Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and low-carbohydrate diets

Annual Review of Nutrition

Volumn 29, Issue , 2009, Pages 365-379

  York, Linda Wasserbach ^a   Puthalapattu, Swathy ^a   Wu, George Y ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT HEALTH CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Insulin resistance; Metabolic syndrome; Weight loss

Indexed keywords

CARBOHYDRATE; LIVER ENZYME;

CORRELATION ANALYSIS; GLYCEMIC INDEX; HUMAN; INSULIN RESISTANCE; LOW CALORY DIET; LOW CARBOHYDRATE DIET; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER; OBESITY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; WEIGHT REDUCTION;

DIET, CARBOHYDRATE-RESTRICTED; DIET, REDUCING; DIETARY CARBOHYDRATES; DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP, DRUG; FATTY LIVER; GLYCEMIC INDEX; HUMANS; INSULIN RESISTANCE; OBESITY; WEIGHT LOSS;

EID: 67749116239     PISSN: 01999885     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-070208-114232     Document Type: Review

References (78)

1. Andersen T, Christoffersen P, Gluud C. 1984. The liver in consecutive patients with morbid obesity: a clinical, morphological, and biochemical study. Int. J. Obes. 8:107-15
2. Andersen T, Gluud C, Franzmann MB, Christoffersen P. 1991. Hepatic effects of dietary weight loss in morbidly obese subjects. J. Hepatol. 12:224-29
3. Angelico F, Del Ben M, Conti R, Francioso S, Feole K, et al. 2005. Insulin resistance, the metabolic syndrome, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 90:1578-82
4. Angulo P, Keach JC, Batts KP, Lindor KD. 1999. Independent predictors of liver fibrosis in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology 30:1356-62
5. Atkins RC. 1998. Dr. Atkins' New Diet Revolution. New York: Avon Books. Rev. ed.
6. Bacon BR, Farahvash MJ, Janney CG, Neuschwander-Tetri BA. 1994. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: an expanded clinical entity. Gastroenterology 107:1103-9
7. Baldridge AD, Perez-Atayde AR, Graeme-Cook F, Higgins L, Lavine JE. 1995. Idiopathic steatohepatitis in childhood: a multi-center retrospective study. J. Pediatr. 127:700-4
8. Banting W. 1864. Letter on Corpulence, Addressed to the Public. London: Harrison. 3rd ed.
9. Bellentani S, Saccoccio G, Masutti F, Crocè LS, Brandi G, et al. 2000. Prevalence of and risk factors for hepatic steatosis in northern Italy. Ann. Int. Med. 132:112-17
10. Bonkovsky HL, Jawaid Q, Tortorelli K, LeClair P, Cobb J, et al. 1999. Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and iron: increased prevalence of mutations of the HFE gene in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. J. Hepatol. 31:421-29
11. Bravata DM, Sanders L, Huang J, Krumholz HM, Olkin I, et al. 2003. Efficacy and safety of low-carbohydrate diets: a systematic review. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 289:1837-50
12. Brehm BJ, Seeley RJ, Daniels SR, D'Alessio DA. 2003. A randomized trial comparing a very low carbohydrate diet and a calorie-restricted low fat diet on body weight and cardiovascular risk factors in healthy women. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 88:1617-23
13. Browning JD, Szczepaniak LS, Dobbins R, Nuremberg P, Horton JD, et al. 2004. Prevalence of hepatic steatosis in an urban population in the United States: impact of ethnicity. Hepatology 40:1387-95
14. Bugianesi E, Leone N, Vanni E, Marchesini G, Brunello F, et al. 2002. Expanding the natural history of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: from cryptogenic cirrhosis to hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology 123:134-40
15. Caldwell SH, Oelsner DH, Iezzoni JC, Hespenheide EE, Battle EH, Driscoll CJ. 1999. Cryptogenic cirrhosis: clinical characterization and risk factors for underlying disease. Hepatology 29:664-69
16. Charlton M, Kasparova P,Weston S, Lindor K, Maor-Kendler Y, et al. 2001. Frequency of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis as a cause of advanced liver disease. Liver Transpl. 7:608-14
