glaciers. Global and Planetary Change 22 (1999) 93-103
68. Kaser G. Glacier climate interaction at low latitudes. Journal of Glaciology 47 (2001) 195-204
69. Kaser G., and Georges C. Changes of the equilibrium line altitude in the tropical Cordillera Blanca, Peru, 1930-50, and their spatial variations. Annals of Glaciology 24 (1997) 344-348
70. Kaser G., and Georges C. On the mass balance of low latitude glaciers with particular consideration of the Peruvian Cordillera Banca. Geografiska Annaler 81A (1999) 643-651
71. Kaser G., and Osmaston H. Tropical Glaciers. International Hydrology Series (2002), Cambridge University Press 207 pp.
72. Kaser G., Ames A., and Zamora M. Glacier fluctuations and climate in the Cordillera Blanca, Peru. Annals of Glaciology 14 (1990) 136-140
73. Kaser G., Hastenrath S., and Ames A. Mass balance profiles on tropical glaciers. Zeitschrift für Gletscherkunde und Glazialgeologie 32 (1996) 75-81
74. Kaser G., Georges C., and Ames A. Modern glacier fluctuations in the Huascaran-Chopicalqui massif of the Cordillera Blanca, Peru. Zeitschrift für Glestsberkunde und Glazialgeologie 32 (1996) 91-99
75. Kaser G., Juen I., Georges C., Gomez J., and Tamayo W. The impact of glaciers on the runoff and the reconstruction of mass balance history from hydrological data in the tropical Cordillera Blanca, Peru. Journal of Hydrology 288 (2003) 130-144
76. Kintzl H. Gletcherkundliche Begleitworte zur Karte der Cordillera Blanca, Peru. Zeitschrift für Gletscherkunde und Glazialgeologie 28 (1942) 1-19
77. Kraus E.B. Secular changes of tropical rainfall regimes. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 81 (1955) 198-210
78. Kuhn M. The response of the equilibrium line altitude to climate fluctuations. Theory and observations. In: Oerlemans J. (Ed). Glacier Fluctuations and Climatic Change (1989), Kluwer, Dordrecht 407-417
79. Kuhn M. Methods of assessing the effects of climate changes on snow and glacier hydrology. In: Young G.J. (Ed). Snow and glacier hydrology. Proceedings of the Kathmandu Symposium 1992 vol. 218 (1993), IAHS 135-144
80. Kull C., and Grosjean M. Late Pleistocene climate conditions in the north Chilean Andes drawn from a climate-glacier model. Journal of Glaciology 46 (2000) 622-632
81. Kull C., Imhof S., Grosjean M., Zech R., and Veit H. Late Pleistocene glaciation in the Central Andes: temperature versus humidity control-a case study from the eastern Bolivian Andes (17S) and regional synthesis. Global and Planetary Change 60 (2007) 148-164 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2007.03
82. La Condamine C. Journal du voyage fait par ordre du roi à l'Equateur servant d'introduction historique à la mesure des trois premiers degres du Meridien (1751), Imprimerie Royale, Paris 266 pp.
83. Lean J., and Rind D. Climate forcing by changing solar radiation. Journal of Climate 11 (1998) 3069-3094
84. Liu K., Reese C.A., and Thompson L.G. Ice-core pollen record of climatic changes in the central Andes during the last 400 yr. Quaternary Research 64 (2005) 272-278
85. Machguth H. Fast shrinkage of tropical glaciers in Colombia. Annals of Glaciology 43 (2006) 194-201
86. Maisincho L., Cáceres B., Manciati C., Loyo C., Cuenca E., Villacís M., Paredes D., Garces A., Laval R., Mailler S., Bucher R., Delachaux F., Freire D., Chazarin J.P., Taupin J.D., Francou B., and Cadier E. Glaciares del Ecuador: Antisana y Carihuairazo. Balance de masa, topografía, pluviometría, meteorología, e hidrología. Informe del año 2005. IRD, INAMHI, EMAAP-Quito (2007)
87. Mark B., and Seltzer G. Evaluation of recent glacier recession in the Cordillera Blanca, Peru (AD 1962-1999): spatial distribution of mass loss and climatic forcing. Quaternary Science Review 24 (2005) 2265-2280
