메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 107, Issue 7-8, 2002, Pages

Tropical snowline depression at the Last Glacial Maximum: Comparison with proxy records using a single-cell tropical climate model

Author keywords

Boundary layer processes; Climatology; Glaciology; Paleoclimatology; Snow and ice; Tropical meteorology

Indexed keywords

LAST GLACIAL MAXIMUM; PALEOCLIMATE; PROXY CLIMATE RECORD; SNOWLINE; TROPICAL METEOROLOGY;

EID: 0037181936     PISSN: 01480227     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000670     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (30)

References (99)
  • 1
    • 0024812929 scopus 로고
    • Aerosols, cloud microphysics and fractional cloudiness
    • Albrecht, B., Aerosols, cloud microphysics and fractional cloudiness, Science, 245, 1227-1230, 1989.
    • (1989) Science , vol.245 , pp. 1227-1230
    • Albrecht, B.1
  • 2
    • 0027470398 scopus 로고
    • Effects of precipitation on the thermodynamic structure of the trade wind boundary layer
    • Albrecht, B., Effects of precipitation on the thermodynamic structure of the trade wind boundary layer, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 7327-7337, 1993.
    • (1993) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.98 , pp. 7327-7337
    • Albrecht, B.1
  • 4
    • 0033553647 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ice age temperatures and geochemistry
    • Bard, E., Ice age temperatures and geochemistry, Science, 284, 1133-1134, 1999.
    • (1999) Science , vol.284 , pp. 1133-1134
    • Bard, E.1
  • 5
    • 0030620983 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interhemispheric synchrony of the last deglaciation inferred from alkenone palaeothermometry
    • Bard, E., F. Rostek, and C. Sonzogni, Interhemispheric synchrony of the last deglaciation inferred from alkenone palaeothermometry, Nature, 385, 707-710, 1997.
    • (1997) Nature , vol.385 , pp. 707-710
    • Bard, E.1    Rostek, F.2    Sonzogni, C.3
  • 7
    • 0020332247 scopus 로고
    • Saturation point analysis of moist convective overturning
    • Betts, A. K., Saturation point analysis of moist convective overturning, J. Atmos. Sci., 39, 1484-1505, 1982.
    • (1982) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.39 , pp. 1484-1505
    • Betts, A.K.1
  • 8
    • 0022266368 scopus 로고
    • Mixing line analysis of clouds and cloudy boundary layers
    • Betts, A. K., Mixing line analysis of clouds and cloudy boundary layers, J. Atmos. Sci., 42, 2751-2763, 1985.
    • (1985) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.42 , pp. 2751-2763
    • Betts, A.K.1
  • 9
    • 0024784970 scopus 로고
    • Climatic equilibrium of the atmospheric convective boundary layer over a tropical ocean
    • Betts, A. K., and W. Ridgway, Climatic equilibrium of the atmospheric convective boundary layer over a tropical ocean, J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 2621-2641, 1989.
    • (1989) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.46 , pp. 2621-2641
    • Betts, A.K.1    Ridgway, W.2
  • 10
    • 0026489231 scopus 로고
    • Tropical boundary layer equilibrium in the last ice age
    • Betts, A. K., and W. Ridgway, Tropical boundary layer equilibrium in the last ice age, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 2529-2534, 1992.
    • (1992) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.97 , pp. 2529-2534
    • Betts, A.K.1    Ridgway, W.2
  • 11
    • 0033949153 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tropical cooling at the Last Glacial Maximum: An atmosphere-mixed layer ocean model simulation
    • Broccoli, A., Tropical cooling at the Last Glacial Maximum: An atmosphere-mixed layer ocean model simulation. J. Clim., 13, 951-976, 2000.
    • (2000) J. Clim. , vol.13 , pp. 951-976
    • Broccoli, A.1
  • 12
    • 0033797139 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Abrupt climate change: Causal constraints provided by the paleoclimate record
    • Broecker, W. S., Abrupt climate change: Causal constraints provided by the paleoclimate record, Earth Sci. Rev., 51, 137-154, 2000.
