Marine invertebrates as models for aging research

Experimental Gerontology

Volumn 44, Issue 8, 2009, Pages 477-484

  Bodnar, A G ^a  

^a BERMUDA INSTITUTE OF OCEAN SCIENCES   (Bermuda)

Author keywords

Aging; Bivalves; DNA damage; Marine invertebrates; Reactive oxygen species; Sea urchins; Telomeres

Indexed keywords

ALPHA TOCOPHEROL; ASCORBIC ACID; CAROTENOID; CATALASE; DNA; FREE RADICAL; GLUTATHIONE; PEROXIDASE; REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITE; RETINOL; SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE;

AGING; ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY; BIVALVE; CELL DAMAGE; CYTOLOGY; DNA DAMAGE; DNA REPAIR; EXPERIMENTAL MODEL; GENETIC STABILITY; INVERTEBRATE; LIFE HISTORY; LIFESPAN; LONGEVITY; MARINE SPECIES; MOLECULAR BIOLOGY; MOLECULAR MECHANICS; MORTALITY; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REPRODUCTION; REVIEW; SEA URCHIN; TELOMERE;

AGING; ANIMALS; BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH; BIVALVIA; INVERTEBRATES; LONGEVITY; MODELS, ANIMAL; REPRODUCTION;

ANIMALIA; BIVALVIA; ECHINOIDEA; INVERTEBRATA;

EID: 67650627733     PISSN: 05315565     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2009.05.001     Document Type: Review

References (122)