88. McGregor G.R., and Nieuwolt S. Tropical climatology vol. 1 (1998), Wiley, New York 339 pp.
89. Mercer J.H. Late Cainozoic glacier variations in South America south of the equator. In: Vogel J.C. (Ed). Late Cainozoic Palaeoclimates of the Southern Hemisphere (1984), Balkema, Rotterdam 458
90. Mercer J.H., and Palacios M.O. Radiocarbon dating of the last glaciation in Peru. Geology 5 (1977) 600-604
91. Meyer H. In den Hoch-Anden von Ecuador. Deietrich Reimer-Ernst Vohsen, Berlin (1907) 522 pp.
92. Moberg A., Sonechkin D.M., Holmgren K., Datsenko N.M., and Karlén W. Highly variable Northern Hemisphere temperatures reconstructed from low- and high-resolution proxy data. Nature 433 (2005) 613-617
93. Mölg T., Rott H., Kaser G., Fischer A., and Cullen N.J. Comment on recent glacial recession in the Rwenzori Mountains of East Africa due to rising air temperature by Richard G. Taylor, Lucinda Mileham, Callist Tindimugaya, Abushen Majugu, Andrew Muwanga, and Bob Nakileza. Geophysical Research Letters 33 (2006) L20404 10.1029/2006GL027254
94. Naveau P., Nogaja M., Ammann C., Yiou P., Cooley D., and Jomelli V. Statistical methods for the analysis of geophysical extreme events. CRAS. Géosciences 336 (2005) 1013-1022
95. Naveau P., Jomelli V., Cooley D., Grancher D., and Rabatel A. Modeling uncertainties in lichenometry studies with an application: the tropical Andes (Charquini Glacier in Bolivia). Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 9 (2007) 277-288
96. Osmaston H.A. Estimates of glacier equilibrium line altitudes by the area altitude, the area altitude balance ratio and the area altitude balance index methods and their validation. Quaternary International 138-139 (2005) 22-31
97. Ortlieb L. The documentary historical record of El Nino events in Peru: an update of the Quinn record (sixteenth through nineteenth centuries). In: Diaz H., and Markgraf V. (Eds). El Niño and the Southern Oscillation: Multiscale Variability and Global and Regional Impacts (2000), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 207-295
98. Polissar P.J., Abbott M.B., Wolfe A.P., Bezada M., Rull V., and Bradley R.S. Solar modulation of Little Ice Age climate in the tropical Andes. PNAS 103 (2006) 8937-8942
99. Quinn W.H., and Neal V.T. The historical record of El Niño. In: Bradley R.S., and Jones P.D. (Eds). Climate since A.D. 1500 (1995), Routledge, London 623-648
100. ème siècle). Ph.D. Thesis, IRD, CNRS, Univ. J. Fourier, Grenoble, 192 p.
