Pain and inflammatory bowel disease

Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

Volumn 15, Issue 5, 2009, Pages 778-788

  Bielefeldt, Klaus ^a   Davis, Brian ^a   Binion, David G ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Hyperalgesia; Inflammatory bowel disease; Sensitization

Indexed keywords

ASIMADOLINE; DESIPRAMINE; GLIAL CELL LINE DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR; INFLIXIMAB; LIDOCAINE; MU OPIATE RECEPTOR AGONIST; N METHYL DEXTRO ASPARTIC ACID RECEPTOR; N METHYL DEXTRO ASPARTIC ACID RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; NERVE GROWTH FACTOR; OPIATE; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITOR; TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; VANILLOID RECEPTOR 1; VANILLOID RECEPTOR 4;

ABDOMINAL PAIN; ANALGESIC ACTIVITY; ANXIETY DISORDER; BEHAVIOR THERAPY; CHRONIC PAIN; CLINICAL TRIAL; CROHN DISEASE; DEPRESSION; DISEASE EXACERBATION; DISEASE SEVERITY; ENTERITIS; GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASE; GENE EXPRESSION; HUMAN; HYPERALGESIA; INFLAMMATION; MOOD DISORDER; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; NARCOTIC DEPENDENCE; NONHUMAN; PAIN THRESHOLD; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSICAL STRESS; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SENSITIZATION; SENSORY NERVE; SYMPTOMATOLOGY; SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION; ULCERATIVE COLITIS; VISCERAL PAIN;

HUMANS; INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES; PAIN;

EID: 67650340192     PISSN: 10780998     EISSN: 15364844     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/ibd.20848     Document Type: Review

References (125)

1. Aghazadeh R, Zali MR, Bahari A, et al. Inflammatory bowel disease in Iran: a review of 457 cases. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005;20:1691-1695.
2. Wagtmans MJ, Verspaget HW, Lamers CB, et al. Crohn's disease in the elderly: a comparison with young adults. J Clin Gastroenterol. 1998;27:129-133.
3. Cross RK, Wilson KT, Binion DG. Narcotic use in patients with Crohn's disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2005;100:2225-2229.
4. Edwards JT, Radford-Smith GL, Florin TH. Chronic narcotic use in inflammatory bowel disease patients: prevalence and clinical characteristics. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2001;16:1235-1238.
5. Lichtenstein GR, Feagan BG, Cohen RD, et al. Serious infections and mortality in association with therapies for Crohn's disease: TREAT registry. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006;4:621-630.
6. Strigo IA, Bushnell MC, Boivin M, et al. Psychophysical analysis of visceral and cutaneous pain in human subjects. Pain. 2002;97:235-246.
7. Lix LM, Graff LA, Walker JR, et al. Longitudinal study of quality of life and psychological functioning for active, fluctuating, and inactive disease patterns in inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2008;14:1575-1584.
8. Matuk R, Crawford J, Abreu MT, et al. The spectrum of gastrointestinal toxicity and effect on disease activity of selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2004;10:352-356.
9. Takeuchi K, Smale S, Premchand P, et al. Prevalence and mechanism of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced clinical relapse in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006;4:196-202.
10. Kaplan MA, Korelitz BI. Narcotic dependence in inflammatory bowel disease. J Clin Gastroenterol. 1988;10:275-278.
11. Bielefeldt K, Christianson JA, Davis BM. Basic and clinical aspects of visceral sensation: transmission to the CNS. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2005;17:488-499.
12. Delafoy L, Gelot A, Ardid D, et al. Interactive involvement of brain derived neurotrophic factor, nerve growth factor, and calcitonin gene related peptide in colonic hypersensitivity in the rat. Gut. 2006;55:940-945.
13. Lamb K, Zhong F, Gebhart GF, et al. Experimental colitis in mice and sensitization of converging visceral and somatic afferent pathways. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2006;290:G451-457.
14. Eijkelkamp N, Kavelaars A, Elsenbruch S, et al. Increased visceral sensitivity to capsaicin after DSS-induced colitis in mice: spinal cord c-fos expression and behavior. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2007;293:G749-757.
