메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 8, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 29-57

Germanium: Environmental occurrence, importance and speciation

Author keywords

Biogeochemical cycling; Biomethylation; Dimethylgermanium; Ge 132; Germanium; Germanium sesquioxide; Methylgermanium; Recycling; Semiconductor industry; Speciation

Indexed keywords


EID: 67649216644     PISSN: 15691705     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11157-008-9143-x     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (90)

References (170)
  • 1
    • 67649210137 scopus 로고
    • Germanium and germanium compounds
    • Kirk-Othmer (ed) 4 12 Wiley New York
    • Adams JH, Thomas D (1994) Germanium and germanium compounds. In: Kirk-Othmer (ed) Encyclopedia of chemical tchnology, vol 12, 4th edn. Wiley, New York, pp 540-555
    • (1994) Encyclopedia of Chemical Tchnology , pp. 540-555
    • Adams, J.H.1    Thomas, D.2
  • 2
    • 0021282641 scopus 로고
    • Germanium in Islandic geothermal systems
    • 10.1016/0016-7037(84)90300-4
    • S Arnorsson 1984 Germanium in Islandic geothermal systems Geochim Cosmochim Acta 48 2482 2502 10.1016/0016-7037(84)90300-4
    • (1984) Geochim Cosmochim Acta , vol.48 , pp. 2482-2502
    • Arnorsson, S.1
  • 3
    • 44349135018 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hydrometallurgical recovery of germanium from coal gasification fly ash solvent extraction method
    • 10.1021/ie7016948
    • F Arroyo C Fernández-Pereira 2008 Hydrometallurgical recovery of germanium from coal gasification fly ash solvent extraction method Ind Eng Chem Res 47 3186 3191 10.1021/ie7016948
    • (2008) Ind Eng Chem Res , vol.47 , pp. 3186-3191
    • Arroyo, F.1    Fernández-Pereira, C.2
  • 4
    • 0041488347 scopus 로고
    • A Medical Godsend Kogakusha
    • Asai K (1977) Organic germanium. A Medical Godsend, Kogakusha
    • (1977) Organic Germanium
    • Asai, K.1
  • 5
    • 0141801932 scopus 로고
    • Japan publications (out of print) Accessed May 2008
    • Asai K (1980) Miracle cure organic Germanium. Japan publications (out of print). http://www.karlloren.com/ogc/research/books/book1/book1.htm. Accessed May 2008
    • (1980) Miracle Cure Organic Germanium
    • Asai, K.1
  • 8
    • 0039888494 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Materials and the global environment: Waste mining in the 21st century
    • Accessed June 2001
    • Ayres RU, Holmberg J, Anders B (2001) Materials and the global environment: waste mining in the 21st century. MRS Bull www.mrs.org/ publications/bulletin. Accessed June 2001
    • (2001) MRS Bull
    • Ayres, R.U.1    Holmberg, J.2    Anders, B.3
  • 9
    • 0000271751 scopus 로고
    • 68Ge] germanic acid as tracer
    • 10.1007/BF00389321
    • 68Ge] germanic acid as tracer Planta 121 205 212 10.1007/BF00389321
    • (1974) Planta , vol.121 , pp. 205-212
    • Azam, F.1
  • 10
    • 0015800958 scopus 로고
    • Germanium incoporation into the silica of diatom cell walls
    • 10.1007/BF00409507
    • F Azam BB Hemmingsens BE Volcani 1973 Germanium incoporation into the silica of diatom cell walls Arch Mikrobiol 92 11 20 10.1007/BF00409507
    • (1973) Arch Mikrobiol , vol.92 , pp. 11-20
    • Azam, F.1    Hemmingsens, B.B.2    Volcani, B.E.3
  • 11
    • 53549095712 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Uncommon heavy metals, metalloids and their plant toxicity: A review
    • 10.1007/s10311-008-0159-9
    • P Babula V Adam R Opatrilova J Zehnalek L Havel R Kizek 2008 Uncommon heavy metals, metalloids and their plant toxicity: a review Environ Chem Lett 6 189 213 10.1007/s10311-008-0159-9
    • (2008) Environ Chem Lett , vol.6 , pp. 189-213
    • Babula, P.1    Adam, V.2    Opatrilova, R.3    Zehnalek, J.4    Havel, L.5    Kizek, R.6
  • 12
    • 34548712682 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hypervalent compounds of organic germanium, tin and lead derivatives
    • Wiley New York
    • Baukov YI, Tandura SN (2002) Hypervalent compounds of organic germanium, tin and lead derivatives. In: Rappoport Z (ed) Organic germanium, tin and lead compounds, vol 2. Wiley, New York, pp 963-1239
    • (2002) Organic Germanium, Tin and Lead Compounds , vol.2 , pp. 963-1239
    • Baukov, Y.I.1    Tandura, S.N.2    Rappoport, Z.3
  • 13
    • 27744489737 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recent developments in isotope analysis by advanced mass spectrometric techniques
    • 10.1039/b508895j
    • JS Becker 2005 Recent developments in isotope analysis by advanced mass spectrometric techniques J Anal At Spectrom 20 1173 1184 10.1039/b508895j
    • (2005) J Anal at Spectrom , vol.20 , pp. 1173-1184
    • Becker, J.S.1
  • 14
    • 0022182381 scopus 로고
    • Germanium geochemistry and mineralogy
    • 10.1016/0016-7037(85)90241-8
    • LR Bernstein 1985 Germanium geochemistry and mineralogy Geochim Cosmochim Acta 49 2409 2422 10.1016/0016-7037(85)90241-8
    • (1985) Geochim Cosmochim Acta , vol.49 , pp. 2409-2422
    • Bernstein, L.R.1
  • 15
    • 67649185107 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • BgVV warnt vor dem Verzehr von Germanium-132 Kapseln
    • BgVV, Bundesamt für gesundheitlichen Verbraucherschutz und Veterinärmedizin
    • BgVV, Bundesamt für gesundheitlichen Verbraucherschutz und Veterinärmedizin (2000) BgVV warnt vor dem Verzehr von Germanium-132 Kapseln. Umweltmed Forsch Prax 5:294
    • (2000) Umweltmed Forsch Prax , vol.5 , pp. 294
  • 16
    • 35348854445 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The ratio of germanium to silicon in plant phytoliths: Quantification of biological discrimination under controlled experimental conditions
    • 10.1007/s10533-007-9154-7
    • SW Blecker SL King LA Derry OA Chadwick JA Ippolito EF Kelly 2007 The ratio of germanium to silicon in plant phytoliths: quantification of biological discrimination under controlled experimental conditions Biogeochem 86 189 199 10.1007/s10533-007-9154-7