1. Abele D., and Puntarulo S. Formation of reactive species and induction of antioxidant defence systems in polar and temperate marine invertebrates and fish. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A 138 (2004) 405-415
2. Abele E., Strahl J., Brey T., and Philipp E.E.R. Imperceptible senescence. Ageing in the ocean quahog Arctica islandica. Free Radical Res. 42 (2008) 474-480
3. Anderson S.L., Hose J.E., and Knezovich J.P. Genotoxic and developmental effects in sea urchins are sensitive indicators of effects of genotoxic chemicals. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 13 (1994) 1033-1041
4. Balaban R.S., Nemoto S., and Finkel T. Mitochondria, oxidant and aging. Cell 120 (2005) 483-495
5. Barber B.J. Neoplastic diseases of commercially important marine bivalves. Aquat. Living Resour. 17 (2004) 449-466
6. Barber B.J., MacCallum G.S., Robinson S.M.C., and McGladdery S. Occurrence and lack of transmissibility of gonadal neoplasia in softshell clams, Mya arenaria, in Maine (USA) and Atlantic Canada. Aquat. Living Resour. 15 (2002) 319-326
7. Barker C.M., Calvert R.J., Walker C.W., and Reinisch C.L. Detection of mutant p53 in clam leukemia cells. Exp. Cell Res. 232 (1997) 240-245
8. Bergquist D.C., Williams F.M., and Fisher C.R. Longevity record for deep-sea invertebrate. Nature 403 (2000) 499-500
9. Blander G., and Guarente L. The Sir2 family of protein deacetylases. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 73 (2004) 417-435
10. Brey T. Population dynamics of Sterechinus antarcticus (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) on the Weddell Sea Shelf and slope, Antarctica. Antarct. Sci. 3 (1991) 251-256
11. Brockington S., and Peck L.S. Seasonality of respiration and ammonium excretion in the Antarctic echinoid Sterechinus neumayeri. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 219 (2001) 159-168
12. Brousseau D.J., and Baglivo J.A. Notes on epizootiological aspects (sex and age) of disseminated neoplasia in Mya arenaria from Long Island Sound. J. Invert. Pathol. 63 (1994) 214-216
13. Bureau D., Hajas W., Surry N.W., Hand C.M., Dovey G., and Campbell A. Age, size structure and growth parameters of geoducks (Panopea abrupta. Conrad 1849) from 34 locations in British Columbia sampled between 1993 and 2000. Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2413 (2002) 84
14. Campana S.E. Accuracy, precision and quality control in age determination, including a review of the use and abuse of age validation methods. J. Fish Biol. 59 (2001) 197-242
15. Campisi J., Kim S.H., Lim C.S., and Rubio M. Cellular senescence, cancer and aging: the telomere connection. Exp. Gerontol. 36 (2001) 1619-1637
16. Camus L., Gulliksen B., Depledge M.H., and Jones M.B. Polar bivalves are characterized by high antioxidant defences. Polar Res. 24 (2005) 111-118
17. Canova S., Degan P., Peters L.D., Livingstone D.R., Voltan R., and Venier P. Tissue dose, DNA adducts, oxidative DNA damage and CYP1A-immunopositive proteins in mussels exposed to waterborne benzo[a]pyrene. Mut. Res. 399 (1998) 17-30
18. Cargnelli, L.M., Griesbach, S.J., Packer, D.B., Weissberger, E., 1999. Essential fish habitat source document: ocean quahog, Arctica islandica, life history and habitat characteristics. NOAA technical memorandum NMFS-NE-148.
19. Ciocan C.M., and Rotchell J.M. Conservation of cancer genes in the marine invertebrate Mytilus edulis. Environ. Sci. Technol. 39 (2005) 3029-3033
20. Cowan D.F. Method for assessing relative abundance, size distribution, and growth of recently settled and early juvenile lobsters (Homarus americanus) in the lower intertidal zone. J. Crustacean Biol. 19 (1999) 738-751
21. Depledge M.H. The ecotoxicological significance of genotoxicity in marine invertebrates. Mut. Res. 399 (1998) 109-122
22. Dixon D.R., Pruski A.M., Dixon L.R.J., and Jha A.N. Marine invertebrate eco-genotoxicology: a methodological overview. Mutagenesis 17 (2002) 495-507
23. Dondero F., Piacentini L., Marsano F., Rebelo M., Vergani L., Venier P., and Viarengo A. Gene transcription profiling in pollutant exposed mussels (Mytilus spp.) using a new low-density oligonucleotide microarray. Gene 376 (2006) 24-36
24. Druzhyna N.M., Wilson G.L., and Le Doux S.P. Mitochondrial DNA repair in aging and disease. Mech. Ageing Dev. 129 (2008) 383-390
25. Ebert T.A. Growth and mortality in postlarval echinoids. Am. Zool. 15 (1975) 755-775