    • (2000) Earth Sci. Rev. , vol.51 , pp. 137-154
    • Broecker, W.S.1
  • 14
    • 0026296128 scopus 로고
    • Late Quaternary snowline reconstructions for the southern and central Sierra Nevada, California and a reassessment of the "Recess Peak" glaciation
    • Burbank, D., Late Quaternary snowline reconstructions for the southern and central Sierra Nevada, California and a reassessment of the "Recess Peak" glaciation, Quat. Res., 36, 294-306, 1991.
    • (1991) Quat. Res. , vol.36 , pp. 294-306
    • Burbank, D.1
  • 16
    • 0023479671 scopus 로고
    • Glacial geomorphology, Quaternary glacial sequence and palaeoclimatic inferences in the Equadorian Andes
    • edited by V. Gardiner, John Wiley, New York
    • Clapperton, C. M., Glacial geomorphology, Quaternary glacial sequence and palaeoclimatic inferences in the Equadorian Andes, in International Geomorphology 1986, edited by V. Gardiner, pp. 843-870, John Wiley, New York, 1987.
    • (1987) International Geomorphology 1986 , pp. 843-870
    • Clapperton, C.M.1
  • 17
    • 0033493974 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Climate and the tropical oceans
    • Clement, A., and R. Seager, Climate and the tropical oceans, J. Clim., 12, 3383-3401, 1999.
    • (1999) J. Clim. , vol.12 , pp. 3383-3401
    • Clement, A.1    Seager, R.2
  • 18
    • 0003168613 scopus 로고
    • Seasonal reconstruction of the Earth's surface at the Last Glacial Maximum
    • Climate: Long-Range Investigation, Mapping, and Prediction (CLIMAP) Project Members
    • Climate: Long-Range Investigation, Mapping, and Prediction (CLIMAP) Project Members, Seasonal reconstruction of the Earth's surface at the Last Glacial Maximum, Geol. Soc. Am. Map Chart Ser., 36, 1-18, 1981.
    • (1981) Geol. Soc. Am. Map Chart Ser. , vol.36 , pp. 1-18
  • 19
    • 0034117891 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CLIMAP SSTs re-revisited
    • Crowley, T. J., CLIMAP SSTs re-revisited, Clim. Dyn., 16, 240-255, 2000.
    • (2000) Clim. Dyn. , vol.16 , pp. 240-255
    • Crowley, T.J.1
  • 20
    • 0012122963 scopus 로고
    • Holocene and latest Pleistocene cirque glaciation in the Shuswap highlands, British Columbia, Canada
    • Duford, J. M., and G. D. Osborn, Holocene and latest Pleistocene cirque glaciation in the Shuswap highlands, British Columbia, Canada, Quat. Res., 26, 865-873, 1978.
    • (1978) Quat. Res. , vol.26 , pp. 865-873
    • Duford, J.M.1    Osborn, G.D.2
  • 21
    • 0032071224 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of late Pleistocene and modern glacier extents in central Nepal based on digital elevation data and satellite imagery
    • Duncan, C. C., A. J. Klein, J. G. Masek, and B. L. Isacks, Comparison of late Pleistocene and modern glacier extents in central Nepal based on digital elevation data and satellite imagery, Quat. Res., 49, 241-254, 1998.
    • (1998) Quat. Res. , vol.49 , pp. 241-254
    • Duncan, C.C.1    Klein, A.J.2    Masek, J.G.3    Isacks, B.L.4
  • 23
    • 0001041148 scopus 로고
    • Alkenone sea-surface temperatures and carbon burial at Site 846 (eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean): The last 1.3 M.Y
    • edited by N. G. P. et al., Ocean Drill, Program, College Station, Tex
    • Emeis, K.-C., H. Doose, A. C. Mix, and D. D. Schulz-Bull, Alkenone sea-surface temperatures and carbon burial at Site 846 (eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean): The last 1.3 M.Y., in Proceedings of Ocean Drilling Program. Scientific Results, Leg 138, edited by N. G. P. et al., pp. 605-613, Ocean Drill, Program, College Station, Tex., 1995.
