Reporting Standards for Angioplasty and Stent-assisted Angioplasty for Intracranial Atherosclerosis

Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology

Volumn 20, Issue 7 SUPPL., 2009, Pages

  Schumacher, H Christian ^a   Meyers, Philip M ^b   Higashida, Randall T ^c   Derdeyn, Colin P ^d   Lavine, Sean D ^b   Nesbit, Gary M ^e   Sacks, David ^f   Rasmussen, Peter ^h   Wechsler, Lawrence R ^g  

^a ALBERT EINSTEIN COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b Neurological Institute of New York ^*  (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^d WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^e OREGON HEALTH AND SCIENCE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^f READING HOSPITAL AND MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^g UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^h LERNER RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

anatomy; angiography; interventional neuroradiology; neuroradiology; reporting standard; reporting terminology; stenting

Indexed keywords

ANGIOPLASTY; ARTICLE; BRAIN ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CLINICAL RESEARCH; CONSENSUS DEVELOPMENT; ENDOVASCULAR SURGERY; HUMAN; INTERVENTIONAL RADIOLOGY; MEDICAL SOCIETY; NOMENCLATURE; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PUBLICATION; RISK ASSESSMENT; STANDARD; STENT;

ANGIOPLASTY; BLOOD VESSEL PROSTHESIS; DOCUMENTATION; HUMANS; INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOSCLEROSIS; PRACTICE GUIDELINES AS TOPIC; STENTS; UNITED STATES; VASCULAR SURGICAL PROCEDURES;

EID: 67649840211     PISSN: 10510443     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2009.03.005     Document Type: Article

References (180)

1. Schumacher H.C., Meyers P.M., Mohr J.P., and Higashida R. Elective angioplasty and stenting for intracranial atherosclerosis. In: Al-Mubarak N., Rubin G.S., Iyer S.S., and Vitek J.J. (Eds). Carotid Artery Stenting: Current Practice and Techniques (2003), Lippincott, New York
2. SSYLVIA Investigators. Stenting of Symptomatic Atherosclerotic Lesions in the Vertebral or Intracranial Arteries (SSYLVIA): study results. Stroke 35 (2004) 1388-1392
3. Bose A., Hartmann M., Henkes H., Liu H.M., Teng M.M., Szikora I., Berlis A., Reul J., Yu S.C., Forsting M., Lui M., Lim W., and Sit S.P. A novel, self-expanding, nitinol stent in medically refractory intracranial atherosclerotic stenoses. The Wing Span Study. Stroke 38 (2007) 1531-1537
4. Higashida R.T., Meyers P.M., Connors III J.J., Sacks D., Strother C.M., Barr J.D., Wojak J.C., and Duckwiler G.R. Intracranial angioplasty & stenting for cerebral atherosclerosis: a position statement of the American Society of Interventional and Therapeutic Neuroradiology, Society of Interventional Radiology, and the American Society of Neuroradiology. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 26 (2005) 2323-2327
5. SAMMPRIS. Stenting vs Aggressive Medical Management for Preventing Recurrent Stroke in Intracranial Stenosis. http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00576693?term=SAMMPRIS&rank=1 Accessed October 26, 2008
6. Kremer C., Schaettin T., Georgiadis D., and Baumgartner R.W. Prognosis of asymptomatic stenosis of the middle cerebral artery. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 75 (2004) 1300-1303
7. Mahoney F.I., and Barthel D.W. Functional evaluation: the Barthel Index. Md State Med J 14 (1965) 61-65
8. Stineman M.G., Shea J.A., Jette A., Tassoni C.J., Ottenbacher K.J., Fiedler R., and Granger C.V. The Functional Independence Measure: tests of scaling assumptions, structure, and reliability across 20 diverse impairment categories. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 77 (1996) 1101-1108
9. de Haan R., Limburg M., Bossuyt P., van der M.J., and Aaronson N. The clinical meaning of Rankin 'handicap' grades after stroke. Stroke 26 (1995) 2027-2030
10. Brott T., Adams Jr. H.P., Olinger C.P., Marler J.R., Barsan W.G., Biller J., Spilker J., Holleran R., Eberle R., and Hertzberg V. Measurements of acute cerebral infarction: a clinical examination scale. Stroke 20 (1989) 864-870
11. The Internet Stroke Center. Stroke Scales & Clinical Assessment Tools. www.strokecenter.org/trials/scales/scales-overview.htm Accessed October 26, 2008
12. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. NIH Stroke Scale Training. www.ninds.nih.gov/doctors/stroke_scale_training.htm Accessed October 26, 2008
13. Wilson J.T., Hareendran A., Grant M., Baird T., Schulz U.G., Muir K.W., and Bone I. Improving the assessment of outcomes in stroke: use of a structured interview to assign grades on the modified Rankin Scale. Stroke 33 (2002) 2243-2246
14. Lees K.R., Zivin J.A., Ashwood T., Davalos A., Davis S.M., Diener H.C., Grotta J., Lyden P., Shuaib A., Hardemark H.G., and Wasiewski W.W. NXY-059 for acute ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med 354 (2006) 588-600
15. Naritomi H., Sawada T., Kuriyama Y., Kinugawa H., Kaneko T., and Takamiya M. Effect of chronic middle cerebral artery stenosis on the local cerebral hemodynamics. Stroke 16 (1985) 214-219
16. Derdeyn C.P., Powers W.J., and Grubb Jr. R.L. Hemodynamic effects of middle cerebral artery stenosis and occlusion. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 19 (1998) 1463-1469
17. Castaigne P., Lhermitte F., Gautier J.C., Escourolle R., Derouesne C., Der A.P., and Popa C. Arterial occlusions in the vertebro-basilar system. A study of 44 patients with post-mortem data. Brain 96 (1973) 133-154
