Phthalate exposure through food and consumers' risk perception of chemicals in food

Risk Analysis

Volumn 29, Issue 8, 2009, Pages 1170-1181

  Dickson Spillmann, Maria ^a,b   Siegrist, Michael ^a   Keller, Carmen ^a   Wormuth, Matthias ^a  

^a ETH ZURICH   (Switzerland)

^b Safety and Technology Group ^*  (Switzerland)

Author keywords

Exposure assessment; Food chemicals; Phthalates; Risk perception

Indexed keywords

DI-2-ETHYLHEXYL PHTHALATE; DIBUTYL PHTHALATES; DIETHYL PHTHALATE; EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT; FOOD CHEMICALS; HEALTHY DIET; MAIL SURVEYS; NATURAL FOOD; PHTHALATES; RATING SCALE;

CHEMICALS; DIELECTRIC DEVICES; ECOLOGY; ESTERS; HEALTH RISKS; NUTRITION; POPULATION STATISTICS; POTASSIUM COMPOUNDS; RISK ANALYSIS; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK MANAGEMENT; SURVEYS;

RISK PERCEPTION;

PHTHALIC ACID BENZYL BUTYL ESTER; PHTHALIC ACID BIS(2 ETHYLHEXYL) ESTER; PHTHALIC ACID DIBUTYL ESTER; PHTHALIC ACID DIETHYL ESTER;

DIET; FOOD QUALITY; HEALTH RISK; PHTHALATE; POLLUTION EXPOSURE; QUESTIONNAIRE SURVEY; RISK PERCEPTION;

ARTICLE; CONSUMER ATTITUDE; CONSUMER HEALTH INFORMATION; FOOD CONTAMINATION; FOOD INTAKE; FOOD PREFERENCE; HEALTH BEHAVIOR; HEALTH HAZARD; QUESTIONNAIRE; RISK ASSESSMENT; SWITZERLAND;

ADULT; AGED; DIBUTYL PHTHALATE; DIET; DIETHYLHEXYL PHTHALATE; FEMALE; FOOD CONTAMINATION; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PERCEPTION; PHTHALIC ACIDS; RISK; RISK ASSESSMENT; SWITZERLAND;

CENTRAL EUROPE; EURASIA; EUROPE; GERMANY; SWITZERLAND;

EID: 68149084528     PISSN: 02724332     EISSN: 15396924     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1539-6924.2009.01233.x     Document Type: Article

References (53)