    • (1995) Proceedings of Ocean Drilling Program. Scientific Results, Leg 138 , pp. 605-613
    • Emeis, K.-C.1    Doose, H.2    Mix, A.C.3    Schulz-Bull, D.D.4
  • 24
    • 0024815449 scopus 로고
    • A 17,000-year glacio-eustatic sea level record: Influence of glacial melting rates on the Younger Dryas event and deep-ocean circulation
    • Fairbanks, R., A 17,000-year glacio-eustatic sea level record: Influence of glacial melting rates on the Younger Dryas event and deep-ocean circulation, Nature, 342, 637-642, 1989.
    • (1989) Nature , vol.342 , pp. 637-642
    • Fairbanks, R.1
  • 25
    • 0033404071 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tropical climates at the Last Glacial Maximum: A new synthesis of terrestrial palaeoclimate data, 1, Vegetation, lake-levels and geochemistry
    • Farrera, I., et al., Tropical climates at the Last Glacial Maximum: A new synthesis of terrestrial palaeoclimate data, 1, Vegetation, lake-levels and geochemistry, Clim Dyn., 15, 823-856, 1999.
    • (1999) Clim Dyn. , vol.15 , pp. 823-856
    • Farrera, I.1
  • 27
    • 0032447879 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Refining the eustatic sea-level curve since the Last Glacial Maximum using far- and intermediate-field sites
    • Fleming, K., P. Johnston, D. Zwartz, U. Yokoyama, K. Lambeck, and J. Chappell, Refining the eustatic sea-level curve since the Last Glacial Maximum using far- and intermediate-field sites, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 163, 327-342, 1998.
    • (1998) Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. , vol.163 , pp. 327-342
    • Fleming, K.1    Johnston, P.2    Zwartz, D.3    Yokoyama, U.4    Lambeck, K.5    Chappell, J.6
  • 29
    • 0034681553 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multidecadal changes in the vertical temperature structure of the tropical troposphere
    • Gaffen, D. J., B. D. Santer, J. S. Boyle, J. R. Christy, N. E. Graham, and R. J. Ross, Multidecadal changes in the vertical temperature structure of the tropical troposphere, Science, 287, 1242-1245, 2000.
    • (2000) Science , vol.287 , pp. 1242-1245
    • Gaffen, D.J.1    Santer, B.D.2    Boyle, J.S.3    Christy, J.R.4    Graham, N.E.5    Ross, R.J.6
  • 30
    • 0033979952 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hydrological changes in the African tropics since the Last Glacial Maximum
    • Gasse, F., Hydrological changes in the African tropics since the Last Glacial Maximum, Quat. Sci. Rev., 19, 189-211, 2000.
    • (2000) Quat. Sci. Rev. , vol.19 , pp. 189-211
    • Gasse, F.1
  • 31
    • 0028184572 scopus 로고
    • Tropical temperature variations since 20,000 years ago: Modulating inter-hemispheric climate change
    • Guilderson, T. P., R. G. Fairbanks, and J. L. Rubenstone, Tropical temperature variations since 20,000 years ago: Modulating inter-hemispheric climate change, Science, 263, 663-665, 1994.
    • (1994) Science , vol.263 , pp. 663-665
    • Guilderson, T.P.1    Fairbanks, R.G.2    Rubenstone, J.L.3
  • 34
    • 0014361582 scopus 로고
    • The Cowichan ice tongue on Vancouver Island
    • Halstead, E. C., The Cowichan ice tongue on Vancouver Island, Can. J. Earth Sci., 5, 1409-1415, 1968.
    • (1968) Can. J. Earth Sci. , vol.5 , pp. 1409-1415
    • Halstead, E.C.1
  • 35
    • 0000310456 scopus 로고
    • On the Pleistocene snow-line depression in the arid regions of the South American Andes
    • Hastenrath, S. L., On the Pleistocene snow-line depression in the arid regions of the South American Andes, J. Glaciol., 10, 255-267, 1971.
    • (1971) J. Glaciol. , vol.10 , pp. 255-267
    • Hastenrath, S.L.1
  • 38
    • 0027038471 scopus 로고
    • The dramatic retreat of Mount Kenya's glaciers between 1963 and 1987: Greenhouse forcing
    • Hastenrath, S., and P. D. Kruss, The dramatic retreat of Mount Kenya's glaciers between 1963 and 1987: Greenhouse forcing, Ann. Glaciol., 16, 127-134, 1992.