18. Constantinides P. Pathogenesis of cerebral artery thrombosis in man. Arch Pathol 83 (1967) 422-428
19. Lhermitte F., Gautier J.C., and Derouesne C. Nature of occlusions of the middle cerebral artery. Neurology 20 (1970) 82-88
20. Ogata J., Masuda J., Yutani C., and Yamaguchi T. Mechanisms of cerebral artery thrombosis: a histopathological analysis on eight necropsy cases. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 57 (1994) 17-21
21. Sadoshima S., Fukushima T., and Tanaka K. Cerebral artery thrombosis and intramural hemorrhage. Stroke 10 (1979) 411-414
22. Hinton R.C., Mohr J.P., Ackerman R.H., Adair L.B., and Fisher C.M. Symptomatic middle cerebral artery stenosis. Ann Neurol 5 (1979) 152-157
23. Corston R.N., Kendall B.E., and Marshall J. Prognosis in middle cerebral artery stenosis. Stroke 15 (1984) 237-241
24. Koroshetz W.J., and Ropper A.H. Artery-to-artery embolism causing stroke in the posterior circulation. Neurology 37 (1987) 292-295
25. Masuda J., Ogata J., Yutani C., Miyashita T., and Yamaguchi T. Artery-to-artery embolism from a thrombus formed in stenotic middle cerebral artery. Report of an autopsy case. Stroke 18 (1987) 680-684
26. Segura T., Serena J., Castellanos M., Teruel J., Vilar C., and Davalos A. Embolism in acute middle cerebral artery stenosis. Neurology 56 (2001) 497-501
27. Wong K.S., Gao S., Lam W.W., Chan Y.L., and Kay R. A pilot study of microembolic signals in patients with middle cerebral artery stenosis. J Neuroimaging 11 (2001) 137-140
28. Fisher C.M., and Caplan L.R. Basilar artery branch occlusion: a cause of pontine infarction. Neurology 21 (1971) 900-905
29. Fisher C.M. Bilateral occlusion of basilar artery branches. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 40 (1977) 1182-1189
30. Bogousslavsky J., Barnett H.J., Fox A.J., Hachinski V.C., and Taylor W. Atherosclerotic disease of the middle cerebral artery. Stroke 17 (1986) 1112-1120
31. Caplan L., Babikian V., Helgason C., Hier D.B., DeWitt D., Patel D., and Stein R. Occlusive disease of the middle cerebral artery. Neurology 35 (1985) 975-982
32. Lyrer P.A., Engelter S., Radu E.W., and Steck A.J. Cerebral infarcts related to isolated middle cerebral artery stenosis. Stroke 28 (1997) 1022-1027
33. Mull M., Schwarz M., and Thron A. Cerebral hemispheric low-flow infarcts in arterial occlusive disease. Lesion patterns and angiomorphological conditions. Stroke 28 (1997) 118-123
34. Felberg R.A., Christou I., Demchuk A.M., Malkoff M., and Alexandrov A.V. Screening for intracranial stenosis with transcranial Doppler: the accuracy of mean flow velocity thresholds. J Neuroimaging 12 (2002) 9-14
35. Hirai T., Korogi Y., Ono K., Nagano M., Maruoka K., Uemura S., and Takahashi M. Prospective evaluation of suspected stenoocclusive disease of the intracranial artery: combined MR angiography and CT angiography compared with digital subtraction angiography. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 23 (2002) 93-101
36. Bash S., Villablanca J.P., Jahan R., Duckwiler G., Tillis M., Kidwell C., Saver J., and Sayre J. Intracranial vascular stenosis and occlusive disease: evaluation with CT angiography, MR angiography, and digital subtraction angiography. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 26 (2005) 1012-1021
37. Willinek W.A., von Falkenhausen M., Born M., Gieseke J., Holler T., Klockgether T., Textor H.J., Schild H.H., and Urbach H. Noninvasive detection of steno-occlusive disease of the supra-aortic arteries with three-dimensional contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography: a prospective, intra-individual comparative analysis with digital subtraction angiography. Stroke 36 (2005) 38-43
38. Wright V.L., Olan W., Dick B., Yu H., Alberts-Grill N., Latour L.L., and Baird A.E. Assessment of CE-MRA for the rapid detection of supra-aortic vascular disease. Neurology 65 (2005) 27-32
39. Villablanca J.P., Nael K., Habibi R., Nael A., Laub G., and Finn J.P. 3 T contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography for evaluation of the intracranial arteries: comparison with time-of-flight magnetic resonance angiography and multislice computed tomography angiography. Invest Radiol 41 (2006) 799-805
40. Feldmann E., Wilterdink J.L., Kosinski A., Lynn M., Chimowitz M.I., Sarafin J., Smith H.H., Nichols F., Rogg J., Cloft H.J., Wechsler L., Saver J., Levine S.R., Tegeler C., Adams R., and Sloan M. The Stroke Outcomes and Neuroimaging of Intracranial Atherosclerosis (SONIA) Trial. Neurology 68 (2007) 2099-2106
41. Derdeyn C.P., Grubb Jr. R.L., and Powers W.J. Cerebral hemodynamic impairment: methods of measurement and association with stroke risk. Neurology 53 (1999) 251-259
42. Furukawa M., Kashiwagi S., Matsunaga N., Suzuki M., Kishimoto K., and Shirao S. Evaluation of cerebral perfusion parameters measured by perfusion CT in chronic cerebral ischemia: comparison with xenon CT. J Comput Assist Tomogr 26 (2002) 272-278
43. Kikuchi K., Murase K., Miki H., Kikuchi T., Sugawara Y., Mochizuki T., Ikezoe J., and Ohue S. Measurement of cerebral hemodynamics with perfusion-weighted MR imaging: comparison with pre- and post-acetazolamide 133Xe-SPECT in occlusive carotid disease. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 22 (2001) 248-254