    • (2007) Biogeochem , vol.86 , pp. 189-199
    • Blecker, S.W.1    King, S.L.2    Derry, L.A.3    Chadwick, O.A.4    Ippolito, J.A.5    Kelly, E.F.6
  • 18
    • 0017990723 scopus 로고
    • Atomic emission spectrometric determination of antimony, germanium, and methylgermanium
    • 10.1021/ac50030a021
    • RS Braman MA Tompkins 1978 Atomic emission spectrometric determination of antimony, germanium, and methylgermanium Anal Chem 50 1088 1093 10.1021/ac50030a021
    • (1978) Anal Chem , vol.50 , pp. 1088-1093
    • Braman, R.S.1    Tompkins, M.A.2
  • 20
    • 0345869044 scopus 로고
    • Effect of germanium on utilization of boron in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)
    • JC Brown WE Jones 1972 Effect of germanium on utilization of boron in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) Plant Physiol 49 651 653
    • (1972) Plant Physiol , vol.49 , pp. 651-653
    • Brown, J.C.1    Jones, W.E.2
  • 21
  • 22
    • 0037372731 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In vitro antitumour activity of some organogermanium radioprotectors
    • 10.1002/aoc.403
    • B Célariès M Gielen D de Vos G Rima 2003 In vitro antitumour activity of some organogermanium radioprotectors Appl Organomet Chem 17 191 193 10.1002/aoc.403
    • (2003) Appl Organomet Chem , vol.17 , pp. 191-193
    • Célariès, B.1    Gielen, M.2    De Vos, D.3    Rima, G.4
  • 23
    • 33947435182 scopus 로고
    • Biological methylation
    • 10.1021/cr60115a003
    • F Challenger 1945 Biological methylation Chem Rev 36 315 361 10.1021/cr60115a003
    • (1945) Chem Rev , vol.36 , pp. 315-361
    • Challenger, F.1
  • 24
    • 0037208031 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biomethylation of selenium and tellurium: Microorganisms and plants
    • 10.1021/cr010210+
    • TG Chasteen R Bentley 2003 Biomethylation of selenium and tellurium: microorganisms and plants Chem Rev 103 1 26 10.1021/cr010210+
    • (2003) Chem Rev , vol.103 , pp. 1-26
    • Chasteen, T.G.1    Bentley, R.2
  • 25
    • 84987458588 scopus 로고
    • Synthesis of pentacoordinated germanium compounds containing a phosphonyl group
    • 10.1002/hc.520060603
    • R Chen L Liu Z Zhang 1995 Synthesis of pentacoordinated germanium compounds containing a phosphonyl group Heteroatom Chem 6 503 506 10.1002/hc.520060603
    • (1995) Heteroatom Chem , vol.6 , pp. 503-506
    • Chen, R.1    Liu, L.2    Zhang, Z.3
  • 27
    • 0022846014 scopus 로고
    • Etude des eaux thermominerales carbgazeuses du Massif Central Francais: II. Comportement de quelques metaux en trace, de l'arsenic, de l'antimoine et du germanium
    • (in French). doi: 10.1016/0016-7037(86)90120-1
    • Criaud A, Fouillac AM (1986) Etude des eaux thermominerales carbgazeuses du Massif Central Francais: II. Comportement de quelques metaux en trace, de l'arsenic, de l'antimoine et du germanium. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 50:1573-1582. (in French). doi: 10.1016/0016-7037(86)90120-1
    • (1986) Geochim Cosmochim Acta , vol.50 , pp. 1573-1582
    • Criaud, A.1    Fouillac, A.M.2
  • 28
    • 0001668444 scopus 로고
    • Ein neues Verfahren zur Messung der Kristallisationsgeschwindigkeit der Metalle
    • J Czochralski 1917 Ein neues Verfahren zur Messung der Kristallisationsgeschwindigkeit der Metalle Z Phys Chem 92 219 221
    • (1917) Z Phys Chem , vol.92 , pp. 219-221
    • Czochralski, J.1
  • 30
    • 4243339756 scopus 로고
    • Ge-Si and Ga-Al fractionation in Hawaiian volcanic rocks
    • 10.1016/0016-7037(78)90007-8
    • R DeArgollo J-G Schilling 1978 Ge-Si and Ga-Al fractionation in Hawaiian volcanic rocks Geochim Cosmochim Acta 42 623 630 10.1016/0016-7037(78)90007-8
    • (1978) Geochim Cosmochim Acta , vol.42 , pp. 623-630
    • Deargollo, R.1    Schilling, J.-G.2
  • 31
    • 33845188716 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Germanium: From the first application of Czochralski crystal growth to large diameter dislocation-free wafers
    • 10.1016/j.mssp.2006.08.002
    • B Depuydt A Theuwis I Romandi 2006 Germanium: from the first application of Czochralski crystal growth to large diameter dislocation-free wafers Mater Sci Semicond Process 9 437 443 10.1016/j.mssp.2006.08.002
    • (2006) Mater Sci Semicond Process , vol.9 , pp. 437-443
    • Depuydt, B.1    Theuwis, A.2    Romandi, I.3
  • 32
    • 27944473602 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. Wiley-VCH Weinheim
    • Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (2005) MAK- und BAT-Werte-Liste 2005. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim
    • (2005) MAK- Und BAT-Werte-Liste 2005
  • 34
    • 0001620252 scopus 로고
    • Pharmacological studies of radiogermanium (Ge71)
    • HC Dudley EJ Wallace 1952 Pharmacological studies of radiogermanium (Ge71) Arch Ind Hyg Occup Med 6 263 270
    • (1952) Arch Ind Hyg Occup Med , vol.6 , pp. 263-270
    • Dudley, H.C.1    Wallace, E.J.2
  • 35
    • 85010248506 scopus 로고
    • On the geochemistry of germanium
    • 10.1016/0016-7037(56)90020-5
    • SA El Wardani 1957 On the geochemistry of germanium Geochim Cosmochim Acta 10 321 322 10.1016/0016-7037(56)90020-5
    • (1957) Geochim Cosmochim Acta , vol.10 , pp. 321-322
    • El Wardani, S.A.1
  • 36
    • 0010672682 scopus 로고
    • Actual knowledge on germanium compounds and feasibility of quantitative determination in occupational medicine and toxicology
    • G Emmerling KH Schaller H Valentin 1986 Actual knowledge on germanium compounds and feasibility of quantitative determination in occupational medicine and toxicology Zbl Arbeitsmed 36 258 265
    • (1986) Zbl Arbeitsmed , vol.36 , pp. 258-265
    • Emmerling, G.1    Schaller, K.H.2    Valentin, H.3
  • 41
    • 0019660978 scopus 로고
    • The marine geochemistry of Germanium: Ekasilicon.