    • (1992) Ann. Glaciol. , vol.16 , pp. 127-134
    • Hastenrath, S.1    Kruss, P.D.2
  • 39
    • 0031682354 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Foraminiferal magnesium in globeriginoides sacculifer as a paleotemperature proxy
    • Hastings, D., A. Russell, and S. Emerson, Foraminiferal magnesium in globeriginoides sacculifer as a paleotemperature proxy, Paleoceanography, 13, 161-169, 1998.
    • (1998) Paleoceanography , vol.13 , pp. 161-169
    • Hastings, D.1    Russell, A.2    Emerson, S.3
  • 40
    • 0004221793 scopus 로고
    • Verlag Hans Huber, Bern
    • Heim, A., Wunderland Peru, Verlag Hans Huber, Bern, 1948.
    • (1948) Wunderland Peru
    • Heim, A.1
  • 41
    • 0019170063 scopus 로고
    • Nonlinear axially symmetric circulations in a nearly inviscid atmosphere
    • Held, I. M., and A. Y. Hou, Nonlinear axially symmetric circulations in a nearly inviscid atmosphere, J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 515-533, 1980.
    • (1980) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.37 , pp. 515-533
    • Held, I.M.1    Hou, A.Y.2
  • 42
    • 0034534855 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tropical climate at the Last Glacial Maximum inferred from glacier mass-balance modeling
    • Hostetler, S. W., and P. U. Clark, Tropical climate at the Last Glacial Maximum inferred from glacier mass-balance modeling, Science, 290, 1747-1750, 2000.
    • (2000) Science , vol.290 , pp. 1747-1750
    • Hostetler, S.W.1    Clark, P.U.2
  • 43
    • 0033578101 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reassessment of ice-age cooling of the tropical ocean and atmosphere
    • Hostetler, S. W., and A. C. Mix, Reassessment of ice-age cooling of the tropical ocean and atmosphere, Nature, 399, 673-676, 1999.
    • (1999) Nature , vol.399 , pp. 673-676
    • Hostetler, S.W.1    Mix, A.C.2
  • 44
    • 0002728882 scopus 로고
    • Numerical modeling of glacier d' Argentière and its historic front variations
    • edited by J. Oerlemans, Kluwer Acad., Norwell, Mass
    • Huybrechts, P., P. de Nooze, and H. Decleir, Numerical modeling of glacier d' Argentière and its historic front variations, in Glacier Fluctuations and Climatic Change, edited by J. Oerlemans, pp. 373-389, Kluwer Acad., Norwell, Mass., 1989.
    • (1989) Glacier Fluctuations and Climatic Change , pp. 373-389
    • Huybrechts, P.1    de Nooze, P.2    Decleir, H.3
  • 45
    • 0029768948 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project
    • Kalnay, E., et al., The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 77, 437-471, 1996.
    • (1996) Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. , vol.77 , pp. 437-471
    • Kalnay, E.1
  • 46
    • 0033452758 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A review of the modern fluctuations of tropical glaciers
    • Kaser, G., A review of the modern fluctuations of tropical glaciers, Global Planet. Change, 22, 93-103, 1999.
    • (1999) Global Planet. Change , vol.22 , pp. 93-103
    • Kaser, G.1
  • 47
    • 0012200932 scopus 로고
    • Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Argentinischen Cordillere zwischen 24 and \ 26° sudl
    • Kuhn, F., Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Argentinischen Cordillere zwischen 24 and 26° sudl., Z. Ges. Erdkunde Berlin, 46, 147-172, 1911.
    • (1911) Z. Ges. Erdkunde Berlin , vol.46 , pp. 147-172
    • Kuhn, F.1
  • 49
    • 0034622969 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Climate impact of late Quaternary equatorial Pacific sea surface temperature variations
    • Lea, D. W., D. K. Pak, and H. J. Spero, Climate impact of late Quaternary equatorial Pacific sea surface temperature variations, Science, 289, 1719-1724, 2000.