44. Kim J.H., Lee S.J., Shin T., Kang K.H., Choi P.Y., Kim J.H., Gong J.C., Choi N.C., and Lim B.H. Correlative assessment of hemodynamic parameters obtained with T2*- weighted perfusion MR imaging and SPECT in symptomatic carotid artery occlusion. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 21 (2000) 1450-1456
45. Lythgoe D.J., Williams S.C., Cullinane M., and Markus H.S. Mapping of cerebrovascular reactivity using BOLD magnetic resonance imaging. Magn Reson Imaging 17 (1999) 495-502
46. Lythgoe D.J., Ostergaard L., William S.C., Cluckie A., Buxton-Thomas M., Simmons A., and Markus H.S. Quantitative perfusion imaging in carotid artery stenosis using dynamic susceptibility contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. Magn Reson Imaging 18 (2000) 1-11
47. Ozgur H.T., Kent W.T., Masaryk A., Seeger J.F., Williams W., Krupinski E., Melgar M., and Labadie E. Correlation of cerebrovascular reserve as measured by acetazolamide- challenged SPECT with angiographic flow patterns and intra- or extracranial arterial stenosis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 22 (2001) 928-936
48. Thijs V.N., and Albers G.W. Symptomatic intracranial atherosclerosis: outcome of patients who fail antithrombotic therapy. Neurology 55 (2000) 490-497
49. Chimowitz M.I., Lynn M.J., Howlett-Smith H., Stern B.J., Hertzberg V.S., Frankel M.R., Levine S.R., Chaturvedi S., Kasner S.E., Benesch C.G., Sila C.A., Jovin T.G., and Romano J.G. Comparison of warfarin and aspirin for symptomatic intracranial arterial stenosis. N Engl J Med 352 (2005) 1305-1316
50. Kasner S.E., Chimowitz M.I., Lynn M.J., Howlett-Smith H., Stern B.J., Hertzberg V.S., Frankel M.R., Levine S.R., Chaturvedi S., Benesch C.G., Sila C.A., Jovin T.G., Romano J.G., and Cloft H.J. Predictors of ischemic stroke in the territory of a symptomatic intracranial arterial stenosis. Circulation 113 (2006) 555-563
51. Gupta R., Schumacher H.C., Mangla S., Meyers P.M., Duong H., Khandji A.G., Marshall R.S., Mohr J.P., and Pile-Spellman J. Urgent endovascular revascularization for symptomatic intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis. Neurology 61 (2003) 1729-1735
52. Bose A., Hartmann M., Henkes H., Liu H.M., Teng M.M., Szikora I., Berlis A., Reul J., Yu S.C., Forsting M., Lui M., Lim W., and Sit S.P. A novel, self-expanding, nitinol stent in medically refractory intracranial atherosclerotic stenoses. The WingSpan Study. Stroke 38 (2007) 1531-1537
53. US Food and Drug Administration. WingSpan Stent System and Gateway PTA Balloon Catheter. Summary of Safety and Probable Benefit. www.fda.gov/cdrh/pdf5/h050001b.pdf Accessed October 26, 2008
54. Kim J.K., Ahn J.Y., Lee B.H., Chung Y.S., Chung S.S., Kim O.J., Kim W.C., and Joo J.Y. Elective stenting for symptomatic middle cerebral artery stenosis presenting as transient ischaemic deficits or stroke attacks: short term arteriographical and clinical outcome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 75 (2004) 847-851
55. Rothwell P.M., Gibson R.J., Slattery J., Sellar R.J., Warlow C.P., and European Carotid Surgery Trialists' Collaborative Group. Equivalence of measurements of carotid stenosis. A comparison of three methods on 1001 angiograms. Stroke 25 (1994) 2435-2439
56. Rothwell P.M., Gibson R.J., Slattery J., Warlow C.P., and European Carotid Surgery Trialists' Collaborative Group. Prognostic value and reproducibility of measurements of carotid stenosis. A comparison of three methods on 1001 angiograms. Stroke 25 (1994) 2440-2444
57. North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial Collaborators. Beneficial effect of carotid endarterectomy in symptomatic patients with high-grade carotid stenosis. N Engl J Med 325 (1991) 445-453
58. Yokote H., Terada T., Ryujin K., Konoshita Y., Tsuura M., Nakai E., Kamei I., Moriwaki H., Hayashi S., and Itakura T. Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty for intracranial arteriosclerotic lesions. Neuroradiology 40 (1998) 590-596
59. Weber W., Mayer T.E., Henkes H., Kis B., Hamann G.F., Schulte-Altedorneburg G., Brueckmann H., and Kuehne D. Stent-angioplasty of intracranial vertebral and basilar artery stenoses in symptomatic patients. Eur J Radiol 55 (2005) 231-236
60. Lee T.H., Kim D.H., Lee B.H., Kim H.J., Choi C.H., Park K.P., Jung D.S., Kim S., and Moon T.Y. Preliminary results of endovascular stent-assisted angioplasty for symptomatic middle cerebral artery stenosis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 26 (2005) 166-174
61. Straube T., Stingele R., and Jansen O. Primary stenting of intracranial atherosclerotic stenoses. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 28 (2005) 289-295
62. Samuels O.B., Joseph G.J., Lynn M.J., Smith H.A., and Chimowitz M.I. A standardized method for measuring intracranial arterial stenosis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 21 (2000) 643-646
63. Marks M.P., Wojak J.C., Al-Ali F., Jayaraman M., Marcellus M.L., Connors J.J., and Do H.M. Angioplasty for symptomatic intracranial stenosis. Clinical outcome. Stroke 37 (2006) 1016-1020
64. Bartlett E.S., Walters T.D., Symons S.P., and Fox A.J. Quantification of carotid stenosis on CT angiography. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 27 (2006) 13-19
65. Bartlett E.S., Symons S.P., and Fox A.J. Correlation of carotid stenosis diameter and cross-sectional areas with CT angiography. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 27 (2006) 638-642
66. Bartlett E.S., Walters T.D., Symons S.P., and Fox A.J. Carotid stenosis index revisited with direct CT angiography measurement of carotid arteries to quantify carotid stenosis. Stroke 38 (2007) 286-291