26. Ebert T.A. Longevity, life history, and relative body wall size in sea urchins. Ecol. Monogr. 52 (1982) 353-394
27. Ebert T.A. An analysis of the importance of Allee effects in management of the red sea urchin Strongylocentrotus franciscanus. In: Mooi R., and Telford M. (Eds). Echinoderms: San Francisco. Proceedings of the Ninth International Echinoderm Conference (1998), A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. 619-627
28. Ebert T.A. Growth and survival of postsettlement sea urchins. In: Lawrence J.M. (Ed). Edible Sea Urchins: Biology and Ecology. second ed. (2007), Elsevier, Oxford 95-134
29. Ebert T.A. Longevity and lack of senescence in the red sea urchin Strongylocentrotus franciscanus. Exp. Gerontol. 43 (2008) 734-738
30. Ebert T.A., Dixon J.D., Schroeter S.C., Kalvass P.E., Richmond N.T., Bradbury W.A., and Woodby D.A. Growth and mortality of red sea urchins Strongylocentrotus franciscanus across a latitudinal gradient. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 190 (1999) 189-209
31. Ebert T.A., Russell M.P., Gamba G., and Bodnar A. Growth, survival, and longevity estimates for the rock-boring sea urchin Echinometra lucunter lucunter (Echinodermata, Echinoidea) in Bermuda. Bull. Mar. Sci. 82 (2008) 381-403
32. Ebert T.A., Schroeter S.C., Dixon J.D., and Kalvass P. Settlement patterns of red and purple sea urchins (Strongylocentrotus franciscanus and S. Purpuratus) in California, USA. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 111 (1994) 41-52
33. 14carbon. Fish. Bull. 101 4 (2003) 915-922
34. Estabrooks S.L. The telomeres of the bay scallop, Argopecten irradians (Lamarck). J. Shellfish Res. 18 (1999) 401-404
35. Estabrooks S.L. The possible role of telomeres in the short life span of the bay scallop, Argopecten irradians irradians (Lamarck 1819). J. Shellfish Res. 26 (2007) 307-313
36. Estevez M.S., Abele D., and Puntarulo S. Lipid radical generation in polar (Laternula elliptica) and temperate (Mya arenaria) bivalves. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B 132 (2002) 729-737
37. Factor J.R. Biology of the Lobster Homarus americanus (1995), Academic Press, San Diego, CA, USA
38. Farcy E., Fleury C., Lelong C., Dubos M.P., Voiseux C., Fiévet B., and Lebel J.M. Molecular cloning of a new member of the p53 family from the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas and seasonal pattern of its transcriptional expression level. Mar. Environ. Res. 66 (2008) 300-308
39. Fernandez-Guerra A., Aze A., Morales J., Mulner-Lorillon O., Cosson B., Cormier P., Bradham C., Adams N., Robertson A.J., Marzluff W.F., Coffman J.A., and Genevière A.-M. The genomic repertoire for cell cycle control and DNA metabolism in S. Purpuratus. Dev. Biol. 300 (2006) 238-251
40. Finch, C.E., 1990. Longevity, Senescence, and the Genome. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL, pp. 206-226.
41. Finch C.E., and Austad S.N. History and prospects: symposium on organisms with slow aging. Exp. Gerontol. 36 (2001) 593-597
42. Finkel T., and Holbrook N.J. Oxidants, oxidative stress and the biology of ageing. Nature 408 (2000) 239-247
43. Francis A.A., Lee W.H., and Regan J.D. The relationship of DNA excision repair of ultraviolet-induced lesions to the maximum life span of mammals. Mech. Ageing Dev. 16 (1981) 181-189
44. Francis N., Gregg T., Owen R., Ebert T., and Bodnar A. Lack of age-associated telomere shortening in long- and short-lived species of sea urchins. FEBS Lett. 580 (2006) 4713-4717
45. Gardner G.R. Chemically induced histopathology in aquatic invertebrates. In: Couch J.A., and Fournie J.W. (Eds). Advances in Fisheries Science. Pathology of Marine and Estuarine Organisms (1993), CRC Press Inc., Boca Ratan, FL 359-392
46. Gardner G.R., Pruell R.J., and Malcolm R. Chemical induction of tumors in oysters by a mixture of aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons, amines and metals. Mar. Environ. Res. 34 (1992) 59-63
47. Gardner G.R., Yevich P.P., Harshbarger J.C., and Malcolm A.R. Carcinogenicity of Black Rock Harbor sediment to the eastern oyster and trophic transfer of Black Rock Harbor carcinogens from the blue mussel to the winter flounder. Environ. Health Perspec. 90 (1991) 53-66
48. Goodwin, C.L., Pease, B., 1989. Species profiles: life histories and environmental requirements of coastal fishes and invertebrates (Pacific Northwest) - Pacific geoduck clam. US Fish. Wildl. Serv. Biol. Rep. 82(11.120). US Army Corps of Engineers, TR EL-82-4.