101. Rabatel A., Jomelli V., Francou B., Naveau P., and Grancher D. Dating Little Ice Age in the tropics from the moraines of Charquini glaciers (Andes of Bolivia, 16S). CRAS, Géosciences 337 (2005) 1311-1322
102. Rabatel A., Machaca A., Francou B., and Jomelli V. Glacier recession on Cerro Charquini (Bolivia, 16°S) since the maximum of the Little Ice Age (17th Century). Journal of Glaciology 52 (2006) 110-118
103. Rabatel A., Francou B., Jomelli V., Naveau P., and Grancher D. A chronology of the Little Ice Age in the tropical Andes of Bolivia (16S) based on moraine dating by lichenometry: implications for climate reconstruction. Quaternary Research 70 (2008) 198-212
104. Ramirez E., Francou B., Ribstein P., Descloîtres M., Guérin R., Mendoza J., Gallaire R., Pouyaud B., and Jordan E. Small glaciers disappearing in the tropical Andes. A case study in Bolivia: Glaciar Chacaltaya (16S). Journal of Glaciology 47 (2001) 187-194
105. Ribstein P., Tiriau E., Francou B., and Saravia R. Tropical climate and glacier hydrology: a case study in Bolivia. Journal of Hydrology 165 (1995) 221-234
106. Rind D., Shindell D., Perlwitz J., Lerner J., Lonergan P., Lean J., and McLinden C. The relative importance of solar and anthropogenic forcing of climate change between the Maunder minimum and the present. Journal of Climate 17 (2004) 906-929
107. Robock A. The climatic aftermath. Perspectives: Pinatubo eruption. Science 295 (2002) 1242-1244
108. Rodbell D.T. Lichenometric and radiocarbon dating of Holocene glaciation, Cordillera Blanca, Peru. The Holocene 2 (1992) 19-29
109. Rothlisberger F. 10000 Jahre Gletschergeschichte der Erde (1987), Verlag Sauerlander, Aarau 348 pp.
110. Shea D. Climatological Atlas: 1950-1979, National Center for Atmospheric Research (1986), Boulder, Colorado
111. Schubert C. Geomorphology and glacier retreat in the Pico Bolivar area, Sierra Nevada, Venezuela. Zeitschrift für Gletscherkunde und Glazialgeologie 8 (1972) 189-202
112. Schubert C., and Claperton C. Quaternary glaciations in the Northern Andes (Venezuela, Colombia and Ecuador). Quaternary Science Reviews 9 (1990) 123-135
113. Seltzer, G.O., 1987. Glacial history and climatic change in the central Peruvian Andes. Masters thesis, University of Minnesota.
114. Seltzer G.O. Glacial history and palaeoclimate of the Peruvian-Bolivian Andes. Quaternary Sciences Review 9 (1990) 137-152
115. Seltzer G.O. Late Quaternary glaciation of the Cordillera Real, Bolivia. Journal of Quaternary Science 7 (1992) 87-98
116. Seltzer G.O. Climatic interpretation of alpine snowline variations on millennial time scales. Quaternary Research 41 (1994) 154-159
117. Seltzer G.O., Rodbell D.T., and Abbott M.B. Andean glacial lakes and climate variability since the last glacial maximum. Bulletin de l'Institut Français d'Etudes Andines 24 (1995) 539-550
118. Sicart, J.E., 2002. Contribution à l'étude des flux d'énergie, du bilan de masse et du débit de fonte d'un glacier tropical: le Zongo, Bolivie, Ph.D. Thesis, Paris, 330 pp.
119. Sicart J.E., Wagnon P., and Ribstein P. Atmospheric controls of the heat balance of Zongo Glacier (16 S, Bolivia). Journal of Geophysical Research 110 (2005) D12106 10.1029/2004JD005732
120. Sievers W. Reisen in Peru und Ecuador (1914), Leipzig 155 pp.
121. Stansell N.D., Polissar P.J., and Abbott M.B. Last glacial maximum equilibrium-line altitude and paleo-temperature reconstructions for the Cordillera de Mérida, Venezuelan Andes. Quaternary Research 67 (2007) 115-127
122. Solomina O., Wiles G., Shiraiwa T., and D'Arrigo R. Multiproxy records of climate variability for Kamchatka for the past 400 years. Climate of the past. Discussion 2 (2006) 1051-1073
123. Solomina O., Jomelli V., Kaser G., Ames A., and Pouyaud B. Little Ice Age moraines in the Cordillera Blanca: lichenometric data replication. Global and Planetary Change 59 (2007) 225-235