    • PN Froelich MO Andreae 1981 The marine geochemistry of germanium: ekasilicon Science 213 205 207 10.1126/science.213.4504.205 (Pubitemid 12261523)
    • (1981) Science , vol.213 , Issue.4504 , pp. 205-207
    • Froelich Jr, P.N.1    Andreae, M.O.2
  • 42
    • 0021890702 scopus 로고
    • Geochemical behaviour of inorganic germanium in an unperturbated estuary
    • 10.1016/0016-7037(85)90043-2
    • PN Froelich AS Hambrick LW Kaul JT Byrd O Lecointe 1985 Geochemical behaviour of inorganic germanium in an unperturbated estuary Geochim Cosmochim Acta 49 519 524 10.1016/0016-7037(85)90043-2
    • (1985) Geochim Cosmochim Acta , vol.49 , pp. 519-524
    • Froelich, P.N.1    Hambrick, A.S.2    Kaul, L.W.3    Byrd, J.T.4    Lecointe, O.5
  • 45
    • 0027069202 scopus 로고
    • River fluxes of dissolved silica to the ocean were higher during the glacials: Ge/Si in diatoms, rivers, and oceans
    • 10.1029/92PA02090
    • PN Froelich V Blanc RA Mortlock SN Chillrud W Dunstan A Udomkit TH Peng 1992 River fluxes of dissolved silica to the ocean were higher during the glacials: Ge/Si in diatoms, rivers, and oceans Paleoceanography 7 739 768 10.1029/92PA02090
    • (1992) Paleoceanography , vol.7 , pp. 739-768
    • Froelich, P.N.1    Blanc, V.2    Mortlock, R.A.3    Chillrud, S.N.4    Dunstan, W.5    Udomkit, A.6    Peng, T.H.7
  • 46
    • 0037325421 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High precision measurement of germanium isotope ratio variations by multiple collector-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
    • 10.1039/b210233a
    • A Galy C Pomiès JA Day OS Pokrovsky J Schott 2003 High precision measurement of germanium isotope ratio variations by multiple collector-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry J Anal At Spectrom 18 115 119 10.1039/b210233a
    • (2003) J Anal at Spectrom , vol.18 , pp. 115-119
    • Galy, A.1    Pomiès, C.2    Day, J.A.3    Pokrovsky, O.S.4    Schott, J.5
  • 48
    • 0031442630 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mutagenicity, carcinogenicity and teratogenicity of germanium compounds
    • 10.1016/S1383-5742(97)00034-3
    • GB Gerber A Léonard 1997 Mutagenicity, carcinogenicity and teratogenicity of germanium compounds Mutat Res 387 141 146 10.1016/S1383- 5742(97)00034-3
    • (1997) Mutat Res , vol.387 , pp. 141-146
    • Gerber, G.B.1    Léonard, A.2
  • 49
    • 67649160966 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Accessed May 2008
    • Ginseng UP (2008) Ginseng & Germanium. Available at http://www.ginsengup.com/pages/ginseng/germanium.html. Accessed May 2008
    • (2008) Ginseng & Germanium
    • Ginseng, U.P.1
  • 50
    • 0010404218 scopus 로고
    • The migration of germanium in the ground waters of ore deposits
    • GA Goleva IN Vorobyeva 1967 The migration of germanium in the ground waters of ore deposits Geochem Int 4 809 817
    • (1967) Geochem Int , vol.4 , pp. 809-817
    • Goleva, G.A.1    Vorobyeva, I.N.2
  • 52
    • 33845220834 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Germanium: From its discovery to SiGe devices
    • 10.1016/j.mssp.2006.08.063
    • EE Haller 2006 Germanium: from its discovery to SiGe devices Mater Sci Semicond Process 9 408 422 10.1016/j.mssp.2006.08.063
    • (2006) Mater Sci Semicond Process , vol.9 , pp. 408-422
    • Haller, E.E.1
  • 53
    • 0019525390 scopus 로고
    • Hydrogen concentration and distribution in high-purity germanium crystals
    • 10.1109/TNS.1982.4335948
    • E Haller W Hansen P Luke R Murray B Jarrel 1982 Hydrogen concentration and distribution in high-purity germanium crystals IEEE Trans Nucl Sci NS 29 738 744 10.1109/TNS.1982.4335948
    • (1982) IEEE Trans Nucl Sci NS , vol.29 , pp. 738-744
    • Haller, E.1    Hansen, W.2    Luke, P.3    Murray, R.4    Jarrel, B.5
  • 54
    • 0021386448 scopus 로고
    • Determination of methylgermanium species in natural waters by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry with hydride generation
    • 10.1021/ac00267a027
    • GA Hambrick PN Froelich Jr MO Andreae BL Lewis 1984 Determination of methylgermanium species in natural waters by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry with hydride generation Anal Chem 56 421 424 10.1021/ac00267a027
    • (1984) Anal Chem , vol.56 , pp. 421-424
    • Hambrick, G.A.1    Froelich Jr, P.N.2    Andreae, M.O.3    Lewis, B.L.4
  • 56
    • 38349066078 scopus 로고
    • Morozeviczite and polkovicite, typo-chemical minerals of Mesozoic mineralization of the Fore-Sudenten monocline
    • (in Polish)
    • C Haranczyk 1975 Morozeviczite and polkovicite, typo-chemical minerals of Mesozoic mineralization of the Fore-Sudenten monocline Rudy Metalle 20 288 293 (in Polish)
    • (1975) Rudy Metalle , vol.20 , pp. 288-293
    • Haranczyk, C.1
  • 58
    • 0032216043 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metal(loid)organic compounds in geothermal gases and waters
    • 10.1016/S0146-6380(98)00153-3
    • AV Hirner J Feldmann E Krupp R Grümping R Goguel WR Cullen 1998 Metal(loid)organic compounds in geothermal gases and waters Org Geochem 29 1765 1778 10.1016/S0146-6380(98)00153-3
    • (1998) Org Geochem , vol.29 , pp. 1765-1778
    • Hirner, A.V.1    Feldmann, J.2    Krupp, E.3    Grümping, R.4    Goguel, R.5    Cullen, W.R.6
  • 59
    • 33847236639 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metallogenesis of germanium-a review
    • 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2005.07.034
    • R Höll M Kling E Schroll 2007 Metallogenesis of germanium-a review Ore Geol Rev 30 145 180 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2005.07.034
    • (2007) Ore Geol Rev , vol.30 , pp. 145-180
    • Höll, R.1    Kling, M.2    Schroll, E.3
  • 62
    • 0035716518 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Synthesis and biological activity of silyl- and germylsubstituted trifluoroacetylfurans
    • 10.1155/MBD.2001.211
    • L Ignatovich D Zarina I Shestakova S Germane E Lukevics 2002 Synthesis and biological activity of silyl- and germylsubstituted trifluoroacetylfurans Met Based Drugs 8 211 214 10.1155/MBD.2001.211
    • (2002) Met Based Drugs , vol.8 , pp. 211-214
    • Ignatovich, L.1    Zarina, D.2    Shestakova, I.3    Germane, S.4    Lukevics, E.5
  • 63
    • 0030057054 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2-Carboxyethylgermanium sesquioxide, a synthetic organogermanium compound, as an inducer of contrasuppressor T cells
    • DOI 10.1007/BF01923363