17. Charlton M, Sreekumar R, Rasmussen D, Lindor K, Nair KS. 2002. Apolipoprotein synthesis in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology 35:898-904
18. Chitturi S, Abeygunasekera S, Farrell GC, Holmes-Walker J, Hui JM, et al. 2002. NASH and insulin resistance: insulin hypersecretion and specific association with the insulin resistance syndrome. Hepatology 35:373-79
19. Clark JM. 2006. The epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in adults. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 40:S5-10
20. Clark JM, Brancati FL, Diehl AE. 2001. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: the most common cause of abnormal liver enzymes in the U.S. population. Gastroenterology 122:1649-57
21. Clark JM, Brancati FL, Diehl AM. 2003. The prevalence and etiology of elevated aminotransferase levels in the United States. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 98:960-67
22. Cortez-Pinto H, Camilo ME, Baptista A, De Oliveira A, De Moura M. 1999. Non-alcoholic fatty liver: another feature of the metabolic syndrome? Clin. Nutr. 18(6):353-58 (Abstr.)
23. Day CP, James OFW. 1998. Steatohepatitis: a tale of two "hits"? Gastroenterology 114:842-45
24. Diehl AM, Goodman Z, Ishak KG. 1988. Alcohollike liver disease in nonalcoholics. A clinical and histologic comparison with alcohol-induced liver injury. Gastroenterology 95:1056-62
25. Donnelly KL, Smith CI, Schwarzenberg SJ, Jessurun J, Boldt MD, Parks EJ. 2005. Sources of fatty acids stored in liver and secreted via lipoproteins in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J. Clin. Invest. 115:1343-51
26. Foster GD, Wyatt HR, Hill JO, McGuckin BG, Brill C, et al. 2003. A randomized trial of a low-carbohydrate diet for obesity. N. Engl. J. Med. 348:2082-90
27. Fraser A, Abel R, Lawlor DA, Fraser D, Elhayany A. 2008. A modified Mediterranean diet is associated with the greatest reduction in alanine aminotransferase levels in obese type II diabetes patients: results of a quasi-randomized controlled trial. Diabetologia 51(9)1616-22
28. George DK, Goldwurm S, Macdonald GA, Cowley LL,Walker NI, et al. 1998. Increased hepatic iron concentration in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis is associated with increased fibrosis. Gastroenterology 114:311-18
29. Gill HK,Wu GY. 2006. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and the metabolic syndrome: effects of weight loss and a review of popular diets. Are low carbohydrate diets the answer?World J. Gastroenterol. 12:345-53
30. Golay A, Allaz AF, Morel Y, de Tonnac N, Tankova S, Reaven G. 1996. Similar weight loss with low- or high-carbohydrate diets. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 63:174-78
31. Golay A, Eigenheer C, Morel Y, Kujawski P, Lehmann T, de Tonnac N. 1996.Weight-loss with low or high carbohydrate diet? Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. 20:1067-72
32. Grundy SM, Abate N, Chandalia M. 2002. Diet composition and the metabolic syndrome: What is the optimal fat intake? Am. J. Med. 113(Suppl. 9B):25-29S
33. Huang MA, Greenson JK, Chao C, Anderson L, Peterman D, et al. 2005. One-year intense nutritional counseling results in histological improvement in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: a pilot study. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 100:1072-81
34. Hulley S, Burrows M,Wilson WS,Nichaman M. 1972. The A.H.A. fat-controlled diet. Lipid and lipoprotein responses of hypertriglyceridaemic outpatients to a low-carbohydrate modification of the A.H.A. fat-controlled diet. Lancet 300:551-55
35. Kang H, Greenson JK, Omo JT, Chao C, Peterman D, et al. 2006. Metabolic syndrome is associated with greater histologic severity, higher carbohydrate, and lower fat diet in patients with NAFLD. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 101:2247-53
36. Kelley DE, McKolanis TM, Hegazi RAF, Kuller LH, Kalhana SC. 2003. Fatty liver in type 2 diabetes mellitus: relation to regional adiposity, fatty acids, and insulin resistance. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 285:E906-16