49. Guarente L., and Kenyon C. Genetic pathways that regulate ageing in model organisms. Nature 408 (2000) 255-262
50. Guo X., and Allen Jr. S.K. Fluorescence in situ hybridization of vertebrate telomere sequence to chromosome ends of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas Thunberg. J. Shellfish Res. 16 (1997) 87-89
51. Harman D. Aging: a theory based on free radical and radiation chemistry. J. Gerontol. 11 (1956) 298-300
52. Hart R.W., and Setlow R.B. Correlation between deoxyribonucleic acid excision-repair and life-span in a number of mammalian species. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 71 (1974) 2169-2173
53. Hartnoll R.G. Growth in crustacea - twenty years on. Hydrobiologia 449 (2001) 111-122
54. Heinecke J.W., and Shapiro B.M. Respiratory burst oxidase of fertilization. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86 (1989) 1259-1263
55. Heino M., and Kaitala V. Evolution of resource allocation between growth and reproduction in animals with indeterminate growth. J. Evol. Biol. 12 (1999) 423-429
56. Heise K., Puntarulo S., Pörtner H.O., and Abele D. Production of reactive oxygen species by isolated mitochondria of the Antarctic bivalve Laternula elliptica (King and Broderip) under heat stress. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C 134 (2003) 79-90
57. Hesselman D.M., Blake N.J., and Peters E.C. Gonadal neoplasms in hard shell clams Mercenaria spp., from the Indian River, Florida: occurrence, prevalence, and histopathology. J. Invert. Pathol. 52 (1988) 436-446
58. Hose J.E. Potential uses of sea urchin embryos for identifying toxic chemicals: description of a bioassay incorporating cytologic, cytogenetic and embryologic endpoints. J. Appl. Toxicol. 5 (1985) 245-254
59. Ivanina A.V., Sokolova I.M., and Sukhotin A.A. Oxidative stress and expression of chaperones in aging mollusks. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B 150 (2008) 53-61
60. Jha A.N. Genotoxicological studies in aquatic organisms: an overview. Mut. Res. 552 (2004) 1-17
61. Karanjawala Z.E., and Lieber M.R. DNA damage and aging. Mech. Ageing Dev. 125 (2004) 405-416
62. Keller L., and Genoud M. Extraordinary lifespans in ants: a test of evolutionary theories of ageing. Nature 389 (1997) 958-960
63. Kelley M.L., Winge P., Heaney J.D., Stephens R.E., Farell J.H., Van Beneden R.J., Reinisch C.L., Lesser M.P., and Walker C.W. Expression of homologues for p53 and p73 in the softshell clam (Mya arenaria), a naturally-occurring model for human cancer. Oncogene 20 (2001) 748-758
64. Khudoloy V.V., and Syrenko O.A. Tumor induction by N-nitroso compounds in bivalve mollusks Unio pictorum. Cancer Lett. 4 (1978) 349-354
65. Kilada R.W., Campana S.E., and Roddick D. Validated age, growth, and mortality estimates of the ocean quahog (Arctica islandica) in the western Atlantic. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 64 (2007) 31-38
66. Kirkwood T.B.L. Understanding the odd science of aging. Cell 120 (2005) 437-447
67. Klapper W., Kuhne K., Singh K.K., Heidorn K., Parwaresch R., and Krupp G. Longevity of lobsters is linked to ubiquitous telomerase expression. FEBS Lett. 439 (1998) 143-146
68. Korkina L.G., Deeva I.B., de Biase A., Iaccarino M., Oral R., Warnau M., and Pagano G. Redox-dependent toxicity of diepoxybutane and mitomycin C in sea urchin embryogenesis. Carcinogenesis 21 (2000) 213-220
69. Lamare M.D., Barker M.F., Lesser M.P., and Marshall C. DNA photorepair in echinoid embryos: effects of temperature on repair rate in Antarctic and non-Antarctic species. J. Exp. Biol. 209 (2006) 5017-5028
70. Lawrence J.M. Edible Sea Urchins: Biology and Ecology. second ed. (2007), Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
71. Le Bouffant R., Cormier P., Cueff A., Bellé R., and Mulner-Lorillon O. Sea urchin embryo as a model for analysis of the signaling pathways linking DNA damage checkpoint, DNA repair and apoptosis. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 64 (2007) 1723-1734
72. Leavitt D.F., McDowell Capuzzo J., Smolowitz R.M., Miosky D.L., Lancaster B.A., and Reinisch C.L. Hematopoietic neoplasia in Mya arenaria: prevalence and indices of physiological condition. Mar. Biol. 105 (1990) 313-321
73. Lejnine S., Makarov V.L., and Langmore J.P. Conserved nucleoprotein structure at the ends of vertebrate and invertebrate chromosomes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92 (1995) 2393-2397