    • K Ikemoto M Kobayashi T Fukumoto M Morimatsu RB Pollard F Suzuki 1996 2-Carboxyethylgermanium sesquioxide, a synthetic organogermanium compound, as an inducer of contrasuppressor T cells Cell Molecul Life Sci 52 159 166 (Pubitemid 26067573)
    • (1996) Experientia , vol.52 , Issue.2 , pp. 159-166
    • Ikemoto, K.1    Kobayashi, M.2    Fukumoto, T.3    Morimatsu, M.4    Pollard, R.B.5    Suzuki, F.6
  • 64
    • 0036914624 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Germanium does not substitute for boron in cross-linking of rhamnogalacturonan II in pumpkin cell walls
    • DOI 10.1104/pp.009514
    • T Ishii T Matsunaga H Iwai S Satoh J Taoshita 2002 Germanium does not substitute for boron in cross-linking of Rhamnogalacturonan II in pumpkin cell walls Plant Physiol 130 1967 1973 10.1104/pp009514 (Pubitemid 36035192)
    • (2002) Plant Physiology , vol.130 , Issue.4 , pp. 1967-1973
    • Ishii, T.1    Matsunaga, T.2    Iwai, H.3    Satoh, S.4    Taoshita, J.5
  • 65
    • 67649216430 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1196-V. Accessed May 2008
    • Jorgenson JD (2001) Germanium recycling in the United States in 2000, U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1196-V. Available at http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/ c1196v/c1196v.pdf. Accessed May 2008
    • (2001) Germanium Recycling in the United States in 2000
    • Jorgenson, J.D.1
  • 66
    • 51249195201 scopus 로고
    • On the antifungal and antibacterial activity of some trisubstituted organogermanium, organotin and organolead compounds
    • 10.1007/BF02538746
    • A Kaars Sijpesteijn F Rijkens JGA Luijten LC Willemsens 1962 On the antifungal and antibacterial activity of some trisubstituted organogermanium, organotin and organolead compounds Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 28 346 356 10.1007/BF02538746
    • (1962) Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek , vol.28 , pp. 346-356
    • Kaars Sijpesteijn, A.1    Rijkens, F.2    Luijten, J.G.A.3    Willemsens, L.C.4
  • 69
    • 0035522344 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Germatranes and their analogs: Synthesis, structure and reactivity
    • 10.1023/A:1017942932503
    • SS Karlov GS Zaitseva 2001 Germatranes and their analogs: synthesis, structure and reactivity Chem Heterocycl Compd 37 1325 1357 10.1023/A: 1017942932503
    • (2001) Chem Heterocycl Compd , vol.37 , pp. 1325-1357
    • Karlov, S.S.1    Zaitseva, G.S.2
  • 70
    • 43149091922 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Some aspects of the analysis of biologically active organogermanium substances
    • 10.1080/10408340701804459
    • M Kluska 2008 Some aspects of the analysis of biologically active organogermanium substances Crit Rev Anal Chem 38 84 92 10.1080/10408340701804459
    • (2008) Crit Rev Anal Chem , vol.38 , pp. 84-92
    • Kluska, M.1
  • 71
    • 0010402906 scopus 로고
    • Germanium, molybdenum, copper and zinc in New Zealand thermal waters
    • A Koga 1967 Germanium, molybdenum, copper and zinc in New Zealand thermal waters N Z J Sci 10 428 446
    • (1967) N Z J Sci , vol.10 , pp. 428-446
    • Koga, A.1
  • 72
    • 0010365387 scopus 로고
    • Geochemistry of germanium in the thermal carbonate waters (illustrated by examples from the Pamirs and Greater Caucasus)
    • SR Kraynov 1967 Geochemistry of germanium in the thermal carbonate waters (illustrated by examples from the Pamirs and Greater Caucasus) Geochem Int 4 309 320
    • (1967) Geochem Int , vol.4 , pp. 309-320
    • Kraynov, S.R.1
  • 73
    • 0034767288 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • HG/LT-GC/ICP-MS coupling for identification of metal(loid) species in human urine after fish consumption
    • 10.1007/s002160101087
    • J Kresimon U Grüter A Hirner 2001 HG/LT-GC/ICP-MS coupling for identification of metal(loid) species in human urine after fish consumption Fresenius' J Anal Chem 371 586 590 10.1007/s002160101087
    • (2001) Fresenius' J Anal Chem , vol.371 , pp. 586-590
    • Kresimon, J.1    Grüter, U.2    Hirner, A.3
  • 75
    • 0036098189 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Germanium-silicon fractionation in the weathering environment
    • 10.1016/S0016-7037(01)00869-9
    • AC Kurtz LA Derry OA Chadwick 2002 Germanium-silicon fractionation in the weathering environment Geochim Cosmochim Acta 66 1525 1537 10.1016/S0016- 7037(01)00869-9
    • (2002) Geochim Cosmochim Acta , vol.66 , pp. 1525-1537
    • Kurtz, A.C.1    Derry, L.A.2    Chadwick, O.A.3
  • 76
    • 24444471897 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Group IV Elements, IV-IV and III-V Compounds
    • Landolt-Börnstein Madelung O, Rössler U, Schulz M (eds) Springer, Heidelberg
    • Landolt-Börnstein (2002) Group IV Elements, IV-IV and III-V Compounds. Part b-Electronic, Transport, Optical and Other Properties. Madelung O, Rössler U, Schulz M (eds) Springer, Heidelberg, vol 41A1b, pp 1-10
    • (2002) Part B-Electronic, Transport, Optical and Other Properties , vol.41 A1B , pp. 1-10
  • 77
    • 0008356381 scopus 로고
    • Colusite, a new mineral of the sphalerite group
    • RE Landon AH Mogilnor 1933 Colusite, a new mineral of the sphalerite group Am Mineral 18 528 533
    • (1933) Am Mineral , vol.18 , pp. 528-533
    • Landon, R.E.1    Mogilnor, A.H.2
  • 78
    • 0032760056 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantitative relationships among giant deposits of metals
    • P Laznicka 1999 Quantitative relationships among giant deposits of metals Econ Geol 94 455 473 (Pubitemid 29511511)
    • (1999) Economic Geology , vol.94 , Issue.4 , pp. 455-473
    • Laznicka, P.1
  • 81
    • 0024045039 scopus 로고
    • A review of the biogeochemistry of germanium in natural waters
    • 10.1016/0048-9697(88)90191-X
    • BL Lewis MO Andreae PN Froelich RA Mortlock 1988 A review of the biogeochemistry of germanium in natural waters Sci Total Environ 73 107 120 10.1016/0048-9697(88)90191-X
    • (1988) Sci Total Environ , vol.73 , pp. 107-120
    • Lewis, B.L.1    Andreae, M.O.2    Froelich, P.N.3    Mortlock, R.A.4
  • 82
    • 0024927976 scopus 로고
    • Sources and sinks of methylgermanium in natural waters
    • 10.1016/0304-4203(89)90047-9
    • BL Lewis MO Andreae PN Froelich 1989 Sources and sinks of methylgermanium in natural waters Mar Chem 27 179 200 10.1016/0304-4203(89)90047-9
    • (1989) Mar Chem , vol.27 , pp. 179-200
    • Lewis, B.L.1    Andreae, M.O.2    Froelich, P.N.3
  • 86
    • 84990498805 scopus 로고
    • Comparative study of the biological activity of organosilicon and organogermanium compounds
    • 10.1002/aoc.590060204