1. Rudel RA, Camann DE, Spengler JD, Korn LR, Brody JG. Phthalates, alkylphenols, pesticides, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, and other endocrine-disrupting compounds in indoor air and dust. Environmental Science & Technology, 2003 37 (20 4543 4553.
2. Peijnenburg WJGM, Struijs J. Occurrence of phthalate esters in the environment of the Netherlands. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2006 63 : 204 215.
3. Bornehag CG, Lundgren B, Weschler CJ, Sigsgaard T, Hagerhed-Engman L, Sundell J. Phthalates in indoor dust and their association with building characteristics. Environmental Health Perspectives, 2005 113 (10 1399 1404.
4. Koch HM, Becker K, Wittassek M, Seiwert M, Angerer J, Kolossa-Gehring M. Di-N-butylphthalate and butylbenzylphthalate - Urinary metabolite levels and estimated daily intakes: Pilot study for the German Environmental Survey on Children. Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology, 2007 17 (4 378 387.
5. Koch HM, Drexler H, Angerer J. An estimation of the daily intake of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) and other phthalates in the general population. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 2003 206 (2 77 83.
6. Wittassek M, Heger W, Koch HM, Becker K, Angerer J, Kolossa-Gehring M. Daily intake of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) by German children - A comparison of two estimation models based on urinary DEHP metabolite levels. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 2007 210 (1 35 42.
7. Silva MJ, Barr DB, Reidy JA, Malek NA, Hodge CC, Caudill SP, et al. Urinary levels of seven phthalate metabolites in the US population from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999-2000. Environmental Health Perspectives, 2004 112 (3 331 338.
8. Fromme H, Gruber L, Schlummer M, Wolz G, Bohmer S, Angerer J, et al. Intake of phthalates and di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate: Results of the Integrated Exposure Assessment Survey based on duplicate diet samples and biomonitoring data. Environment International 2007 33 (8 1012 1020.
9. Wormuth M, Scheringer M, Vollenweider M, Hungerbuhler K. What are the sources of exposure to eight frequently used phthalic acid esters in Europeans? Risk Analysis, 2006 26 (3 803 824.
10. European Commission. Special Eurobarometer: Health and Food, 2006. Available at : http://ec.europa.eu/health/ph-publication/eb-food-en.pdf, Accessed on September 19, 2008.
11. Ministry of Agriculture Fishery and Food. MAFF UK- Phthalates in Food, 1996. Available at : http://archive.food.gov.uk/maff/archive/food/infsheet/1998/ no168/168phtha.htm, Accessed on September 19, 2008.
12. Heudorf U, Mersch-Sundermann V, Angerer J. Phthalates: Toxicology and exposure. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 2007 210 (5 623 634.
13. European Commission. Regulation (EC) no. 1935/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 October 2004 on materials and articles intended to come into contact with food and repealing Directives 80/590/EEC and 89/109/EEC. Official Journal of the European Union L338, 2004 47 : 4 17.
14. Castle L, Mercer AJ, Startin JR, Gilbert J. Migration from plasticized films into foods. 3. Migration of phthalate, sebacate, citrate and phosphate-esters from films used for retail food-packaging. Food Additives and Contaminants, 1988 5 (1 9 20.
15. Gray LE, Ostby J, Furr J, Price M, Veeramachaneni DNR, Parks L. Perinatal exposure to the phthalates DEHP, BBP, and DINP, but not DEP, DMP, or DOTP, alters sexual differentiation of the male rat. Toxicology Sciences, 2000 58 : 350 365.
16. Mylchreest E, Cattley RC, Foster PMD. Male reproductive tract malformations in rats following gestational and lactational exposure to di(n-butyl) phthalate: An antiandrogenic mechanism? Toxicology Sciences. 1998 43 : 47 60.
17. Swan SH, Main KM, Liu F, Stewart SL, Kruse RL, Calafat AM, et al. Decrease in anogenital distance among male infants with prenatal phthalate exposure. Environmental Health Perspectives, 2005 113 (8 1056 1061.
18. Hauser R, Calafat AM. Phthalates and human health. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 2005 62 : 806 818.
19. Latini G, De Felice C, Presta G, Del Vecchio A, Paris I, Ruggieri F, et al. In utero exposure to di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and duration of human pregnancy. Environmental Health Perspectives, 2003 111 (14 1783 1785.
20. Colon I, Caro D, Bourdony CJ, Rosario O. Identification of phthalate esters in the serum of young Puerto Rican girls with premature breast development. Environmental Health Perspectives, 2000 108 (9 895 900.
21. European Food Safety Agency. Opinion of the Scientific Panel on food additives, flavourings, processing aids and materials in contact with food (AFC) related to bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) for use in food contact materials, 2005. Available at : http://www.efsa.europa.eu/EFSA/efsa-locale-1178620753812- 1178620770530.htm, Accessed on August 28, 2008.
22. European Food Safety Agency. Opinion of the Scientific Panel on food additives, flavourings, processing aids and materials in contact with food (AFC) related to di-butylphthalate (DBP) for use in food contact materials, 2005. Available at : http://www.efsa.europa.eu/EFSA/efsa-locale-1178620753812- 1178620770694.htm, Accessed on August 28, 2008.
23. European Food Safety Agency. Opinion of the Scientific Panel on food additives, flavourings, processing aids and materials in contact with food (AFC) related to butylbenzylphthalate (BBP) for use in food contact materials, 2005. Available at : http://www.efsa.europa.eu/EFSA/efsa-locale-1178620753812- 1178620770710.htm, Accessed on August 28, 2008.