    • (2000) Science , vol.289 , pp. 1719-1724
    • Lea, D.W.1    Pak, D.K.2    Spero, H.J.3
  • 50
    • 0033545315 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cool surface waters of the subtropical North Pacific Ocean during the last glacial
    • Lee, K. E., and N. C. Slowey, Cool surface waters of the subtropical North Pacific Ocean during the last glacial, Nature, 397, 512-514, 1999.
    • (1999) Nature , vol.397 , pp. 512-514
    • Lee, K.E.1    Slowey, N.C.2
  • 51
    • 0000838089 scopus 로고
    • On the role of sea surface temperature gradients in forcing low-level winds and convergence in the tropics
    • Lindzen, R., and S. Nigam, On the role of sea surface temperature gradients in forcing low-level winds and convergence in the tropics. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 2418-2436, 1987.
    • (1987) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.44 , pp. 2418-2436
    • Lindzen, R.1    Nigam, S.2
  • 52
    • 0026447170 scopus 로고
    • Upwelling and productivity changes inferred from a temperature record in the central equatorial Pacific
    • Lyle, M., F. Prahl, and M. Sparrow, Upwelling and productivity changes inferred from a temperature record in the central equatorial Pacific, Nature, 355, 812-815, 1992.
    • (1992) Nature , vol.355 , pp. 812-815
    • Lyle, M.1    Prahl, F.2    Sparrow, M.3
  • 53
    • 0020369828 scopus 로고
    • Late Pleistocene glacial equilibrium-line altitudes in the Colorado front range: A comparison of methods
    • Meierding, T., Late Pleistocene glacial equilibrium-line altitudes in the Colorado front range: A comparison of methods, Quat. Res., 18, 289-310, 1982.
    • (1982) Quat. Res. , vol.18 , pp. 289-310
    • Meierding, T.1
  • 54
    • 0001858088 scopus 로고
    • Variations of some Patagonia glaciers since the Late Glacial
    • Mercer, J. H., Variations of some Patagonia glaciers since the Late Glacial, Am. J. Sci., 266, 91-109, 1968.
    • (1968) Am. J. Sci. , vol.266 , pp. 91-109
    • Mercer, J.H.1
  • 55
    • 0012161390 scopus 로고
    • A distribution study of abandoned cirques in the Alaska-Canada boundary range
    • Univ. of Toronto Press, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
    • Miller, M. M., A distribution study of abandoned cirques in the Alaska-Canada boundary range, in Geology of the Arctic, vol. 1, pp. 831-847, Univ. of Toronto Press, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 1961.
    • (1961) Geology of the Arctic , vol.1 , pp. 831-847
    • Miller, M.M.1
  • 56
    • 0032859046 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Foraminiferal faunal estimates of paleotemperature: Circumventing the no-analog problem yields cool ice age tropics
    • Mix, A. C., A. E. Morey, and N. G. Pisias, Foraminiferal faunal estimates of paleotemperature: Circumventing the no-analog problem yields cool ice age tropics, Paleoceanography, 14, 350-359, 1999.
    • (1999) Paleoceanography , vol.14 , pp. 350-359
    • Mix, A.C.1    Morey, A.E.2    Pisias, N.G.3
  • 57
    • 0035113983 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Environmental processes of the ice age: Land, oceans, glaciers (EPILOG)
    • Mix, A. C., E. Bard, and R. Schneider, Environmental processes of the ice age: Land, oceans, glaciers (EPILOG), Quat. Sci. Rev., 20, 627-657, 2001.
    • (2001) Quat. Sci. Rev. , vol.20 , pp. 627-657
    • Mix, A.C.1    Bard, E.2    Schneider, R.3
  • 58
    • 0033610367 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Temperature profiles in radiative-convective equilibrium above surfaces at different heights
    • Molnar, P., and K. A. Emanuel, Temperature profiles in radiative-convective equilibrium above surfaces at different heights, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 24,265-24,271, 1999.
    • (1999) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.104 , pp. 24265-24271
    • Molnar, P.1    Emanuel, K.A.2
  • 61
    • 0012126031 scopus 로고
    • Glaciation of the Titicaca region
    • Newell, N. D., Glaciation of the Titicaca region, Mem. Geol. Soc. Am., 36, 1949.