    • E Lukevics L Ignatovich 1992 Comparative study of the biological activity of organosilicon and organogermanium compounds Appl Organomet Chem 6 113 126 10.1002/aoc.590060204
    • (1992) Appl Organomet Chem , vol.6 , pp. 113-126
    • Lukevics, E.1    Ignatovich, L.2
  • 89
    • 84989594095 scopus 로고
    • Neurotropic activity of organogermanium compounds
    • 10.1002/aoc.590060702
    • E Lukevics S Germane L Ignatovich 1992 Neurotropic activity of organogermanium compounds Appl Organomet Chem 6 543 564 10.1002/aoc.590060702
    • (1992) Appl Organomet Chem , vol.6 , pp. 543-564
    • Lukevics, E.1    Germane, S.2    Ignatovich, L.3
  • 90
    • 67649197228 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rare earths and specialty metals market prices
    • Market Prices August Accessed May 2008
    • Market Prices (2003) Rare earths and specialty metals market prices. Internet source, August, 1 p. Accessed May 2008
    • (2003) Internet Source , pp. 1
  • 91
    • 12244275937 scopus 로고
    • Substitution of germanium for boron in plant growth
    • WJ McIllrath J Skok 1966 Substitution of germanium for boron in plant growth Plant Physiol 41 1209 1212
    • (1966) Plant Physiol , vol.41 , pp. 1209-1212
    • McIllrath, W.J.1    Skok, J.2
  • 92
    • 29344471603 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The determination of total germanium in real food samples including Chinese herbal remedies using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy
    • 10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.05.018
    • M McMahon F Regan H Hughes 2007 The determination of total germanium in real food samples including Chinese herbal remedies using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy Food Chem 97 411 417 10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.05. 018
    • (2007) Food Chem , vol.97 , pp. 411-417
    • McMahon, M.1    Regan, F.2    Hughes, H.3
  • 93
    • 0016664998 scopus 로고
    • 68Ge in rat tissues and cell organelles
    • 10.1016/S0006-3061(00)80055-1
    • 68Ge in rat tissues and cell organelles Bioinorg Chem 5 107 124 10.1016/S0006-3061(00)80055-1
    • (1975) Bioinorg Chem , vol.5 , pp. 107-124
    • Mehard, C.W.1    Volcani, B.E.2
  • 94
    • 84981647914 scopus 로고
    • Role of silicon in diatom metabolism: IV subcellular localization of silicon and germanium in Nitzschia alba and Cylindrotheca fusiformis
    • 10.1111/j.1399-3054.1974.tb03654.x
    • CW Mehard CW Sullivan F Azam BE Volcani 1974 Role of silicon in diatom metabolism: IV subcellular localization of silicon and germanium in Nitzschia alba and Cylindrotheca fusiformis Physiol Plant 30 265 272 10.1111/j.1399-3054. 1974.tb03654.x
    • (1974) Physiol Plant , vol.30 , pp. 265-272
    • Mehard, C.W.1    Sullivan, C.W.2    Azam, F.3    Volcani, B.E.4
  • 95
    • 30444456973 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Otavi mountain land in Namibia: Tsumeb, germanium and snowball earth
    • F Melcher 2003 The Otavi mountain land in Namibia: Tsumeb, germanium and snowball earth Mitt Österr Mineralog Ges 148 413 435
    • (2003) Mitt Österr Mineralog Ges , vol.148 , pp. 413-435
    • Melcher, F.1
  • 96
    • 0038050867 scopus 로고
    • Die periodische Gesetzmäßigkeit der chemischen Elemente
    • D Mendelejew 1871 Die periodische Gesetzmäßigkeit der chemischen Elemente Ann Chem Pharm Leipzig 871 Suppl VIII 133
    • (1871) Ann Chem Pharm Leipzig , vol.871 , Issue.SUPPL VIII , pp. 133
    • Mendelejew, D.1
  • 97
    • 1942531703 scopus 로고
    • Reaction of trichlorogermane with acrylic acid and its derivatives
    • (in Russian)
    • VF Mironov EM Berliner TK Gar 1967 Reaction of trichlorogermane with acrylic acid and its derivatives Zh Obshch Khim 37 962 (in Russian)
    • (1967) Zh Obshch Khim , vol.37 , pp. 962
    • Mironov, V.F.1    Berliner, E.M.2    Gar, T.K.3
  • 98
    • 67649223933 scopus 로고
    • Reaction of trichlorogermane with unsaturated carboxylic acids
    • (in Russian)
    • VF Mironov EM Berliner TK Gar EA Rybakov 1968 Reaction of trichlorogermane with unsaturated carboxylic acids Zh Obshch Khim 38 2292 2300 (in Russian)
    • (1968) Zh Obshch Khim , vol.38 , pp. 2292-2300
    • Mironov, V.F.1    Berliner, E.M.2    Gar, T.K.3    Rybakov, E.A.4
  • 99
    • 0023003438 scopus 로고
    • Determination of germanium and some other elements in hair and toe nail from persons exposed and unexposed to germanium
    • 10.1016/0048-9697(86)90203-2
    • H Morita S Shimomura K Odagawa S Saito C Sakigawa H Sato 1986 Determination of germanium and some other elements in hair and toe nail from persons exposed and unexposed to germanium Sci Total Environ 58 237 242 10.1016/0048-9697(86)90203-2
    • (1986) Sci Total Environ , vol.58 , pp. 237-242
    • Morita, H.1    Shimomura, S.2    Odagawa, K.3    Saito, S.4    Sakigawa, C.5    Sato, H.6
  • 100
    • 0022465852 scopus 로고
    • Hydrothermal germanium over the southern East Pacific Rise.
    • RA Mortlock PN Froelich 1986 Hydrothermal germanium over the southern East Pacific Rise Science 231 43 45 10.1126/science.231.4733.43 (Pubitemid 16285611)
    • (1986) Science , vol.231 , Issue.4733 , pp. 43-45
    • Mortlock, R.A.1    Froelich, P.N.2
  • 101
    • 0023525357 scopus 로고
    • Continental weathering of germanium: Ge/Si in the global river discharge
    • 10.1016/0016-7037(87)90257-2
    • RA Mortlock PN Froelich 1987 Continental weathering of germanium: Ge/Si in the global river discharge Geochim Cosmochim Acta 51 2075 2082 10.1016/0016-7037(87)90257-2
    • (1987) Geochim Cosmochim Acta , vol.51 , pp. 2075-2082
    • Mortlock, R.A.1    Froelich, P.N.2
  • 102
    • 1142300312 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Review of germanium processing worldwide
    • 10.1016/j.mineng.2003.11.014
    • RR Moskalyk 2004 Review of germanium processing worldwide Miner Eng 17 393 402 10.1016/j.mineng.2003.11.014
    • (2004) Miner Eng , vol.17 , pp. 393-402
    • Moskalyk, R.R.1
  • 103
    • 67649197217 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • MSDS Accessed May 2008
    • MSDS (2005) Material safety data sheet germanium tetrachloride, Available at http://agrippina.bcs.deakin.edu.au/bcs-admin/msds/msds-docs/Germanium%20(IV) %20chloride.pdf. Accessed May 2008
    • (2005) Material Safety Data Sheet Germanium Tetrachloride
  • 104
    • 0025204892 scopus 로고
    • Germanium and silicon in rivers of the Orinoco drainage basin
    • 10.1038/344749a0
    • RJ Murnane RF Stallard 1990 Germanium and silicon in rivers of the Orinoco drainage basin Nature 344 749 752 10.1038/344749a0