15. Beyak MJ, Ramji N, Krol KM, et al. Two TTX-resistant NA+ currents in mouse colonic dorsal root ganglia neurons and their role in colitis-induced hyperexcitability. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2004;287:G845-855.
16. Stewart TM, Beyak MJ, Vanner SJ. Ileitis modulates potassium and sodium currents in guinea pig dorsal root ganglia neurons. J Physiol (Lond). 2003;552.3:797-807.
17. Coldwell JR, Phillis BD, Sutherland K, et al. Increased responsiveness of rat colonic splanchnic afferents to 5-HT after inflammation and recovery. J Physiol (Lond). 2007;579:203-213.
18. Wynn G, Ma B, Ruan HZ, et al. Purinergic component of mechanosensory transduction is increased in a rat model of colitis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2004;287:G647-657.
19. Linden DR, Chen J-X, Gershon MD, et al. Serotonin availability is increased in mucosa of guinea pigs with TNBS-induced colitis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2003;285:G207-216.
20. O'Hara JR, Ho W, Linden DR, et al. Enteroendocrine cells and 5-HT availability are altered in mucosa of guinea pigs with TNBS ileitis. Am J Physiol. 2004;287:G998-G1007.
21. Zhong F, Christianson JA, Davis BM, et al. Dichotomizing axons in spinal and vagal afferents of the mouse stomach. Dig Dis Sci. 2008; 53:194-203.
22. Robinson DR, Mcnaughton PA, Evans ML, et al. Characterization of the primary spinal afferent innervation of the mouse colon using retrograde labelling. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2004;16:113-124.
23. Christianson JA, Traub RJ, Davis BM. Differences in spinal distribution and neurochemical phenotype of colonic afferents in mouse and rat. J Comp Neurol. 2006;494:246-259.
24. Fasanella KE, Christianson JA, Chanthaphavong RS, et al. Distribution and neurochemical identification of pancreatic afferents in the mouse. J Comp Neurol. 2008;509:42-52.
25. Razavi R, Chan Y, Afifiyan FN, et al. Trpv1+ sensory neurons control beta cell stress and islet inflammation in autoimmune diabetes. Cell. 2006;127:1123-1135.
26. Jones RCW III, Xu L, Gebhart GF. The mechanosensitivity of mouse colon afferent fibers and their sensitization by inflammatory mediators require transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 and acid-sensing ion channel 3. J Neurosci. 2005;25:10981-10989.
27. Karai L, Brown DC, Mannes AJ, et al. Deletion of vanilloid receptor 1-expressing primary afferent neurons for pain control. J Clin Invest. 2004;113:1344-1352.
28. Petho G, Izydorczyk I, Reeh PW. Effects of TRPV1 receptor antagonists on stimulated ICGRP release from isolated skin of rats and TRPV1 mutant mice. Pain. 2004;109:284-290.
29. Wick EC, Hoge SG, Grahn SW, et al. Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1, calcitonin gene-related peptide, and substance P mediate nociception in acute pancreatitis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2006;290:G959-969.
30. Miranda A, Nordstrom E, Mannem A, et al. The role of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 in mechanical and chemical visceral hyperalgesia following experimental colitis. Neuroscience. 2007;148: 1021-1032.
31. Sipe WEB, Brierley SM, Martin CM, et al. Transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 mediates protease activated receptor 2-induced sensitization of colonic afferent nerves and visceral hyperalgesia. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2008;294:G1288-1298.
32. Malin SA, Molliver DC, Koerber HR, et al. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor family members sensitize nociceptors in vitro and produce thermal hyperalgesia in vivo. J Neurosci. 2006;26:8588-8599.
33. Sofroniew MV, Howe CL, Mobley WC. Nerve growth factor signaling, neuroprotection, and neural repair. Annu Rev Neurosci. 2001;24:1217-1281.
34. Barada KA, Mourad FH, Sawah SI, et al. Up-regulation of nerve growth factor and interleukin-10 in inflamed and non-inflamed intestinal segments in rats with experimental colitis. Cytokine. 2007;37:236-245.
35. Delafoy L, Raymond F, Doherty AM, et al. Role of nerve growth factor in the trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced colonic hypersensitivity. Pain. 2003;105:489-497.