37. Kleiner DE, Brunt EM, Van Natta M, Behling C, Contos MJ, et al. 2005. Design and validation of a histological scoring system for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology 41:1313-21
38. Kotzka J, Müller-Wieland D. 2004. Sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP)-1: gene regulatory target for insulin resistance? Expert Opin. Ther. Targets 8:141-49
39. Lee RG. 1989. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: a study of 49 patients. Hum. Pathol. 20:594-98
40. Levey AS, Greene T, Beck GJ, Caggiula AW, Kusek JW, et al. 1999. Dietary protein restriction and the progression of chronic renal disease: What have all of the results of the MDRD study shown? J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 10:2426-39
41. Ludwig J, Viggiano TR, McGill DB, Ott BJ. 1980. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Mayo Clinic experiences with a hitherto unnamed disease. Mayo Clin. Proc. 55:434-38
42. Marchesini G. 1999. Association of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease with insulin resistance. Am. J. Med. 107(5):450-55
43. Marchesini G, Bugianesi E, Forlani G, Cerrelli F, Lenzi M, et al. 2003. Nonalcoholic fatty liver, steatohepatitis, and the metabolic syndrome. Hepatology 37:917-23
44. Matteoni CA, Younossi ZM, Gramlich T, Boparai N, Yao CL, McCullough AJ. 1999. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a spectrum of clinical and pathological severity. Gastroenterology 116:1413-19
45. McCullough AJ. 2004. The clinical features, diagnosis and natural history of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin. Liver Dis. 8:521-33, viii
46. McLaughlin T, Carter S, Lamendola C, Abbasi F, Yee G, et al. 2006. Effects of moderate variations in macronutrient composition on weight loss and reduction in cardiovascular disease risk in obese, insulin-resistant adults. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 84:813-21
47. Miyazaki Y, Glass L, Triplitt C, Wajcberg E, Mandarino LJ, DeFronzo RA. 2002. Abdominal fat distribution and peripheral and hepatic insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 283:1135-43
48. Moller DE, Flier JS. 1991. Insulin resistance-mechanisms, syndromes, and implications. N. Engl. J. Med. 325:938-48
49. Nguyen-Duy T, Nichaman MZ, Church TS, Blair SN, Ross R. 2003. Visceral fat and liver fat are independent predictors of metabolic risk factors in men. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 284:1065-71
50. Pagano G, Pacini G, Musso G, Gambino R, Mecca F, et al. 2002. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome: further evidence for an etiologic association. Hepatology 35:367-72
51. Panagiotakos DB, Polychronopoulos E. 2005. The role of Mediterranean diet in the epidemiology of metabolic syndrome; converting epidemiology to clinical practice. Lipids Health Dis. 4:7
52. Park SH, Kim BI, Kim SH, Kim HJ, Park DI, et al. 2007. Body fat distribution and insulin resistance: beyond obesity in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease among overweight men. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 26:321-26
53. Totty P. 2008. ADA now supports low-carb diets. Diabetes Health, Jan. 9
54. Poonawala A, Nair SP, Thuluvath PJ. 2000. Prevalence of obesity and diabetes in patients with cryptogenic cirrhosis: a case-control study. Hepatology 32:689-92
55. Powell EE, Cooksley WGE, Hanson R, Searle J, Halliday JW, Powell LW. 1990. The natural history of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: a follow-up study of forty-two patients for up to 21 years. Hepatology 11:74-80
56. Reddy ST,Wang C, Sakhaee K, Brinkley L, Pak CYC. 2002. Effect of low-carbohydrate high-protein diets on acid-base balance, stone-forming propensity, and calcium metabolism. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 40:265-74