    • (1990) Nature , vol.344 , pp. 749-752
    • Murnane, R.J.1    Stallard, R.F.2
  • 105
    • 0022396219 scopus 로고
    • Accumulation of germanium in the tissues of a long-term user of germanium preparation died of acute renal failure
    • N Nagata T Yoneyama K Yanagida K Ushio S Yanagihara O Matsubara Y Eishi 1985 Accumulation of germanium in the tissues of a long-term user of germanium preparation died of acute renal failure J Toxicol Sci 10 333 341 (Pubitemid 16146747)
    • (1985) Journal of Toxicological Sciences , vol.10 , Issue.4 , pp. 333-341
    • Nagata, N.1    Yoneyama, T.2    Yanagida, K.3
  • 106
    • 33846338556 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Germanium-68 as an adequate tracer for silicon transport in plants. Characterization of silicon uptake in different crop species
    • DOI 10.1104/pp.106.090845
    • M Nikolic N Nikolic YC Liang EA Kirkby V Romheld 2007 Germanium-68 as an adequate tracer for silicon transport in characterization of silicon uptake in different crop species Plant Physiol 143 495 503 10.1104/pp106090845 (Pubitemid 46133652)
    • (2007) Plant Physiology , vol.143 , Issue.1 , pp. 495-503
    • Nikolic, M.1    Nikolic, N.2    Liang, Y.3    Kirkby, E.A.4    Romheld, V.5
  • 110
    • 67649235994 scopus 로고
    • Canfieldite, a new germanium mineral
    • SL Penfield 1984 Canfieldite, a new germanium mineral Am J Sci 46 107 113
    • (1984) Am J Sci , vol.46 , pp. 107-113
    • Penfield, S.L.1
  • 111
    • 0032463063 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Experimental study of the complexation of silicon and germanium with aqueous organic species: Implications for germanium and silicon transport and Ge/Si ratio in natural waters
    • PII S001670379800249X
    • GS Pokrovski J Schott 1998 Experimental study of the complexation of silicon and germanium with aqueous organic species: implications for germanium and silicon transport and Ge/Si ratio in natural waters Geochim Cosmochim Acta 62 3413 3428 10.1016/S0016-7037(98)00249-X (Pubitemid 29298545)
    • (1998) Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta , vol.62 , Issue.21-22 , pp. 3413-3428
    • Pokrovski, G.S.1    Schott, J.2
  • 112
    • 0032075982 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thermodynamic properties of aqueous Ge(IV) hydroxide complexes from 25 to 350°C: Implications for the behaviour of germanium and the Ge/Si ratio in hydrothermal fluids
    • 10.1016/S0016-7037(98)00081-7
    • GS Pokrovski J Schott 1998 Thermodynamic properties of aqueous Ge(IV) hydroxide complexes from 25 to 350°C: implications for the behaviour of germanium and the Ge/Si ratio in hydrothermal fluids Geochim Cosmochim Acta 62 1631 1642 10.1016/S0016-7037(98)00081-7
    • (1998) Geochim Cosmochim Acta , vol.62 , pp. 1631-1642
    • Pokrovski, G.S.1    Schott, J.2
  • 113
    • 0037202290 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Iron colloids/organic matter associated transport of major and trace elements in small boreal rivers and their estuaries (NW Russia)
    • 10.1016/S0009-2541(02)00115-8
    • OS Pokrovsky J Schott 2002 Iron colloids/organic matter associated transport of major and trace elements in small boreal rivers and their estuaries (NW Russia) Chem Geol 190 141 179 10.1016/S0009-2541(02)00115-8
    • (2002) Chem Geol , vol.190 , pp. 141-179
    • Pokrovsky, O.S.1    Schott, J.2
  • 114
    • 0034001494 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy study of germanium-organic ligand complexes in aqueous solution
    • 10.1016/S0009-2541(99)00102-3
    • GS Pokrovski F Martin J-L Hazemann J Schott 2000 An X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy study of germanium-organic ligand complexes in aqueous solution Chem Geol 163 151 165 10.1016/S0009-2541(99)00102-3
    • (2000) Chem Geol , vol.163 , pp. 151-165
    • Pokrovski, G.S.1    Martin, F.2    Hazemann, J.-L.3    Schott, J.4
  • 115
    • 33745205680 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Experimental study of germanium adsorption on goethite and germanium coprecipitation with iron hydroxide: X-ray absorption fine structure and macroscopic characterization
    • 10.1016/j.gca.2006.04.012
    • OS Pokrovsky GS Pokrovski J Schott A Galy 2006 Experimental study of germanium adsorption on goethite and germanium coprecipitation with iron hydroxide: X-ray absorption fine structure and macroscopic characterization Geochim Cosmochim Acta 70 3325 3341 10.1016/j.gca.2006.04.012
    • (2006) Geochim Cosmochim Acta , vol.70 , pp. 3325-3341
    • Pokrovsky, O.S.1    Pokrovski, G.S.2    Schott, J.3    Galy, A.4
  • 116
    • 0040411720 scopus 로고
    • Germanite, a germanium mineral and ore from Tsumeb, Southwest Africa
    • O Pufahl 1922 Germanite, a germanium mineral and ore from Tsumeb, Southwest Africa Metall Erz 19 324
    • (1922) Metall Erz , vol.19 , pp. 324
    • Pufahl, O.1
  • 117
    • 33846956761 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 8, a new species of germanium-tungsten-sulphide from Capillitas, Catamarca, Argentinia: Description, paragenesis and crystal structure
    • 10.2113/gscanmin.44.6.1481
    • 8, a new species of germanium-tungsten-sulphide from Capillitas, Catamarca, Argentinia: description, paragenesis and crystal structure Can Mineral 44 1481 1497 10.2113/gscanmin.44.6.1481
    • (2006) Can Mineral , vol.44 , pp. 1481-1497
    • Putz, H.1    Paar, W.H.2    Topa, D.3    Makovický, E.4    Roberts, A.C.5
  • 121
    • 0001311529 scopus 로고
    • Organic compounds of germanium. the direct synthesis from elementary germanium
    • 10.1021/ja01199a046
    • EG Rochow 1947 Organic compounds of germanium. The direct synthesis from elementary germanium J Am Chem Soc 69 1729 1731 10.1021/ja01199a046
    • (1947) J Am Chem Soc , vol.69 , pp. 1729-1731
    • Rochow, E.G.1
  • 122
    • 0035138596 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Determination of germanium in urine and its usefulness for biomonitoring of inhalation exposure to inorganic germanium in the occupational setting
    • 10.1039/b007132n
    • HA Roels J-P Buchet 2001 Determination of germanium in urine and its usefulness for biomonitoring of inhalation exposure to inorganic germanium in the occupational setting J Environ Monit 3 67 73 10.1039/b007132n
    • (2001) J Environ Monit , vol.3 , pp. 67-73
    • Roels, H.A.1    Buchet, J.-P.2
  • 123
    • 67649226930 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Environmental speciation of germanium
    • E Rosenberg 2007 Environmental speciation of germanium Ecol Chem Eng 14 707 732