74. Lesser M.P., Kruse V.A., and Barry T.M. Exposure to ultraviolet radiation causes apoptosis in developing sea urchin embryos. J. Exp. Biol. 206 (2003) 4097-4103
75. Lombard D.B., Chua K.F., Mostoslavsky R., Franco S., Gostissa M., and Alt F.W. DNA repair, genomic stability and aging. Cell 120 (2005) 497-512
76. Murphy G.I. Pattern of life history and the environment. Am. Nat. 102 (1968) 391-411
77. Murray, S.N., Ambrose, R.F., Dethier, M.N., 2002. Methods for performing monitoring, impact and ecological studies on rocky shores. US Department of the Interior, Minerals Management Service. OCS Study -MMS 2001-070.
78. Muttray A.F., Cox R.L., St-Jean S., van Poppelen P., Reinisch C.L., and Baldwin S.A. Identification and phylogenetic comparison of p53 in two distinct mussel species (Mytilus). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C 140 (2005) 237-250
79. Nielsen J.K., Helama S., and Schöne B. Shell growth history of geoduck clam (Panopea abrupta) in Parry passage, British Columbia, Canada: temporal variation in annuli and the Pacific decadal oscillation. J. Oceanogr. 64 (2008) 951-960
80. Owen R., Sarkis S., and Bodnar A. Developmental pattern of telomerase expression in the sand scallop, Euvola ziczac. Invert. Biol. 126 (2007) 40-45
81. Pagano G., de Biase A., Deeva I.B., Degan P., Doronin Y.K., Iaccarino M., Oral R., Trieff N.M., Warnau M., and Korkina L.G. The role of oxidative stress in development and reproductive toxicity of tamoxifen. Life Sci. 68 (2001) 1735-1749
82. Pagano G., Degan P., de Biase A., Iaccarino, and Warnau M. Diepoxybutane and mitomycin C toxicity is associated with the induction of oxidative DNA damage in sea urchin embryos. Hum. Exp. Toxicol. 20 (2001) 651-655
83. Partridge L. Evolutionary theories of ageing applied to long-lived organisms. Exp. Gerontol. 36 (2001) 641-650
84. Pearl R. The Rate of Living (1928), University of London Press, London
85. Peck L.S., and Bullough L.W. Growth and population structure in the infaunal bivalve Yoldia eightsi in relation to iceberg activity at Signy Island. Antarctica Mar. Biol. 117 (1993) 235-241
86. Perez-Campo R., López-Torres M., Cadenas S., Rojas C., and Barja G. The rate of free radical production as a determinant of the rate of aging: evidence from the comparative approach. J. Comp. Physiol. B 168 (1998) 149-158
87. Philipp E., Brey T., Pörtner H.-O., and Abele D. Chronological and physiological ageing in a polar and a temperate mud clam. Mech. Ageing Dev. 126 (2005) 598-609
88. Philipp E., Pörtner H.-O., and Abele D. Mitochondrial ageing of a polar and a temperate mud clam. Mech. Ageing Dev. 126 (2005) 610-619
89. Philipp E., Brey T., Heilmayer O., Abele D., and Pörtner H.-O. Physiological ageing in a temperate and a polar swimming scallop. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 307 (2006) 187-198
90. Phohl M., Prats E., Martinez-Lage A., Gonzalez-Tizon A., Mendez J., and Cornudella L. Telomeric localization of the vertebrate-type hexamer repeat (TTAGGG)n in the wedgeshell clam Donax trunculus and other marine invertebrate genomes. J. Biol. Chem. 277 (2002) 19839-19846
91. Regoli F., Nigro M., Bompadre S., and Winston G.W. Total oxidant scavenging capacity (TOSC) of microsomal and cytosolic fractions from Antarctic, Arctic and Mediterranean scallops: differentiation between three potent oxidants. Aquat. Toxicol. 49 (2000) 13-25
92. Regoli F., Principato G.B., Bertoli E., Nigro M., and Orlando E. Biochemical characterization of the antioxidant system in the scallop Adamussium colbecki, a sentinel organism for monitoring the Antarctic environment. Polar Biol. 17 (1997) 251-258
93. Rogers-Bennett L., Rogers D.W., Bennett W.A., and Ebert T.A. Modeling red sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus franciscanus) growth using six growth functions. Fish. Bull. 101 3 (2003) 614-626
94. Saavedra C., and Bachère E. Bivalve genomics. Aquaculture 256 (2006) 1-14
95. Sea Urchin Genome Sequencing Consortium. The genome of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. Science 314 (2006) 941-952
96. Schöne, B.R., Fiebig, J., Pfeiffer, M., Gleβ, R., Hickson, J., Johnson, A.L.A., Dreyer, W., Oschmann, W., 2005. Climate records from a bivalve Methuselah (Arctica islandica, Mollusca; Iceland). Palaeo. 228, 130-148.
97. Shapiro B.M. The control of oxidant stress at fertilization. Science 252 (1991) 533-536