36. Drewes AM, Frokjaer JB, Larsen E, et al. Pain and mechanical properties of the rectum in patients with active ulcerative colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2006;12:294-303.
37. Chang L, Munakata J, Mayer EA, et al. Perceptual responses in patients with inflammatory and functional bowel disease. Gut. 2000;47:497-505.
38. Di Mola FF, Friess H, Zhu ZW, et al. Nerve growth factor and TRK high affinity receptor (TRKA) gene expression in inflammatory bowel disease. Gut. 2000;46:670-679.
39. Friess H, Zhu ZW, Di Mola FF, et al. Nerve growth factor and its high-affinity receptor in chronic pancreatitis. Ann Surg. 1999;230:615-624.
40. Schneider MB, Standop J, Ulrich A, et al. Expression of nerve growth factors in pancreatic neural tissue and pancreatic cancer. J Histochem Cytochem. 2001;49:1205-1210.
41. Yiangou Y, Facer P, Baecker PA, et al. Atp-gated ion channel p2x3 is increased in human inflammatory bowel disease. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2001;13:365-369.
42. Yiangou Y, Facer P, Dyer NHC, et al. Vanilloid receptor 1 immunoreactivity in inflamed human bowel. Lancet. 2001;357:1338-1339.
43. Yiangou Y, Facer P, Smith JAM, et al. Increased acid-sensing ion channel asic-3 in inflamed human intestine. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2001;13:891-896.
44. Gondim FA, Brannagan TH, Sander HW, et al. Peripheral neuropathy in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Brain. 2005;128:867-879.
45. Nemni R, Fazio R, Corbo M, et al. Peripheral neuropathy associated with Crohn's disease. Neurology. 1987;37:1414-1417.
46. Ohlsson B, Sundkvist G, Lindgren S. Subclinical sympathetic neuropathy appears early in the course of Crohn's disease. BMC Gastroenterol. 2007;7:33.
47. Straub RH, Antoniou E, Zeuner M, et al. Association of autonomic nervous hyperreflexia and systemic inflammation in patients with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. J Neuroimmunol. 1997;80:149-157.
48. Spiller RC. Postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology. 2003;124:1662-1671.
49. Verne GN, Robinson ME, Vase L, et al. Reversal of visceral and cutaneous hyperalgesia by local rectal anesthesia in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) patients. Pain. 2003;105:223-230.
50. Verne GN, Sen A, Price DD. Intrarectal lidocaine is an effective treatment for abdominal pain associated with diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. J Pain. 2005;6:493-496.
51. Joshi SK, Su X, Porreca F, et al. Kappa-opioid receptor agonists modulate visceral nociception at a novel, peripheral site of action. J Neurosci. 2000;20:5874-5879.
52. Sengupta JN, Su X, Gebhart GF. Kappa, but not mu or delta, opioids attenuate responses to distention of afferent fibers innervating the rat colon. Gastroenterology. 1996;111:968-980.
53. Mangel AW, Bornstein JD, Hamm LR, et al. Clinical trial: Asimadoline in the treatment of patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2008;28:239-249.
54. Szarka LA, Camilleri M, Burton D, et al. Efficacy of on-demand asimadoline, a peripheral kappa-opioid agonist, in females with irritable bowel syndrome. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007;5:1268-1275.
55. Henriksen M, Jahnsen J, Lygren I, et al. Ulcerative colitis and clinical course: Results of a 5-year population-based follow-up study (the Ibsen study). Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2006;12:543-550.
56. Jones RCW, Otsuka E, Wagstrom E, et al. Short-term sensitization of colon mechanoreceptors is associated with long-term hypersensitivity to colon distension in the mouse. Gastroenterology. 2007;133:184-194.
57. Bleakman D, Alt A, Nisenbaum ES. Glutamate receptors and pain. Semin Cell Dev Biol Pain. 2006;17:592-604.
58. Ness TJ, Gebhart GF. Characterization of neuronal responses to noxious visceral and somatic stimuli in the medial lumbosacral spinal cord of the rat. J Neurophysiol. 1987;57:1867-1892.
59. Miranda A, Peles S, Rudolph C, et al. Altered visceral sensation in response to somatic pain in the rat. Gastroenterology. 2004;126:1082-1189.