67. Yamura M., Hirai T., Korogi Y., Ikushima I., and Yamashita Y. Quantitative evaluation of measurement accuracy for three-dimensional angiography system using various phantoms. Radiat Med 23 (2005) 175-181
68. Mori T., Fukuoka M., Kazita K., and Mori K. Follow-up study after intracranial percutaneous transluminal cerebral balloon angioplasty. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 19 (1998) 1525-1533
69. Mori T., Mori K., Fukuoka M., Arisawa M., and Honda S. Percutaneous transluminal cerebral angioplasty: serial angiographic follow-up after successful dilatation. Neuroradiology 39 (1997) 111-116
70. Jiang W.J., Wang Y.J., Du B., Wang S.X., Wang G.H., Jin M., and Dai J.P. Stenting of symptomatic M1 stenosis of middle cerebral artery: an initial experience of 40 patients. Stroke 35 (2004) 1375-1380
71. Chaturvedi S., St Pierre M.E., and Bertasio B. Cerebral angioplasty practice at major medical centers in the United States. Neuroradiology 42 (2000) 218-220
72. Hobson RW I.I., Howard V.J., Roubin G.S., Ferguson R.D., Brott T.G., Howard G., Sheffet A.J., Roberts J., Hopkins L.N., and Moore W.S. Credentialing of surgeons as interventionalists for carotid artery stenting: experience from the lead-in phase of CREST. J Vasc Surg 40 (2004) 952-957
73. Featherstone R.L., Brown M.M., and Coward L.J. International carotid stenting study: protocol for a randomised clinical trial comparing carotid stenting with endarterectomy in symptomatic carotid artery stenosis. Cerebrovasc Dis 18 (2004) 69-74
74. EVA-3S Trialists. Endarterectomy vs Angioplasty in Patients with Symptomatic Severe Carotid Stenosis (EVA-3S) Trial. Cerebrovasc Dis 18 (2004) 62-65
75. Connors III J.J., Sacks D., Furlan A.J., Selman W.R., Russell E.J., Stieg P.E., and Hadley M.N. Training, competency, and credentialing standards for diagnostic cervicocerebral angiography, carotid stenting, and cerebrovascular intervention: a joint statement from the American Academy of Neurology, the American Association of Neurological Surgeons, the American Society of Interventional and Therapeutic Neuroradiology, the Am Society of Neuroradiology, the Congress of Neurological Surgeons, the AANS/CNS Cerebrovascular Section, and the Society of Interventional Radiology. J Vasc Interv Radiol 15 (2004) 1347-1356
76. Amorosi S.L., Tsilimingras K., Thompson D., Fanikos J., Weinstein M.C., and Goldhaber S.Z. Cost analysis of 'bridging therapy' with low-molecular-weight heparin versus unfractionated heparin during temporary interruption of chronic anticoagulation. Am J Cardiol 93 (2004) 509-511
77. Spyropoulos A.C., Frost F.J., Hurley J.S., and Roberts M. Costs and clinical outcomes associated with low-molecular-weight heparin vs unfractionated heparin for perioperative bridging in patients receiving long-term oral anticoagulant therapy. Chest 125 (2004) 1642-1650
78. Spyropoulos A.C., Turpie A.G., Dunn A.S., Spandorfer J., Douketis J., Jacobson A., and Frost F.J. Clinical outcomes with unfractionated heparin or low-molecular-weight heparin as bridging therapy in patients on long-term oral anticoagulants: the REGIMEN registry. J Thromb Haemost 4 (2006) 1246-1252
79. Beldi G., Beng L., Siegel G., Bisch-Knaden S., and Candinas D. Prevention of perioperative thromboembolism in patients with atrial fibrillation. Br J Surg 94 (2007) 1351-1355
80. Merten G.J., Burgess W.P., Gray L.V., Holleman J.H., Roush T.S., Kowalchuk G.J., Bersin R.M., Van Moore A., Simonton III C.A., Rittase R.A., Norton H.J., and Kennedy T.P. Prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy with sodium bicarbonate: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 291 (2004) 2328-2334
81. Liu R., Nair D., Ix J., Moore D.H., and Bent S. N-acetylcysteine for the prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy. A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Gen Intern Med 20 (2005) 193-200
82. Diener H.C., Bogousslavsky J., Brass L.M., Cimminiello C., Csiba L., Kaste M., Leys D., Matias-Guiu J., and Rupprecht H.J. Aspirin and clopidogrel compared with clopidogrel alone after recent ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack in high-risk patients (MATCH): randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 364 (2004) 331-337
83. Takis C., Kwan E.S., Pessin M.S., Jacobs D.H., and Caplan L.R. Intracranial angioplasty: experience and complications. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 18 (1997) 1661-1668
84. Connors III J.J., and Wojak J.C. Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty for intracranial atherosclerotic lesions: evolution of technique and short-term results. J Neurosurg 91 (1999) 415-423
85. Jiang W.J., Du B., Leung T.W., Xu X.T., Wang Y.L., Wang Y.J., and Dai J.P. Cerebrovascular complications of stent-assisted angioplasty in symptomatic intracranial arterial stenosis. [abstract P72]. Stroke 37 (2006)
86. Kim D.J., Lee B.H., Kim D.I., Shim W.H., Jeon P., and Lee T.H. Stent-assisted angioplasty of symptomatic intracranial vertebrobasilar artery stenosis: feasibility and follow-up results. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 26 (2005) 1381-1388
87. Gress D.R., Smith W.S., Dowd C.F., Van H., Finley R.J., and Higashida R.T. Angioplasty for intracranial symptomatic vertebrobasilar ischemia. V. Neurosurgery 51 (2002) 23-27