    • (1949) Mem. Geol. Soc. Am. , vol.36
    • Newell, N.D.1
  • 62
    • 0003115062 scopus 로고
    • Altitude of the modern snowline and the Pleistocene snowline in the Andes
    • Tokyo Metrop. Univ., Tokyo
    • Nogami, M., Altitude of the modern snowline and the Pleistocene snowline in the Andes, Geogr. Rep. 11, Tokyo Metrop. Univ., Tokyo, 1976.
    • (1976) Geogr. Rep. 11
    • Nogami, M.1
  • 63
    • 0028572745 scopus 로고
    • Small changes in the sea surface temperature during the last 20,000 years: Molecular evidence from the western tropical Pacific
    • Ohkouchi, N., K. Kawamura, T. Nakamura, and A. Taira, Small changes in the sea surface temperature during the last 20,000 years: Molecular evidence from the western tropical Pacific, Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, 2207-2210, 1994.
    • (1994) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.21 , pp. 2207-2210
    • Ohkouchi, N.1    Kawamura, K.2    Nakamura, T.3    Taira, A.4
  • 64
    • 0027072431 scopus 로고
    • Equilibrium line altitude variations with latitude, today and during the late Wisconsin
    • Pelto, M., Equilibrium line altitude variations with latitude, today and during the late Wisconsin, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol, 95, 41-46, 1992.
    • (1992) Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol , vol.95 , pp. 41-46
    • Pelto, M.1
  • 66
    • 0018673755 scopus 로고
    • History and dynamics of glaciation in the northern Yellow-stone National Park area
    • Pierce, K. L., History and dynamics of glaciation in the northern Yellow-stone National Park area, U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap., 729-f, 1978.
    • (1978) U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap., 729-f
    • Pierce, K.L.1
  • 67
    • 0033427504 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Topical paleoclimates at the Last Glacial Maximum: Comparison of paleoclimate modeling intercomparison project simulations and paleodata
    • Pinot, S., G. Ramstein, S. P. Harrison, L. C. Prentice, J. Guiot, M. Stute, and S. Joussaume, Topical paleoclimates at the Last Glacial Maximum: Comparison of Paleoclimate Modeling Intercomparison Project simulations and paleodata, Clim. Dyn., 15, 857-874, 1999.
    • (1999) Clim. Dyn. , vol.15 , pp. 857-874
    • Pinot, S.1    Ramstein, G.2    Harrison, S.P.3    Prentice, L.C.4    Guiot, J.5    Stute, M.6    Joussaume, S.7
  • 68
    • 0001409996 scopus 로고
    • Composite Pleistocene snowline of the Olympic mountains and the Cascade range
    • Porter, S. C., Composite Pleistocene snowline of the Olympic mountains and the Cascade range, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 75, 477-482, 1964.
    • (1964) Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. , vol.75 , pp. 477-482
    • Porter, S.C.1
  • 69
    • 0035061287 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Snowline depression in the tropics during the last glaciation
    • Porter, S. C., Snowline depression in the tropics during the last glaciation, Quat. Sci. Rev., 20, 1067-1091, 2001.
    • (2001) Quat. Sci. Rev. , vol.20 , pp. 1067-1091
    • Porter, S.C.1
  • 71
    • 0000642851 scopus 로고
    • Puzzles from the tropics
    • Rind, D., Puzzles from the tropics, Nature, 346, 317-318, 1990.
    • (1990) Nature , vol.346 , pp. 317-318
    • Rind, D.1
  • 72
    • 0032571207 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Latitudinal temperature gradients and climate change
    • Rind, D., Latitudinal temperature gradients and climate change, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 5943-5971, 1998.
    • (1998) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.103 , pp. 5943-5971
    • Rind, D.1
  • 73
    • 0022179249 scopus 로고
    • Terrestrial conditions at the Last Glacial Maximum and CLIMAP sea-surface temperature estimates: Are they consistent?
    • Rind, D., and D. Peteet, Terrestrial conditions at the Last Glacial Maximum and CLIMAP sea-surface temperature estimates: Are they consistent?, Quat. Res., 24, 1-22, 1985.