60. Peles S, Miranda A, Shaker R, et al. Acute nociceptive somatic stimulus sensitizes neurones in the spinal cord to colonic distension in the rat. J Physiol (Lond). 2004;560:291-302.
61. Zhuo M, Gebhart G. Facilitation and attenuation of a visceral nociceptive reflex from the rostroventral medulla in the rat. Gastroenterology. 2002;122:1007-1019.
62. Imbe H, Murakami S, Okamoto K, et al. The effects of acute and chronic restraint stress on activation of ERK in the rostral ventromedial medulla and locus coeruleus. Pain. 2004;112:361-371.
63. Coutinho SV, Plotsky PM, Sablad M, et al. Neonatal maternal separation alters stress-induced responses to viscerosomatic nociceptive stimuli in rat. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2002;282:G307-316.
64. Al-Chaer ED, Kawasaki M, Pasricha PJ. A new model of chronic visceral hypersensitivity in adult rats induced by colon irritation during postnatal development. Gastroenterology. 2000;119:1276-1285.
65. Bradesi S, Schwetz I, Ennes HS, et al. Repeated exposure to water avoidance stress in rats: a new model for sustained visceral hyperalgesia. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2005;289:G42-53.
66. Greenwood-Van Meerveld B, Gibson M, Gunter W, et al. Stereotaxic delivery of corticosterone to the amygdala modulates colonic sensitivity in rats. Brain Res. 2001;893:135-142.
67. Qin C, Greenwood-Van Meerveld B, Myers DA, et al. Corticosterone acts directly at the amygdala to alter spinal neuronal activity in response to colorectal distension. J Neurophysiol. 2003;89:1343-1352.
68. Veenema AH, Reber SO, Selch S, et al. Early life stress enhances the vulnerability to chronic psychosocial stress and experimental colitis in adult mice. Endocrinology. 2008;149:2727-2736.
69. Collins S, Mchugh K, Jacobson K, et al. Previous inflammation alters the response of the rat colon to stress. Gastroenterology. 1996;111: 1509-1515.
70. Collins SM. Stress and the gastrointestinal tract: IV. Modulation of intestinal inflammation by stress: basic mechanisms and clinical relevance. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2001;280:G315-318.
71. Ness TJ, Metcalf AM, Gebhart GF. A psychophysiological study in humans using phasic colonic distension as a noxious visceral stimulus. Pain. 1990;43:377-386.
72. Bernstein CN, Niazi N, Robert M, et al. Rectal afferent function in patients with inflammatory and functional intestinal disorders. Pain. 1996;66:151-161.
73. Sandrini G, Serrao M, Rossi P, et al. The lower limb flexion reflex in humans. Prog Neurobiol. 2005;77:353-395.
74. Dunckley P, Wise RG, Fairhurst M, et al. A comparison of visceral and somatic pain processing in the human brainstem using functional magnetic resonance imaging. J Neurosci. 2005;25:7333-7341.
75. Song GH, Venkatraman V, Ho KY, et al. Cortical effects of anticipation and endogenous modulation of visceral pain assessed by functional brain MRI in irritable bowel syndrome patients and healthy controls. Pain. 2006;126:79-90.
76. Wilder-Smith CH, Schindler D, Lovblad K, et al. Brain functional magnetic resonance imaging of rectal pain and activation of endogenous inhibitory mechanisms in irritable bowel syndrome patient subgroups and healthy controls. Gut. 2004;53:1595-1601.
77. Conboy LA, Wasserman RH, Jacobson EE, et al. Investigating placebo effects in irritable bowel syndrome: a novel research design. Contemp Clin Trials. 2006;27:123-134.
78. Lembo T, Naliboff BD, Matin K, et al. Irritable bowel syndrome patients show altered sensitivity to exogenous opioids. Pain. 2000;87: 137-147.
79. Buskila D, Odes LR, Neumann L, et al. Fibromyalgia in inflammatory bowel disease. J Rheumatol. 1999;26:1167-1171.
80. Palm O, Moum B, Jahnsen J, et al. Fibromyalgia and chronic widespread pain in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a cross sectional population survey. J Rheumatol. 2001;28:590-594.