124. Stübel A. Die Vulkanberge von Ecuador (1897) Asher & Co., Berlin 1.
125. Sturm K., Hoffmann G., and Langmann B. Climatology of the stable water isotopes in South America: comparing general to regional circulation models. Journal of Climate 20 (2007) 3730-3750 10.1175/JCLI4194.1
126. Taylor R.G., Mileham L., Tindimugaya C., Majugu A., Muwanga A., and Nakileza B. Recent glacial recession in the Rwenzori Mountains of East Africa due to rising air temperature. Geophysical Research Letters 33 L10402 (2006) 10.1029/2006GL025962
127. Terneus A., and Gioda A. In search of colonial El Nino events and a brief history of meteorology in Ecuador. Advances in Geosciences 6 (2006) 181-187
128. Troll K. Reisen in den oestlicher Anden Boliviens. Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen 75 (1929) 181-188
129. Thompson L.G. Ice core evidence for climate change in the Tropics: implications for our future. Quaternary Science Reviews 19 (2000) 19-35
130. Thompson L.G., Mosley-Thompson E., and Koci J.F. A 1500-years record of tropical precipitation in ice cores from the Quelccaya ice cap, Peru. Science 229 (1985) 971-973
131. Thompson L.G., Mosley-Thompson E., Dansgaard W., and Grootes P.M. The Little Ice Age as recorded in the stratigraphy of the tropical Quelccaya Ice Cap. Science 234 (1986) 361-364
132. Thompson L.G., Mosley-Thompson E., Brecher H., Davis M., Leon B., Les D., Lin P.-N., Mashiotta T., and Mountain K. Abrupt tropical climate change: past and present. PNAS 103 (2006) 10536-10543
133. Torrence C., and Webster P.J. Interdecal changes in the ENSO-Monsoon system. Journal of Climate 12 (1999) 2679-2690
134. Usoskin I.G., Mursula K., and Kovaltsov G.A. Lost sunspot cycle in the beginning of Dalton minimum: new evidence and consequences. Geophysical Research Letters 29 (2002) 36-1-36-4
135. Vergara W., Deeb A., Valencia A., Bradley R.S., Francou B., Zarzar A., Grünwaldt A., and Haeussling S. Economic impacts of rapid glacier retreat in the Andes. EOS 88 27 (2007) 261-264
136. Villalba R. Tree ring and glacial evidence for the Medieval Warm Epoch and the Little Ice Age in Southern South America. Climatic Change 26 (1994) 183-197
137. Villalba R., Lara A., Boninsegna J.A., Masiokas M., Delgardo S., Aravena J.C., Roig F.A., Schmeler A., Wolodarsky A., and Ripalta A. Large-scale temperature changes across the southern Andes: 20th century variations in the context of the past 400 years. Climatic Change 59 (2003) 177-232
138. Vuille M., Bradley R.S., and Keiming F. Climatic variability in the Andes of Ecuador and its relation to tropical Pacific and Atlantic sea surface temperature anomalies. Journal of Climate 13 (2000) 2520-2535
139. Vuille M., Bradley R.S., Werner M., and Keimig F. 20th Century climate change in the tropical Andes: observations and model results. Climatic Change 59 (2003) 75-99
140. Wagner M. Naturwissenschaftliche (1870), Reisen im tropischen Amerika, Stuttgart 189 pp.
141. Wagnon P., Ribstein P., Kaser G., and Berton P. Energy balance and runoff seasonality of a Bolivian glacier, global planet. Change 22 (1999) 49-58
142. Wagnon P., Ribtein P., Francou B., and Sicart J.E. Anomalous heat and mass budget of glacier Zongo, Bolivia, during the 1997/1998 El Niño year. Journal of Glaciology 47 (2001) 21-28
143. Wagnon P., Sicart J.E., Berthier E., and Chazarin J.P. Wintertime high-altitude surface energy balance of a Bolivian glacier, Illimani, 6340 m above sea level. Journal of Geophysical Research 108 D6 (2003) 4177 10.1029/2002JD002088
144. Whymper E. Travels Amongst the Great Andes of the Ecuador (1892), Charles Scribner's Sons, New York 456 pp. Correct
145. Wolf T. Geografía y Geología del Ecuador (1892), Leipzig 222pp.