    • (1985) Quat. Res. , vol.24 , pp. 1-22
    • Rind, D.1    Peteet, D.2
  • 74
    • 0028977681 scopus 로고
    • Calculation of surface and top of atmosphere radiative fluxes from physical quantities based on ISCCP data sets, 2, validation and first results
    • Rossow, W., and Y.-C. Zhang, Calculation of surface and top of atmosphere radiative fluxes from physical quantities based on ISCCP data sets, 2, Validation and first results, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 1167-1197, 1995.
    • (1995) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.100 , pp. 1167-1197
    • Rossow, W.1    Zhang, Y.-C.2
  • 76
    • 0000510874 scopus 로고
    • Axially symmetric steady-state models of the basic state for instability and climate studies, part II, nonlinear calculations
    • Schneider, E., Axially symmetric steady-state models of the basic state for instability and climate studies, part II, Nonlinear calculations, J. Atmos. Sci., 34, 280-296, 1977.
    • (1977) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.34 , pp. 280-296
    • Schneider, E.1
  • 77
    • 0029413983 scopus 로고
    • Dynamical adjustment of the trade wind inversion layer
    • Schubert, W. H., P. E. Ciesielski, C. Lu, and R. H. Johnson, Dynamical adjustment of the trade wind inversion layer, J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 2941-2952, 1995.
    • (1995) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.52 , pp. 2941-2952
    • Schubert, W.H.1    Ciesielski, P.E.2    Lu, C.3    Johnson, R.H.4
  • 78
    • 0000035249 scopus 로고
    • Quaternary glaciation and volcanism, Metolius river area, Oregon
    • Scott, W. E., Quaternary glaciation and volcanism, Metolius river area, Oregon, Oreg. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 88, 113-124, 1977.
    • (1977) Oreg. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. , vol.88 , pp. 113-124
    • Scott, W.E.1
  • 79
    • 0034233628 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glacial cooling in the tropics: Exploring the roles of tropospheric water vapor, surface wind speed and boundary layer processes
    • Seager, R., A. Clement, and M. Cane, Glacial cooling in the tropics: Exploring the roles of tropospheric water vapor, surface wind speed and boundary layer processes, J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 2144-2157, 2000.
    • (2000) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.57 , pp. 2144-2157
    • Seager, R.1    Clement, A.2    Cane, M.3
  • 80
    • 0025584696 scopus 로고
    • Recent glacial history and paleoclimate of the Peruvian-Bolivian Andes
    • Seltzer, G., Recent glacial history and paleoclimate of the Peruvian-Bolivian Andes, Quat Sci. Rev., 9, 137-152, 1990.
    • (1990) Quat Sci. Rev. , vol.9 , pp. 137-152
    • Seltzer, G.1
  • 81
    • 84879888784 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Isotopic evidence for late Quaternary climatic change in tropical South America
    • Seltzer, G., D. Rodbell, and S. Burns, Isotopic evidence for late Quaternary climatic change in tropical South America, Geology, 28, 35-38, 2000.
    • (2000) Geology , vol.28 , pp. 35-38
    • Seltzer, G.1    Rodbell, D.2    Burns, S.3
  • 84
    • 0028252676 scopus 로고
    • 18O and foraminiferal assemblage temperature estimates
    • 18O and foraminiferal assemblage temperature estimates, Paleoceanography, 9, 31-45, 1994.
    • (1994) Paleoceanography , vol.9 , pp. 31-45
    • Sikes, E.1    Keigwin, L.2
  • 85
    • 0032425484 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tropical sea-surface temperatures during the last glacial period: A view based on alkenones in Indian ocean sediments
    • Sonzogni, C., E. Bard, and F. Rostek, Tropical sea-surface temperatures during the last glacial period: A view based on alkenones in Indian ocean sediments, Quat. Sci. Rev., 17, 1185-1201, 1998.
    • (1998) Quat. Sci. Rev. , vol.17 , pp. 1185-1201
    • Sonzogni, C.1    Bard, E.2    Rostek, F.3
  • 88
    • 0032484191 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A 25,000-year tropical climate history from Bolivian ice cores
    • Thompson, L. G., et al., A 25,000-year tropical climate history from Bolivian ice cores, Science, 282, 1858-1864, 1998.