81. Palm O, Bernklev T, Moum B, et al. Non-inflammatory joint pain in patients with inflammatory bowel disease is prevalent and has a significant impact on health related quality of life. J Rheumatol. 2005;32: 1755-1759.
82. Mayer EA, Berman S, Suyenobu B, et al. Differences in brain responses to visceral pain between patients with irritable bowel syndrome and ulcerative colitis. Pain. 2005;115:398-409.
83. Naliboff BD, Munakata J, Fullerton S, et al. Evidence for two distinct perceptual alterations in irritable bowel syndrome. Gut. 1997;41:505-512.
84. Lackner JM, Quigley BM. Pain catastrophizing mediates the relationship between worry and pain suffering in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Behav Res Ther. 2005;43:943-957.
85. Moss-Morris R, Spence M. To "lump" or to "split" the functional somatic syndromes: can infectious and emotional risk factors differentiate between the onset of chronic fatigue syndrome and irritable bowel syndrome? Psychosom Med. 2006;68:463-469.
86. Jones MP, Wessinger S, Crowell MD. Coping strategies and interpersonal support in patients with irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006;4:474-481.
87. Graff LA, Walker JR, Lix L, et al. The relationship of inflammatory bowel disease type and activity to psychological functioning and quality of life. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006;4:1491-1501.
88. Farrokhyar F, Marshall JK, Easterbrook B, et al. Functional gastrointestinal disorders and mood disorders in patients with inactive inflammatory bowel disease: prevalence and impact on health. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2006;12:38-46.
89. Guthrie E, Jackson J, Shaffer J, et al. Psychological disorder and severity of inflammatory bowel disease predict health-related quality of life in ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2002;97:1994-1999.
90. Kurina LM, Goldacre MJ, Yeates D, et al. Depression and anxiety in people with inflammatory bowel disease. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2001;55:716-720.
91. Fuller-Thomson E, Sulman J. Depression and inflammatory bowel disease: Findings from two nationally representative Canadian surveys. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2006;12:697-707.
92. Simren M, Axelsson J, Gillberg R, et al. Quality of life in inflammatory bowel disease in remission: the impact of IBS-like symptoms and associated psychological factors. Am J Gastroenterol. 2002;97:389-396.
93. Minderhoud IM, Oldenburg B, Wismeijer J, et al. IBS-like symptoms in patients with inflammatory bowel disease in remission; relationships with quality of life and coping behavior. Dig Dis Sci. 2004;49:469-474.
94. Walker EA, Gelfand MD, Gelfand AN, et al. The relationship of current psychiatric disorder to functional disability and distress in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 1996; 18:220-229.
95. Maunder RG, Levenstein S. The role of stress in the development and clinical course of inflammatory bowel disease: epidemiological evidence. Curr Mol Med. 2008;8:247-252.
96. Mawdsley JE, Rampton DS. Psychological stress in ibd: New insights into pathogenic and therapeutic implications. Gut. 2005;54:1481-1491.
97. Ruigomez A, Garcia Rodriguez L, Panes J. Risk of irritable bowel syndrome after an episode of bacterial gastroenteritis in general practice: influence of comorbidities. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007;5: 465-469.
98. Nicholl BI, Halder SL, Macfarlane GJ, et al. Psychosocial risk markers for new onset irritable bowel syndrome - results of a large prospective population-based study. Pain. 2008;137:147-155.
99. Bennett EJ, Tennant CC, Piesse C, et al. Level of chronic life stress predicts clinical outcome in irritable bowel syndrome. Gut. 1998;43: 256-261.
100. Murray CDR, Flynn J, Ratcliffe L, et al. Effect of acute physical and psychological stress on gut autonomic innervation in irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology. 2004;127:1695-1703.
101. Tracey I, Dunckley P. Importance of anti- and pro-nociceptive mechanisms in human disease. Gut. 2004;53:1553-1555.
102. Jann MW, Slade JH. Antidepressant agents for the treatment of chronic pain and depression. Pharmacotherapy. 2007;27:1571-1587.
103. Tabas G, Beaves M, Wang J, et al. Paroxetine to treat irritable bowel syndrome not responding to high-fiber diet: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Gastroenterol. 2004;99:914-920.