    • (2007) Ecol Chem Eng , vol.14 , pp. 707-732
    • Rosenberg, E.1
  • 124
    • 0000204082 scopus 로고
    • Studies of the acute and chronic toxicity of germanium
    • G Rosenfeld EJ Wallace 1953 Studies of the acute and chronic toxicity of germanium AMA Arch Ind Health 8 466 479
    • (1953) AMA Arch Ind Health , vol.8 , pp. 466-479
    • Rosenfeld, G.1    Wallace, E.J.2
  • 125
    • 33745215869 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Germanium isotopic variations in igneous rocks and marine sediments
    • 10.1016/j.gca.2006.04.025
    • O Rouxel A Galy H Elderfield 2006 Germanium isotopic variations in igneous rocks and marine sediments Geochim Cosmochim Acta 70 3387 3400 10.1016/j.gca.2006.04.025
    • (2006) Geochim Cosmochim Acta , vol.70 , pp. 3387-3400
    • Rouxel, O.1    Galy, A.2    Elderfield, H.3
  • 126
    • 0000124450 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Contrasting Behaviour of Arsenic and Germanium Species in Seawater
    • SJ Santosa S Wada H Mokudai S Tanaka 1997 The contrasting behaviour of arsenic and germanium species in seawater Appl Organomet Chem 11 403 414 10.1002/(SICI)1099-0739(199705)11:5<403::AID-AOC596>3.0.CO;2-4 (Pubitemid 127520250)
    • (1997) Applied Organometallic Chemistry , vol.11 , Issue.5 , pp. 403-414
    • Santosa, S.J.1    Wada, S.2    Mokudai, H.3    Tanaka, S.4
  • 127
    • 0025994706 scopus 로고
    • Nephrotoxicity in humans by the ultratrace element germanium
    • 10.3109/08860229109022139
    • AG Schauss 1991 Nephrotoxicity in humans by the ultratrace element germanium Ren Fail 13 1 4 10.3109/08860229109022139
    • (1991) Ren Fail , vol.13 , pp. 1-4
    • Schauss, A.G.1
  • 128
    • 0014093277 scopus 로고
    • Arsenic, germanium, tin and vanadium in mice: Effects on growth, survival and tissue levels
    • HA Schroeder JJ Balassa 1967 Arsenic, germanium, tin and vanadium in mice: effects on growth, survival and tissue levels J Nutr 92 245 252
    • (1967) J Nutr , vol.92 , pp. 245-252
    • Schroeder, H.A.1    Balassa, J.J.2
  • 129
    • 0014073140 scopus 로고
    • Abnormal trace metal in man: Germanium
    • HA Schroeder JJ Balassa 1967 Abnormal trace metal in man: germanium J Chronic Dis 20 221 224
    • (1967) J Chronic Dis , vol.20 , pp. 221-224
    • Schroeder, H.A.1    Balassa, J.J.2
  • 131
    • 33644911166 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Germanium sequestration by soil: Targeting the roles of secondary clays and Fe-oxyhydroxides
    • 10.1016/j.epsl.2006.01.051
    • AM Scribner AC Kurtz OA Chadwick 2006 Germanium sequestration by soil: targeting the roles of secondary clays and Fe-oxyhydroxides Earth Planet Sci Lett 243 760 770 10.1016/j.epsl.2006.01.051
    • (2006) Earth Planet Sci Lett , vol.243 , pp. 760-770
    • Scribner, A.M.1    Kurtz, A.C.2    Chadwick, O.A.3
  • 132
    • 34147105976 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metallocanes of group 14 elements. 1. derivatives of silicon and germanium. (Review)
    • doi: 10.1007/s10593-006-0278-9
    • Selina AA, Karlov SS, Zaitseva GS (2006) Metallocanes of group 14 elements. 1. derivatives of silicon and germanium. (Review). Chem Heterocycl Compd 42:1518-1556. doi: 10.1007/s10593-006-0278-9
    • (2006) Chem Heterocycl Compd , vol.42 , pp. 1518-1556
    • Selina, A.A.1    Karlov, S.S.2    Zaitseva, G.S.3
  • 133
    • 19944412169 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • DNA binding specificity and cytotoxicity of novel antitumor agent Ge132 derivatives
    • 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.04.053
    • G Shangguan F Xing X Qu J Mao D Zhao X Zhaob J Ren 2005 DNA binding specificity and cytotoxicity of novel antitumor agent Ge132 derivatives Bioorg Med Chem Lett 15 2962 2965 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.04.053
    • (2005) Bioorg Med Chem Lett , vol.15 , pp. 2962-2965
    • Shangguan, G.1    Xing, F.2    Qu, X.3    Mao, J.4    Zhao, D.5    Zhaob, X.6    Ren, J.7
  • 134
    • 0020853548 scopus 로고
    • Interaction of germanium (Ge) with biosilicification in the freshwater sponge Ephydatia mülleri: Evidence of localized membrane domains in the silicalemma
    • 10.1016/S0022-5320(83)90104-1
    • TL Simpson R Garrone M Mazzorana 1983 Interaction of germanium (Ge) with biosilicification in the freshwater sponge Ephydatia mülleri: evidence of localized membrane domains in the silicalemma J Ultrastruct Res 85 159 174 10.1016/S0022-5320(83)90104-1
    • (1983) J Ultrastruct Res , vol.85 , pp. 159-174
    • Simpson, T.L.1    Garrone, R.2    Mazzorana, M.3
  • 135
    • 0001372876 scopus 로고
    • The substitution of complexing substances for boron in plant growth
    • J Skok 1957 The substitution of complexing substances for boron in plant growth Plant Physiol 32 308 312
    • (1957) Plant Physiol , vol.32 , pp. 308-312
    • Skok, J.1
  • 136
    • 0026503942 scopus 로고
    • Germanium and silver resistance, accumulation, and toxicity in microorganisms
    • 10.1016/0147-619X(92)90008-X
    • RM Slawson MI Van Dyke H Lee JT Trevors 1992 Germanium and silver resistance, accumulation, and toxicity in microorganisms Plasmid 27 72 79 10.1016/0147-619X(92)90008-X
    • (1992) Plasmid , vol.27 , pp. 72-79
    • Slawson, R.M.1    Van Dyke, M.I.2    Lee, H.3    Trevors, J.T.4
  • 137
    • 1142284130 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spectrum Spectrum Laboratories, Ft. Lauderdale, FL
    • Spectrum (2003) Chemical fact sheet for germanium. Spectrum Laboratories, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, p 4
    • (2003) Chemical Fact Sheet for Germanium , pp. 4
  • 138
    • 1342332712 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 32: New minerals in massive sulfide base metal ores
    • 32: new minerals in massive sulfide base metal ores Dokl Earth Sci 393 1329 1332 (in Russian) (Pubitemid 38241823)
    • (2003) Doklady Earth Sciences , vol.393 , Issue.9 , pp. 1329-1332
    • Spiridonov, E.M.1
  • 140
    • 67649158425 scopus 로고
    • Schaurteit, ein neues Germaniun-Mineral von Tsumeb/SW-Afrika und seine Paragenese
    • Bauer H, Schaurte W (eds) Neuss/Rhein (Germany) in German
    • Strunz H, Tennyson C (1967) Schaurteit, ein neues Germaniun-Mineral von Tsumeb/SW-Afrika und seine Paragenese. In: Festschrift Dr. Werner Schaurte. Bauer H, Schaurte W (eds) Neuss/Rhein (Germany), pp 33-47 (in German)
    • (1967) Festschrift Dr. Werner Schaurte , pp. 33-47
    • Strunz, H.1    Tennyson, C.2
  • 141
    • 0011607437 scopus 로고
    • Stottite, a new germanium mineral, and its paragenesis at Tsumeb