88. Henkes H., Miloslavski E., Lowens S., Reinartz J., Liebig T., and Kuhne D. Treatment of intracranial atherosclerotic stenoses with balloon dilatation and self-expanding stent deployment (WingSpan). Neuroradiology 47 (2005) 222-228
89. Kessler I.M., Mounayer C., Piotin M., Spelle L., Vanzin J.R., and Moret J. The use of balloon-expandable stents in the management of intracranial arterial diseases: a 5-year single-center experience. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 26 (2005) 2342-2348
90. Dorros G., Cohn J.M., and Palmer L.E. Stent deployment resolves a petrous carotid artery angioplasty dissection. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 19 (1998) 392-394
91. Jaeger H.J., Mathias K.D., Drescher R., Hauth E., Bockisch G., Demirel E., and Gissler H.M. Diffusion-weighted MR imaging after angioplasty or angioplasty plus stenting of arteries supplying the brain. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 22 (2001) 1251-1259
92. Lylyk P., Cohen J.E., Ceratto R., Ferrario A., and Miranda C. Angioplasty and stent placement in intracranial atherosclerotic stenoses and dissections. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 23 (2002) 430-436
93. Lylyk P., Cohen J.E., Ceratto R., Ferrario A., and Miranda C. Endovascular reconstruction of intracranial arteries by stent placement and combined techniques. J Neurosurg 97 (2002) 1306-1313
94. Levy E.I., Boulos A.S., and Guterman L.R. Stent-assisted endoluminal revascularization for the treatment of intracranial atherosclerotic disease. Neurol Res 24 (2002) 337-346
95. Levy E.I., Hanel R.A., Boulos A.S., Bendok B.R., Kim S.H., Gibbons K.J., Qureshi A.I., Guterman L.R., and Hopkins L.N. Comparison of periprocedure complications resulting from direct stent placement compared with those due to conventional and staged stent placement in the basilar artery. J Neurosurg 99 (2003) 653-660
96. Qureshi A.I., Suri M.F., Siddiqui A.M., Kim S.H., Boulos A.S., Ringer A.J., Lopes D.K., Guterman L.R., and Hopkins L.N. Clinical and angiographic results of dilatation procedures for symptomatic intracranial atherosclerotic disease. J Neuroimaging 15 (2005) 240-249
97. Levy E.I., Hanel R.A., Bendok B.R., Boulos A.S., Hartney M.L., Guterman L.R., Qureshi A.I., and Hopkins L.N. Staged stent-assisted angioplasty for symptomatic intracranial vertebrobasilar artery stenosis. J Neurosurg 97 (2002) 1294-1301
98. McKenzie J.D., Wallace R.C., Dean B.L., Flom R.A., and Khayata M.H. Preliminary results of intracranial angioplasty for vascular stenosis caused by atherosclerosis and vasculitis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 17 (1996) 263-268
99. Marks M.P., Marcellus M., Norbash A.M., Steinberg G.K., Tong D., and Albers G.W. Outcome of angioplasty for atherosclerotic intracranial stenosis. Stroke 30 (1999) 1065-1069
100. Nahser H.C., Henkes H., Weber W., Berg-Dammer E., Yousry T.A., and Kuhne D. Intracranial vertebrobasilar stenosis: angioplasty and follow-up. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 21 (2000) 1293-1301
101. Qureshi A.I., Saad M., Zaidat O.O., Suarez J.I., Alexander M.J., Fareed M., Suri K., Ali Z., and Hopkins L.N. Intracerebral hemorrhages associated with neurointerventional procedures using a combination of antithrombotic agents including abciximab. Stroke 33 (2002) 1916-1919
102. Mori T., Fukuoka M., Kazita K., and Mori K. Follow-up study after percutaneous transluminal cerebral angioplasty. Eur Radiol 8 (1998) 403-408
103. Mori T., Kazita K., Chokyu K., Mima T., and Mori K. Short-term arteriographic and clinical outcome after cerebral angioplasty and stenting for intracranial vertebrobasilar and carotid atherosclerotic occlusive disease. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 21 (2000) 249-254
104. van Mook W.N., Rennenberg R.J., Schurink G.W., van Oostenbrugge R.J., Mess W.H., Hofman P.A., and de Leeuw P.W. Cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome. Lancet Neurol 4 (2005) 877-888
105. Kaku Y., Yoshimura S., and Kokuzawa J. Factors predictive of cerebral hyperperfusion after carotid angioplasty and stent placement. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 25 (2004) 1403-1408
106. Gossetti B., Martinelli O., Guerricchio R., Irace L., and Benedetti-Valentini F. Transcranial Doppler in 178 patients before, during, and after carotid endarterectomy. J Neuroimaging 7 (1997) 213-216
107. Dalman J.E., Beenakkers I.C., Moll F.L., Leusink J.A., and Ackerstaff R.G. Transcranial Doppler monitoring during carotid endarterectomy helps to identify patients at risk of postoperative hyperperfusion. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 18 (1999) 222-227
108. Meyers P.M., Higashida R.T., Phatouros C.C., Malek A.M., Lempert T.E., Dowd C.F., and Halbach V.V. Cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome after percutaneous transluminal stenting of the craniocervical arteries. Neurosurgery 47 (2000) 335-343
109. Abou-Chebl A., Reginelli J., Bajzer C.T., and Yadav J.S. Intensive treatment of hypertension decreases the risk of hyperperfusion and intracerebral hemorrhage following carotid artery stenting. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 69 (2007) 690-696
110. Eckard D.A., Zarnow D.M., McPherson C.M., Siegel E.L., Eckard V.R., Batnitzky S., and Hermreck A. Intracranial internal carotid artery angioplasty: technique with clinical and radiographic results and follow-up. AJR Am J Roentgenol 172 (1999) 703-707