104. Kuiken SD, Tytgat GN, Boeckxstaens GE. The selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine does not change rectal sensitivity and symptoms in patients with irritable bowel syndrome: a double blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2003;1:219 -228.
105. Tack J, Broekaert D, Fischler B, et al. A controlled crossover study of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor citalopram in irritable bowel syndrome. Gut. 2006;55:1095-1103.
106. Drossman DA, Toner BB, Whitehead WE, et al. Cognitive-behavioral therapy versus education and desipramine versus placebo for moderate to severe functional bowel disorders. Gastroenterology. 2003;125:19-31.
107. Halpert A, Dalton CB, Diamant NE, et al. Clinical response to tricyclic antidepressants in functional bowel disorders is not related to dosage. Am J Gastroenterol. 2005;100:664-671.
108. Mikocka-Walus AA, Turnbull DA, Moulding NT, et al. "It doesn't do any harm, but patients feel better": a qualitative exploratory study on gastroenterologists' perspectives on the role of antidepressants in inflammatory bowel disease. BMC Gastroenterol. 2007;7:38.
109. Mikocka-Walus AA, Turnbull DA, Moulding NT, et al. Controversies surrounding the comorbidity of depression and anxiety in inflammatory bowel disease patients: a literature review. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2007; 13:225-234.
110. Blanchard EB, Lackner JM, Sanders K, et al. A controlled evaluation of group cognitive therapy in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. Behav Res Ther. 2007;45:633-648.
111. Lackner JM, Lou Coad M, Mertz HR, et al. Cognitive therapy for irritable bowel syndrome is associated with reduced limbic activity, GI symptoms, and anxiety. Behav Res Ther. 2006;44:621-638.
112. Lackner JM, Mesmer C, Morley S, et al. Psychological treatments for irritable bowel syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2004;72:100-113.
113. Gonsalkorale WM, Miller V, Afzal A, et al. Long term benefits of hypnotherapy for irritable bowel syndrome. Gut. 2003;52:1623-1629.
114. Lea R, Houghton LA, Calvert EL, et al. Gut-focused hypnotherapy normalizes disordered rectal sensitivity in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2003;17:635-642.
115. Soo S, Forman D, Delaney BC, et al. A systematic review of psychological therapies for nonulcer dyspepsia. Am J Gastroenterol. 2004;99: 1817-1822.
116. Maunder RG, Esplen MJ. Supportive-expressive group psychotherapy for persons with inflammatory bowel disease. Can J Psychiatry. 2001; 46:622-626.
117. Von Wietersheim J, Kessler H. Psychotherapy with chronic inflammatory bowel disease patients: a review. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2006;12: 1175-1184.
118. Jantschek G, Zeitz M, Pritsch M, et al. Effect of psychotherapy on the course of Crohn's disease. Results of the German prospective multicenter psychotherapy treatment study on Crohn's disease. German study group on psychosocial intervention in Crohn's disease. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1998;33:1289-1296.
119. Szigethy E, Carpenter J, Baum E, et al. Case study: longitudinal treatment of adolescents with depression and inflammatory bowel disease. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2006;45:396-400.
120. Szigethy E, Kenney E, Carpenter J, et al. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for adolescents with inflammatory bowel disease and subsyndromal depression. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2007;46:1290-1298.
121. Szigethy E, Whitton SW, Levy-Warren A, et al. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for depression in adolescents with inflammatory bowel disease: a pilot study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2004; 43:1469-1477.
122. Mawdsley JE, Jenkins DG, Macey MG, et al. The effect of hypnosis on systemic and rectal mucosal measures of inflammation in ulcerative colitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2008;103:1460-1469.
123. Keefer L, Keshavarzian A. Feasibility and acceptability of gut-directed hypnosis on inflammatory bowel disease: a brief communication. Int J Clin Exp Hypn. 2007;55:457-466.
124. Miller V, Whorwell PJ. Treatment of inflammatory bowel disease: a role for hypnotherapy? Int J Clin Exp Hypn. 2008;56:306-317.
125. Lackner JM, Jaccard J, Krasner SS, et al. Self-administered cognitive behavior therapy for moderate to severe irritable bowel syndrome: clinical efficacy, tolerability, feasibility. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008;6:899-906.