98. Shawi M., and Autexier C. Telomerase, senescence and ageing. Mech. Ageing Dev. 129 (2008) 3-10
99. Sheehy M.R.J., Bannister R.C.A., Wickins J.K., and Shelton P.M.J. New perspectives on the growth and longevity of the European lobster (Homarus gammarus). Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 56 (1999) 1904-1915
100. Shigenaga M.K., Hagen T.M., and Ames B.N. Oxidative damage and mitochondrial decay in aging. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91 (1994) 10771-10778
101. Sindermann, C.J., 1990. In: Principal Diseases of Marine Fish and Shellfish, vol. 2. Academic Press, Inc., San Diego, CA.
102. Sloan N.A., Lauridsen C.P., and Harbo R.M. Recruitment characteristics of the commercially harvested red sea urchin Strongylocentrotus franciscanus in Southern British Columbia. Canada. Fish. Res. 5 (1987) 55-69
103. Sparks, A.K., 1972. In: Invertebrate Pathology, Noncommunicable Diseases. Academic Press, New York, NY.
104. Sparks A.K. Observations on the history of non-insect invertebrate pathology from the perspective of a participant. J. Invert. Pathol. 89 (2005) 67-77
105. Strahl J., Philipp E., Brey T., Broeg K., and Abele D. Physiological aging in the Icelandic population of the ocean quahog Arctica islandica. Aquatic Biol. 1 (2007) 77-83
106. Strathmann M. Reproduction and Development of Marine Invertebrates of the Northern Pacific Coast (1987), University of Washington Press, Seattle
107. Sukhotin A.A., and Pörtner H.-O. Age-dependence of metabolism in mussels Mytilus edulis (L.) from the White Sea. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 257 (2001) 53-72
108. Tanguy A., Bierne N., Saavedra C., Pina B., Bachère E., Kube M., Bazin E., Bonhomme F., Boudry P., Boulo V., Boutet I., Cancela L., Dossat C., Favrel P., Huvet A., Jarque S., Jollivet D., Klages S., Lapègue S., Leite R., Moal J., Moraga D., Reinhardt R., Samain J.-F., Zouros E., and Canario A. Increasing genomic information in bivalves through new EST collections in four species: development of new genetic markers for environmental studies and genome evolution. Gene 408 (2008) 27-36
109. 228Ra chronology. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 72 (1975) 2829-2832
110. 1. Limnol. Oceanogr. 27 (1982) 737-741
111. Twomey E., and Mulcahy M.F. Epizootiological aspects of a sarcoma in the cockle Cerastoderma edule. Dis. Aquat. Org. 5 (1988) 225-238
112. Uglem I., Belchier M., and Svåsand T. Age determination of European lobsters (Homarus gammarus L.) by histological quantification of lipofuscin. J. Crustacean Biol. 25 (2005) 95-99
113. Ulbricht R.J., and Pritchard A.W. Effect of temperature on the metabolic rate of sea urchins. Biol. Bull. 142 (1972) 178-185
114. Vaupel J.W., Baudisch A., Dölling M., Roach D.A., and Gampe J. The case for negative senescence. Theor. Popul. Biol. 65 (2004) 339-351
115. Venier P., and Canova S. Formation of DNA adducts in the gill tissue of Mytilus galloprovincialis treated with benzo[a]pyrene. Aquat. Toxicol. 34 (1996) 119-133
116. Viarengo A., Canesi L., Garcia Martinez P., Peters D., and Livingstone D.R. Pro-oxidant processes and antioxidant defence systems in the tissues of the Antarctic scallop (Adamussium colbecki) compared with the Mediterranean scallop (Pecten jacobaeus). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B 111 (1995) 119-126
117. Viarengo A., Canesi L., Pertica M., Livingstone D.R., and Orunesu M. Age-related lipid peroxidation in the digestive gland of mussels: the role of the antioxidant defence systems. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 47 (1991) 454-457
118. Walker C.W., Bottger S., and Low B. Mortalin-based cytoplasmic sequestration of p53 in a non mammalian cancer model. Am. J. Pathol. 168 (2006) 1526-1530
119. Wallace D.C. Mitochondrial genetics: a paradigm for aging and degenerative diseases?. Science 256 (1992) 628-632
120. Wanamaker Jr. A.D., Heinemeier J., Scourse J.D., Richardson C.A., Butler P.G., Eirίksson J., and Knudsen K.L. Very long-lived mollusks confirm 17th century AD tephra-based radiocarbon reservoir ages for north Icelandic shelf waters. Radiocarbon 50 3 (2008) 399-412
121. Wong J.L., and Wessel G.M. Reactive oxygen species and Udx1 during early sea urchin development. Dev. Biol. 288 (2005) 317-333
122. Zhang Z., and Hand C. Recruitment patterns and precautionary exploitation rates for geoduck (Panopea abrupta) populations in British Columbia. J. Shellfish Res. 25 (2006) 445-453