111. Malek A.M., Higashida R.T., Phatouros C.C., Lempert T.E., Meyers P.M., Gress D.R., Dowd C.F., and Halbach V.V. Treatment of posterior circulation ischemia with extracranial percutaneous balloon angioplasty and stent placement. Stroke 30 (1999) 2073-2085
112. Mori T., Kazita K., and Mori K. Cerebral angioplasty and stenting for intracranial vertebral atherosclerotic stenosis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 20 (1999) 787-789
113. Alazzaz A., Thornton J., Aletich V.A., Debrun G.M., Ausman J.I., and Charbel F. Intracranial percutaneous transluminal angioplasty for arteriosclerotic stenosis. Arch Neurol 57 (2000) 1625-1630
114. Gomez C.R., Misra V.K., Campbell M.S., and Soto R.D. Elective stenting of symptomatic middle cerebral artery stenosis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 21 (2000) 971-973
115. Gomez C.R., Misra V.K., Liu M.W., Wadlington V.R., Terry J.B., Tulyapronchote R., and Campbell M.S. Elective stenting of symptomatic basilar artery stenosis. Stroke 31 (2000) 95-99
116. Rasmussen P.A., Perl J., Barr J.D., Markarian G.Z., Katzan I., Sila C., Krieger D., Furlan A.J., and Masaryk T.J. Stent-assisted angioplasty of intracranial vertebrobasilar atherosclerosis: an initial experience. J Neurosurg 92 (2000) 771-778
117. Levy E.I., Horowitz M.B., Koebbe C.J., Jungreis C.C., Pride G.L., Dutton K., and Purdy P.D. Transluminal stent-assisted angioplasty of the intracranial vertebrobasilar system for medically refractory, posterior circulation ischemia: early results. Neurosurgery 48 (2001) 1215-1221
118. Ramee S.R., Dawson R., McKinley K.L., Felberg R., Collins T.J., Jenkins J.S., Awaad M.I., and White C.J. Provisional stenting for symptomatic intracranial stenosis using a multidisciplinary approach: acute results, unexpected benefit, and one-year outcome. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 52 (2001) 457-467
119. Abou-Chebl A., Bashir Q., and Yadav J.S. Drug-eluting stents for the treatment of intracranial atherosclerosis: initial experience and midterm angiographic follow-up. Stroke 36 (2005) e165-e168
120. Boulos A.S., Agner C., and Deshaies E.M. Preliminary evidence supporting the safety of drug-eluting stents in neurovascular disease. Neurol Res 27 (2005) S95-S102
121. Chow M.M., Masaryk T.J., Woo H.H., Mayberg M.R., and Rasmussen P.A. Stent-assisted angioplasty of intracranial vertebrobasilar atherosclerosis: midterm analysis of clinical and radiologic predictors of neurological morbidity and mortality. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 26 (2005) 869-874
122. Marks M.P., Marcellus M.L., Do H.M., Schraedley-Desmond P.K., Steinberg G.K., Tong D.C., and Albers G.W. Intracranial angioplasty without stenting for symptomatic atherosclerotic stenosis: long-term follow-up. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 26 (2005) 525-530
123. Suh D.C., Kim S.J., Lee D.H., Kim W., Choi C.G., Lee J.H., Kim H.J., Kwon S.U., and Kim J.S. Outcome of endovascular treatment in symptomatic intracranial vascular stenosis. Korean J Radiol 6 (2005) 1-7
124. Tsumoto T., Terada T., Tsuura M., Matsumoto H., Masuo O., Yamaga H., and Itakura T. Diffusion-weighted imaging abnormalities after percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and stenting for intracranial atherosclerotic disease. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 26 (2005) 385-389
125. Yoon W., Seo J.J., Cho K.H., Kim M.K., Kim B.C., Park M.S., Kim T.S., Kim J.K., and Kang H.K. Symptomatic middle cerebral artery stenosis treated with intracranial angioplasty: experience in 32 patients. Radiology 237 (2005) 620-626
126. Yu W., Smith W.S., Singh V., Ko N.U., Cullen S.P., Dowd C.F., Halbach V.V., and Higashida R.T. Long-term outcome of endovascular stenting for symptomatic basilar artery stenosis. Neurology 64 (2005) 1055-1057
127. Mazighi M., Tanasescu R., Ducrocq X., Vicaut E., Bracard S., Houdart E., and Woimant F. Prospective study of symptomatic atherothrombotic intracranial stenoses: the GESICA study. Neurology 66 (2006) 1187-1191
128. Terada T., Tsuura M., Matsumoto H., Masuo O., Tsumoto T., Yamaga H., Ohura Y., and Itakura T. Hemorrhagic complications after endovascular therapy for atherosclerotic intracranial arterial stenoses. Neurosurgery 59 (2006) 310-318
129. de Rochemont Rdu M., Turowski B., Buchkremer M., Sitzer M., Zanella F.E., and Berkefeld J. Recurrent symptomatic high-grade intracranial stenoses: safety and efficacy of undersized stents-initial experience. Radiology 231 (2004) 45-49
130. Abou-Chebl A., Krieger D.W., Bajzer C.T., and Yadav J.S. Intracranial angioplasty and stenting in the awake patient. J Neuroimaging 16 (2006) 216-223
131. Bando K., Satoh K., Matsubara S., Nakatani M., and Nagahiro S. Hyperperfusion phenomenon after percutaneous transluminal angioplasty for atherosclerotic stenosis of the intracranial vertebral artery. Case report. J Neurosurg 94 (2001) 826-830
132. Gahn G., Richter A., Bourquain H., Hallmeyer S., Riechmann H., and von Kummer R. Cerebrovascular reserve before and after vertebral artery angioplasty. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 20 (1999) 785-786
133. Stehbens W.E. Pathology of Cerebral Blood Vessels (1972), Mosby, St Louis
134. Ross M.H., Romrell L.J., and Kaye G.I. Histology: A Text and Atlas (1995), Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore
135. Monson K.L., Goldsmith W., Barbaro N.M., and Manley G.T. Axial mechanical properties of fresh human cerebral blood vessels. J Biomech Eng 125 (2003) 288-294