24. Petersen JH, Breindahl T. Plasticizers in total diet samples, baby food and infant formulae. Food Additives and Contaminants, 2000 17 (2 133 141.
25. Kuchen A, Müller F, Farine M, Zimmermann H, Blaser O, Wüthrich C. Die mittlere tägliche Aufnahme vonPestiziden und anderen Fremdstoffen über die Nahrung in der Schweiz. Mitteilungen aus Lebensmitteluntersuchung und Hygiene, 1999 90 : 78 107.
26. Brug J, Debie S, Vanassema P, Weijts W. Psychosocial determinants of fruit and vegetable consumption among adults - Results of focus group interviews. Food Quality and Preference, 1995 6 (2 99 107.
27. Lennernäs M, Fjellström C, Becker W, Giachetti I, Schmitt A, Remaut deWinter A, et al. Influences on food choice perceived to be important by nationally-representative samples of adults in the European Union. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 1997 51 (Suppl. 2 S8 S15.
28. Pollard J, Kirk SFL, Cade JE. Factors affecting food choice in relation to fruit and vegetable intake: A review. Nutrition Research Reviews, 2002 15 (2 373 387.
29. Frewer LJ, Miles S. Risk perception, communication and trust. How might consumer confidence in the food supply be maintained Pp. 401 414 in Frewer LJ, Risvik E, Schifferstein H (eds). Food, People and Society. Berlin, Germany : Springer, 2001.
30. Bundesforschungsinstitut für Ernährung und Lebensmittel. Nationale Verzehrsstudie II, Ergebnisbericht, Teil 1, 2008. Available at : http://www.was-esse-ich.de/uploads/media/NVS-II-Ergebnisbericht-Teil-1.pdf, Accessed on October 13, 2008.
31. Miles S, Brennan M, Kuznesof S, Ness M, Ritson C, Frewer LJ. Public worry about specific food safety issues. British Food Journal. 2004 106 (1 9 22.
32. Sparks P, Shepherd R. Public perceptions of the potential hazards associated with food production and food consumption - An empirical-study. Risk Analysis, 1994 14 (5 799 806.
33. Siegrist M, Keller C, Kiers HAL. Lay people's perception of food hazards: Comparing aggregated data and individual data. Appetite, 2006 47 (3 324 332.
34. Siegrist M, Keller C, Kiers HAL. A new look at the psychometric paradigm of perception of hazards. Risk Analysis, 2005 25 (1 211 222.
35. Raats MM, Shepherd R. Developing a subject-derived terminology to describe perceptions of chemicals in foods. Risk Analysis. 1996 16 (2 133 146.
36. von Alvensleben R. Beliefs associated with food production methods. Pp. 381 400 in Frewer LJ, Risvik E, Schifferstein H (eds). Food, People and Society. Berlin, Germany : Springer, 2001.
37. European Council. Council regulation (EEC) no. 2092/91 of 24 June 1991 on organic production of agricultural products and indications referring thereto on agricultural products and foodstuffs, 2006. Available at : http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CONSLEG:1991R2092: 20060506:EN:PDF, Accessed on March 9, 2009.
38. Bundesamt für Statistik. Statistik des jährlichen Bevölkerungsstandes (Espop) und der natürlichen Bevö lkerungsbewegung (Bevnat) 2008. Provisorische Ergebnisse. Neuchâtel, Switzerland : Bundesamt für Statistik, 2009.
39. US Environmental Protection Agency. Diethyl phthalate (CASRN 84-66-2), 1999. Available at : http://www.epa.gov/iris/subst/0226.htm, Accessed on August 22, 2008.
40. Roininen K, Lahteenmaki L, Tuorila H. Quantification of consumer attitudes to health and hedonic characteristics of foods. Appetite, 1999 33 (1 71 88.
41. Field A. Discovering Statistics Using SPSS. London : SAGE Publications Ltd, 2005.
42. Schulze MB, Hoffmann K. Methodological approaches to study dietary patterns in relation to risk of coronary heart disease and stroke. British Journal of Nutrition, 2006 96 : 860 869.
43. Waijers PMCM, Ocké MC, van Rossum CTM, Peeters PHM, Bamia C, Chloptsios Y, et al. Dietary patterns and survival in older Dutch women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2006 83 : 1170 1176.
44. McNaughton SA, Ball K, Mishra GD, Crawford DA. Dietary patterns of adolescents and risk of obesity and hypertension. Journal of Nutrition, 2008 138 : 364 370.
45. Turrell G. Determinants of gender differences in dietary behavior. Nutrition Research, 1997 17 (7 1105 1120.
46. Wardle J, Haase AM, Steptoe A, Nillapun M, Jonwutiwes K, Bellisle F. Gender differences in food choice: The contribution of health beliefs and dieting. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 2004 27 (2 107 116.
47. Johansson L, Thelle DS, Solvoll K, Bjorneboe GEA, Drevon CA. Healthy dietary habits in relation to social determinants and lifestyle factors. British Journal of Nutrition, 1999 81 (3 211 220.
48. Howdeshell KL, Wilson VS, Furr J, Lambright CR, Rider CV, Blystone CR, et al. A mixture of five phthalate esters inhibits fetal testicular testosterone production in the Sprague-Dawley rat in a cumulative, dose-additive manner. Toxicological Sciences, 2008 105 (1 153 165.
49. Commitee on the Health Risks of Phthalates. Phthalates and Cumulative Risk Assessment: The Task Ahead. Washington, DC : National Academies Press, 2008.
50. Kuttschreuter M. Psychological determinants of reactions to food risk messages. Risk Analysis, 2006 26 (4 1045 1057.
51. Kantonales Labor Zürich. Jahresbericht 2006, 2006. Available at : http://www.klzh.ch/downloads/JB-2006-KLZH.pdf, Accessed on October 14, 2008.
52. Royal Society of Chemistry. Contamination from food packaging "ignored", 2006. Available at : http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/ Issues/2006/October/ContaminationFoodPackaging.asp, Accessed on March 5, 2009.
53. Cohen J. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Earlbaum Associates, 1988.