    • (1998) Science , vol.282 , pp. 1858-1864
    • Thompson, L.G.1
  • 89
    • 0001027133 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimates of meridional atmosphere and ocean heat transports
    • Trenberth, K. E., and J. M. Caron, Estimates of meridional atmosphere and ocean heat transports, J. Clim., 14, 3433-3443, 2001.
    • (2001) J. Clim. , vol.14 , pp. 3433-3443
    • Trenberth, K.E.1    Caron, J.M.2
  • 90
    • 0002638923 scopus 로고
    • A global ocean wind stress climatology based on ECMWF analyses
    • Nat. Cent. for Atmos. Res., Boulder, Colo
    • Trenberth, K. E., J. G. Olsen, and W. G. Large, A global ocean wind stress climatology based on ECMWF analyses, NCAR Tech. Note NCAR/TN-338+ STR, Nat. Cent. for Atmos. Res., Boulder, Colo., 1989.
    • (1989) NCAR Tech. Note NCAR/TN-338+ STR
    • Trenberth, K.E.1    Olsen, J.G.2    Large, W.G.3
  • 91
    • 0012157771 scopus 로고
    • Die Karten der Cordillera Real und des Talkessels von La Paz
    • Troll, C., and R. Finsterwalder, Die Karten der Cordillera Real und des Talkessels von La Paz, Petermanns Geogr: Mitt., 81, 393-399, 1935.
    • (1935) Petermanns Geogr: Mitt. , vol.81 , pp. 393-399
    • Troll, C.1    Finsterwalder, R.2
  • 92
    • 0034483795 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mean annual temperature trends and their vertical structure in the tropical Andes
    • Vuille, M., and R. S. Bradley, Mean annual temperature trends and their vertical structure in the tropical Andes. Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 3885-3888, 2000.
    • (2000) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.27 , pp. 3885-3888
    • Vuille, M.1    Bradley, R.S.2
  • 93
    • 0033608477 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Annual cycle of energy balance of Zongo Glacier, Cordillera Real, Bolivia
    • Wagnon, P., P. Ribstein, B. Francou, and B. Pouyaud, Annual cycle of energy balance of Zongo Glacier, Cordillera Real, Bolivia, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 3907-3923, 1999a.
    • (1999) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.104 , pp. 3907-3923
    • Wagnon, P.1    Ribstein, P.2    Francou, B.3    Pouyaud, B.4
  • 94
    • 0033405662 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Energy balance and runoff seasonality of a Bolivian glacier
    • Wagnon, P., P. Ribstein, G. Kaser, and P. Berton, Energy balance and runoff seasonality of a Bolivian glacier, Global Planet. Change, 22, 49-58. 1999b.
    • (1999) Global Planet. Change , vol.22 , pp. 49-58
    • Wagnon, P.1    Ribstein, P.2    Kaser, G.3    Berton, P.4
  • 95
    • 0026447456 scopus 로고
    • Effect of deep convection on the regulation of tropical sea-surface temperature
    • Wallace, J. M., Effect of deep convection on the regulation of tropical sea-surface temperature, Nature, 357, 230-231, 1992.
    • (1992) Nature , vol.357 , pp. 230-231
    • Wallace, J.M.1
  • 98
    • 0001395735 scopus 로고
    • Late Pleistocene glacial sequence for the west side of Iztacchihuatl, Mexico
    • White, S. E., Late Pleistocene glacial sequence for the west side of Iztacchihuatl, Mexico, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 73, 935-938, 1962.
    • (1962) Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. , vol.73 , pp. 935-938
    • White, S.E.1
  • 99
    • 0024880172 scopus 로고
    • Is the tropical atmosphere conditionally unstable?
    • Xu, K.-M., and K. Emanuel, Is the tropical atmosphere conditionally unstable?, Mon. Weather Rev., 117, 1471-1479, 1989.
    • (1989) Mon. Weather Rev. , vol.117 , pp. 1471-1479
    • Xu, K.-M.1    Emanuel, K.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.