136. Tanriover N., Kawashima M., Rhoton Jr. A.L., Ulm A.J., and Mericle R.A. Microsurgical anatomy of the early branches of the middle cerebral artery: morphometric analysis and classification with angiographic correlation. J Neurosurg 98 (2003) 1277-1290
137. Canham P.B., Finlay H.M., Dixon J.G., Boughner D.R., and Chen A. Measurements from light and polarised light microscopy of human coronary arteries fixed at distending pressure. Cardiovasc Res 23 (1989) 973-982
138. Holzapfel G.A., Sommer G., Gasser C.T., and Regitnig P. Determination of layer-specific mechanical properties of human coronary arteries with nonatherosclerotic intimal thickening and related constitutive modeling. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 289 (2005) H2048-H2058
139. Walmsley J.G., Campling M.R., and Chertkow H.M. Interrelationships among wall structure, smooth muscle orientation, and contraction in human major cerebral arteries. Stroke 14 (1983) 781-790
140. Busby D.E., and Burton A.C. The effect of age on the elasticity of the major brain arteries. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 43 (1965) 185-202
141. Hayashi K., Nagasawa S., Naruo Y., Okumura A., Moritake K., and Handa H. Mechanical properties of human cerebral arteries. Biorheology 17 (1980) 211-218
142. Fiorella D., Levy E.I., Turk A.S., Albuquerque F.C., Niemann D.B., Aagaard-Kienitz B., Hanel R.A., Woo H., Rasmussen P.A., Hopkins L.N., Masaryk T.J., and McDougall C.G. US multicenter experience with the wingspan stent system for the treatment of intracranial atheromatous disease: periprocedural results. Stroke 38 (2007) 881-887
143. Al-Mubarak N., Gomez C.R., Vitek J.J., and Roubin G.S. Stenting of symptomatic stenosis of the intracranial internal carotid artery. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 19 (1998) 1949-1951
144. US Food and Drug Administration. WingSpan Stent System and Gateway PTA Balloon Catheter. Humanitarian Exception Device Approval Letter, August
145. Hahnel S., Ringleb P., and Hartmann M. Treatment of intracranial stenoses using the Neuroform stent system: initial experience in five cases. Neuroradiology 48 (2006) 479-485
146. Lee S.H., Jung J.H., and Shim W.H. Endovascular treatment of basilar artery stenosis with drug-eluting stent: a case report and literature review. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 64 (2005) 296-300
147. Gupta R., Al-Ali F., Thomas A.J., Horowitz M.B., Barrow T., Vora N.A., Uchino K., Hammer M.D., Wechsler L.R., and Jovin T.G. Safety, feasibility, and short-term follow-up of drug-eluting stent placement in the intracranial and extracranial circulation. Stroke 37 (2006) 2562-2566
148. Qureshi A.I., Kirmani J.F., Hussein H.M., Harris-Lane P., Divani A.A., Suri M.F., Janjua N., and Alkawi A. Early and intermediate-term outcomes with drug-eluting stents in high-risk patients with symptomatic intracranial stenosis. Neurosurgery 59 (2006) 1044-1051 discussion 1051
149. US Food and Drug Administration. FDA Statement on Coronary Drug-Eluting Stents, September 14, 2006. www.fda.gov/cdrh/news/091406.html Accessed October 26, 2008
150. Hirsh J., Guyatt G., Albers G.W., Harrington R., and Schünemann H.J. Antithrombotic and thrombolytic therapy: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th Edition). Chest 133 suppl 6 (2008) 110S-112S
151. Silber S., Albertsson P., Aviles F.F., Camici P.G., Colombo A., Hamm C., Jorgensen E., Marco J., Nordrehaug J.E., Ruzyllo W., Urban P., Stone G.W., and Wijns W. Guidelines for percutaneous coronary interventions. The Task Force for Percutaneous Coronary Interventions of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J 26 (2005) 804-847
152. Eisenstein E.L., Anstrom K.J., Kong D.F., Shaw L.K., Tuttle R.H., Mark D.B., Kramer J.M., Harrington R.A., Matchar D.B., Kandzari D.E., Peterson E.D., Schulman K.A., and Califf R.M. Clopidogrel use and long-term clinical outcomes after drug-eluting stent implantation. JAMA 297 (2007) 159-168
153. TIMI Study Group. The Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) trial. Phase I findings. N Engl J Med 312 (1985) 932-936
154. Furlan A., Higashida R., Wechsler L., Gent M., Rowley H., Kase C., Pessin M., Ahuja A., Callahan F., Clark W.M., Silver F., and Rivera F. Intra-arterial prourokinase for acute ischemic stroke. The PROACT II study: a randomized controlled trial. Prolyse in Acute Cerebral Thromboembolism. JAMA 282 (1999) 2003-2011
155. Higashida R.T., Furlan A.J., Roberts H., Tomsick T., Connors B., Barr J., Dillon W., Warach S., Broderick J., Tilley B., and Sacks D. Trial design and reporting standards for intra-arterial cerebral thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke. Stroke 34 (2003) e109-e137
156. Shigeyama J., Ito S., Kondo H., Ito O., Matsushita T., Okamoto M., Toyama J., Ban Y., Fukutomi T., and Itoh M. Angiographic classification of coronary dissections after plain old balloon angioplasty for prediction of regression at follow-up. Jpn Heart J 42 (2001) 393-408
157. Mayberg M.R., Batjer H.H., Dacey R., Diringer M., Haley E.C., Heros R.C., Sternau L.L., Torner J., Adams Jr. H.P., Feinberg W., et al. Guidelines for the management of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. A statement for healthcare professionals from a special writing group of the Stroke Council, American Heart Association. Circulation 90 (1994) 2592-2605