57. Ruhl CE, Everharty JE. 2003. Determinants of the association of overweight with elevated serum alanine aminotransferase activity in the United States. Gastroenterology 124:71-79
58. Ryan MC, Abbasi F, Lamendola C, Carter S, McLaughlin TL. 2007. Serum alanine aminotransferase levels decrease further with carbohydrate than fat restriction in insulin-resistant adults. Diabetes Care 30:1075-80
59. Sanyal AJ, Campbell-Sargent C, Mirshahi F, Rizzo WB, Contos MJ, et al. 2001. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: association of insulin resistance and mitochondrial abnormalities. Gastroenterology 120:1183-92
60. Scribner KB, Pawlak DB, Ludwig DS. 2007. Hepatic steatosis and increased adiposity in mice consuming rapidly vs. slowly absorbed carbohydrate. Obesity (Silver Spring) 15(9):2190-99
61. Sears B. 1995. The Zone: A Dietary Road Map. New York: HarperCollins
62. Serra-Majem L, Roman B, Estruch R. 2006. Scientific evidence of interventions using the Mediterranean diet: a systematic review. Nutr. Rev. 64:S27-47
63. Shaffer EA. 2006. Bariatric surgery: a promising solution for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in the very obese. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 40:S44-50
64. Sharman MJ, Kraemer WJ, Love DM, Avery NG, Gomez AL, et al. 2002. A ketogenic diet favorably affects serum biomarkers for cardiovascular disease in normal-weight men. J. Nutr. 132:1879-85
65. Sheth SG, Gordon FD, Chopra S. 1997. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Ann. Int. Med. 126:137-45
66. Solga S, Alkhuraishe AR, Clark JM, Torbenson M, Greenwald A, et al. 2004. Dietary composition and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Dig. Dis. Sci. 49:1578-83
67. Stern L, Iqbal N, Seshadri P, Chicano KL, Daily DA, et al. 2004. The effects of low-carbohydrate versus conventional weight loss diets in severely obese adults: one-year follow-up of a randomized trial. Ann. Int. Med. 140:778-85
68. Tamura S, Shimomura I. 2005. Contribution of adipose tissue and de novo lipogenesis to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J. Clin. Invest. 115:1139-42
69. Tazawa Y, Noguchi H, Nishinomiya F, Takada G. 1997. Serum alanine aminotransferase activity in obese children. Acta Paediatr. Int. J. Paediatr. 86:238-41
70. Teli MR, James OFW, Burt AD, Bennett MK, Day CP. 1995. The natural history of nonalcoholic fatty liver: a follow-up study. Hepatology 22:1714-19
71. Toshimitsu K, Matsuura B, Ohkubo I, Niiya T, Furukawa S, et al. 2007. Dietary habits and nutrient intake in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Nutrition 23(1):46-52
72. Volek JS, Sharman MJ, Gómez AL, Judelson DA, Rubin MR, et al. 2004. Comparison of energy-restricted very low-carbohydrate and low-fat diets on weight loss and body composition in overweight men and women. Nutr. Metab. (Lond.) 1:13
73. Wang C, Liang L, Fu J, Zou C. 2008. Effect of lifestyle intervention on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in Chinese obese children. World J. Gastroenterol. 14(10):1598-602
74. Westman EC, Yancy WS, Edman JS, Tomlin KF, Perkins CE. 2002. Effect of 6-month adherence to a very low carbohydrate diet program. Am. J. Med. 113:30-36
75. Yancy WS Jr, Olsen MK, Guyton JR, Bakst RP,Westman EC. 2004. A low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet versus a low-fat diet to treat obesity and hyperlipidemia: a randomized, controlled trial. Ann. Int. Med. 140:769-77
76. Yang SQ, Lin HZ, Lane MD, Clemens M, Diehl AM. 1997. Obesity increases sensitivity to endotoxin liver injury: implications for the pathogenesis of steatohepatitis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94:2557-62
77. Zelber-Sagi S, Nitzan-Kaluski D, Goldsmith R, Webb M, Blendis L, et al. 2007. Long term nutritional intake and the risk for non-alcoholic liver disease: a population based study. J. Hepatol. 47(5):711-17
78. Zivkovic AM, German JB, Sanyal AJ. 2007. Comparative review of diets for the metabolic syndrome: implications for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 86:285-300