158. Broderick J., Connolly S., Feldmann E., Hanley D., Kase C., Krieger D., Mayberg M., Morgenstern L., Ogilvy C.S., Vespa P., and Zuccarello M. Guidelines for the management of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage in adults: 2007 update: a guideline from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council, High Blood Pressure Research Council, and the Quality of Care and Outcomes in Research Interdisciplinary Working Group. Circulation 116 (2007) e391-e413
159. US Food and Drug Administration. WingSpan Stent System and Gateway PTA Balloon Catheter. Summary of Safety and Probable Benefit. www.fda.gov/cdrh/pdf5/h050001b.pdf Accessed March 4, 2005
160. Albers G.W., Caplan L.R., Easton J.D., Fayad P.B., Mohr J.P., Saver J.L., and Sherman D.G. Transient ischemic attack-proposal for a new definition. N Engl J Med 347 (2002) 1713-1716
161. The National Institute of Neurological Disorders rt-PA Stroke Study Group. Tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke. The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke rt-PA Stroke Study Group. N Engl J Med 333 (1995) 1581-1587
162. Hacke W., Kaste M., Fieschi C., Toni D., Lesaffre E., von Kummer R., Boysen G., Bluhmki E., Hoxter G., and Mahagne M.H. Intravenous thrombolysis with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator for acute hemispheric stroke. The European Cooperative Acute Stroke Study (ECASS). JAMA 274 (1995) 1017-1025
163. Hacke W., Kaste M., Fieschi C., von Kummer R., Davalos A., Meier D., Larrue V., Bluhmki E., Davis S., Donnan G., Schneider D., Diez-Tejedor E., and Trouillas P. Randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial of thrombolytic therapy with intravenous alteplase in acute ischaemic stroke (ECASS II). Second European-Australasian Acute Stroke Study Investigators. Lancet 352 (1998) 1245-1251
164. Berger C., Fiorelli M., Steiner T., Schabitz W.R., Bozzao L., Bluhmki E., Hacke W., and von Kummer R. Hemorrhagic transformation of ischemic brain tissue: asymptomatic or symptomatic?. Stroke 32 (2001) 1330-1335
165. Liu A.Y., Do H.M., Albers G.W., Lopez J.R., Steinberg G.K., and Marks M.P. Hyperperfusion syndrome with hemorrhage after angioplasty for middle cerebral artery stenosis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 22 (2001) 1597-1601
166. Rezende M.T., Spelle L., Mounayer C., Piotin M., Abud D.G., and Moret J. Hyperperfusion syndrome after stenting for intracranial vertebral stenosis. Stroke 37 (2006) e12-e14
167. Schoser B.G., Heesen C., Eckert B., and Thie A. Cerebral hyperperfusion injury after percutaneous transluminal angioplasty of extracranial arteries. J Neurol 244 (1997) 101-104
168. McCabe D.J., Brown M.M., and Clifton A. Fatal cerebral reperfusion hemorrhage after carotid stenting. Stroke 30 (1999) 2483-2486
169. Phatouros C.C., Lefler J.E., Higashida R.T., Meyers P.M., Malek A.M., Dowd C.F., and Halbach V.V. Primary stenting for high-grade basilar artery stenosis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 21 (2000) 1744-1749
170. Callahan III A.S., and Berger B.L. Balloon angioplasty of intracranial arteries for stroke prevention. J Neuroimaging 7 (1997) 232-235
171. Barakate M.S., Snook K.L., Harrington T.J., Sorby W., Pik J., and Morgan M.K. Angioplasty and stenting in the posterior cerebral circulation. J Endovasc Ther 8 (2001) 558-565
172. Terada T., Nakai E., Tsuura M., Nakai K., and Itakura T. Combined surgery and endovascular stenting for basilar artery stenosis refractory to balloon angioplasty: technical case report. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 143 (2001) 511-516
173. Lee J.H., Kwon S.U., Suh D.C., and Kim J.S. Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty for symptomatic middle cerebral artery stenosis: long-term follow-up. Cerebrovasc Dis 15 (2003) 90-97
174. Zhang Q.Z., Miao Z.R., Li S.M., Zhu F.S., Hua Y., Wang M.L., Song Q.B., and Ling F. Complications of stent-assistant angioplasty of symptomatic intracranial artery stenosis [in Chinese]. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 83 (2003) 1402-1405
175. Matsumaru Y., Tsuruta W., Takigawa T., Hyodo A., Sato H., and Matsumura A. Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty for atherosclerotic stenoses of intracranial vessels. Interv Neuroradiol 10 (2004) 17-20
176. Liu J.M., Hong B., Huang Q.H., Xu Y., Zhao W.Y., Zhang L., Zhao R., and Zhou X.P. Safety and short-term results of stent-assisted angioplasty for the treatment of intracranial arterial stenosis [in Chinese]. Zhonghua Wai Ke Za Zhi 42 (2004) 169-172
177. Lylyk P., Vila J.F., Miranda C., Ferrario A., Musacchio A., Rufenacht D., and Cohen J.E. Endovascular reconstruction by means of stent placement in symptomatic intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis. Neurol Res 27 suppl 1 (2005) S84-S88
178. Jiang W.J., Xu X.T., Du B., Dong K.H., Jin M., Wang Q.H., and Ma N. Comparison of elective stenting of severe vs moderate intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis. Neurology 68 (2007) 420-426
179. Freitas J.M., Zenteno M., Aburto-Murrieta Y., Koppe G., Abath C., Nunes J.A., Raupp E., Hidalgo R., Pieruccetti M.A., and Lee A. Intracranial arterial stenting for symptomatic stenoses: a Latin American experience. Surg Neurol 68 (2007) 378-386
180. Fiorella D., Chow M.M., Anderson M., Woo H., Rasmussen P.A., and Masaryk T.J. A 7-year experience with balloon-mounted coronary stents for the treatment of symptomatic vertebrobasilar intracranial atheromatous disease. Neurosurgery 61 (2007) 236-242 discussion 242-243