    • Monatsh in German
    • Strunz H, Sohnge G, Geier BH (1958) Stottite, a new germanium mineral, and its paragenesis at Tsumeb. Neues Jahrb f Mineralog, Monatsh pp 85-96 (in German)
    • (1958) Neues Jahrb F Mineralog , pp. 85-96
    • Strunz, H.1    Sohnge, G.2    Geier, B.H.3
  • 143
    • 0020623114 scopus 로고
    • Synthesis of germanium derivatives of uracil and 5-fluorouracil
    • 10.1016/S0040-4039(00)81750-5
    • K Takakusaki N Kakimoto Y Takeuchi S Tomoda 1983 Synthesis of germanium derivatives of uracil and 5-fluorouracil Tetrahedron Lett 24 1707 1710 10.1016/S0040-4039(00)81750-5
    • (1983) Tetrahedron Lett , vol.24 , pp. 1707-1710
    • Takakusaki, K.1    Kakimoto, N.2    Takeuchi, Y.3    Tomoda, S.4
  • 144
    • 0034935216 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dynamic behavior of pentacoordinate organogermanium carboxylic acids and their pyridinium salts
    • 10.1002/hc.1067
    • Y Takeuchi M Nishikawa K Tanaka G Yamamoto 2001 Dynamic behavior of pentacoordinate organogermanium carboxylic acids and their pyridinium salts Heteroatom Chem 12 451 456 10.1002/hc.1067
    • (2001) Heteroatom Chem , vol.12 , pp. 451-456
    • Takeuchi, Y.1    Nishikawa, M.2    Tanaka, K.3    Yamamoto, G.4
  • 145
    • 10944225012 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 73Ge NMR spectra of hexacoordinated germanium compounds
    • 10.1002/mrc.1486
    • 73Ge NMR spectra of hexacoordinated germanium compounds Magn Reson Chem 42 907 909 10.1002/mrc.1486
    • (2004) Magn Reson Chem , vol.42 , pp. 907-909
    • Takeuchi, Y.1    Nishikawa, M.2    Yamamoto, H.3
  • 146
    • 0031171717 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hazard assessment of germanium supplements
    • 10.1006/rtph.1997.1098
    • S-H Tao PM Bolger 1997 Hazard assessment of germanium supplements Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 25 211 219 10.1006/rtph.1997.1098
    • (1997) Regul Toxicol Pharmacol , vol.25 , pp. 211-219
    • Tao, S.-H.1    Bolger, P.M.2
  • 148
    • 84990504973 scopus 로고
    • Germapharmaca: Some recent studies on biologically active organogermanium compounds
    • 10.1002/aoc.590010303
    • JS Thayer 1987 Germapharmaca: some recent studies on biologically active organogermanium compounds Appl Organomet Chem 1 227 234 10.1002/aoc.590010303
    • (1987) Appl Organomet Chem , vol.1 , pp. 227-234
    • Thayer, J.S.1
  • 149
    • 0036895735 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biological methylation of less-studied elements
    • 10.1002/aoc.375
    • JS Thayer 2002 Biological methylation of less-studied elements Appl Organomet Chem 16 677 691 10.1002/aoc.375
    • (2002) Appl Organomet Chem , vol.16 , pp. 677-691
    • Thayer, J.S.1
  • 150
    • 33847798460 scopus 로고
    • Crystal structure of carboxyethylgermanium sesquioxide
    • 10.1021/ja00441a081
    • M Tsutui N Kakimoto DD Axtell H Oikawa K Asai 1976 Crystal structure of carboxyethylgermanium sesquioxide J Am Chem Soc 98 8287 8289 10.1021/ja00441a081
    • (1976) J Am Chem Soc , vol.98 , pp. 8287-8289
    • Tsutui, M.1    Kakimoto, N.2    Axtell, D.D.3    Oikawa, H.4    Asai, K.5
  • 152
    • 67649158419 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • USGS US geological survey and US department of the interior, Germanium recycling in the United States in 2000 internet source
    • USGS (2000) US geological survey and US department of the interior, Germanium recycling in the United States in 2000, US. Geological Survey Circular 1196-V, internet source, 15 pp
    • (2000) US. Geological Survey Circular 1196-V , pp. 15
  • 153
    • 67649184981 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • USGS January 2003. US. Geological Survey, Denver, CO, USA
    • USGS (2003) Germanium: mineral commodity summaries. January 2003. US. Geological Survey, Denver, CO, USA
    • (2003) Germanium: Mineral Commodity Summaries
  • 155
    • 84904806987 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Germanium: Mineral commodity summaries
    • USGS January 2007 Denver, CO, USA Accessed May 2008
    • USGS (2007b) Germanium: mineral commodity summaries. January 2007. U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, CO, USA, 68-69. Available at http://minerals.usgs. gov/minerals/pubs/mcs/2007/mcs2007.pdf. Accessed May 2008
    • (2007) U.S. Geological Survey , pp. 68-69
  • 156
    • 67649226823 scopus 로고
    • La reniérite (anciennement appelée "bornite orange") un sulfure germanifère provenant de la Mine Prince-Léopold, Kipushi (Congo Belge)
    • in French
    • Vaes JF (1948) La reniérite (anciennement appelée "bornite orange") un sulfure germanifère provenant de la Mine Prince-Léopold, Kipushi (Congo Belge). Ann (Bull) Soc Géol Belgique 72: 20-32 (in French)
    • (1948) Ann (Bull) Soc Géol Belgique , vol.72 , pp. 20-32
    • Vaes, J.F.1
  • 158
    • 37149046278 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recent developments in the fabrication and operation of germanium detectors
    • 10.1146/annurev.nucl.56.080805.140525
    • K Vetter 2007 Recent developments in the fabrication and operation of germanium detectors Ann Rev Nucl Part Sci 57 363 404 10.1146/annurev.nucl.56. 080805.140525
    • (2007) Ann Rev Nucl Part Sci , vol.57 , pp. 363-404
    • Vetter, K.1
  • 159
  • 160
    • 67649184980 scopus 로고
    • Volatile hydrides of toxicological importance
    • SH Webster 1946 Volatile hydrides of toxicological importance J Ind Hyg Toxicol 28 167 182
    • (1946) J Ind Hyg Toxicol , vol.28 , pp. 167-182
    • Webster, S.H.1
  • 162
    • 85172001183 scopus 로고
    • Germanium, Ge, ein neues, nichtmetallisches Element
    • 10.1002/cber.18860190156
    • C Winkler 1886 Germanium, Ge, ein neues, nichtmetallisches Element Ber Dt Chem Ges 19 210 211 10.1002/cber.18860190156
    • (1886) Ber Dt Chem Ges , vol.19 , pp. 210-211
    • Winkler, C.1
  • 163
    • 54849423629 scopus 로고
    • Mittheilungen über das Germanium
    • 10.1002/prac.18860340122
    • C Winkler 1886 Mittheilungen über das Germanium J Prakt Chem 34 177 229 10.1002/prac.18860340122
    • (1886) J Prakt Chem , vol.34 , pp. 177-229
    • Winkler, C.1
  • 164
    • 1442321192 scopus 로고
    • Über das Germanium, dessen Nachweis und Bestimmung
    • 10.1007/BF01385208
    • C Winkler 1887 Über das Germanium, dessen Nachweis und Bestimmung Fresenius Z Anal Chem 26 359 364 10.1007/BF01385208
    • (1887) Fresenius Z Anal Chem , vol.26 , pp. 359-364
    • Winkler, C.1
  • 165
    • 84982457623 scopus 로고
    • Metallkatalysatoren in der Herstellung von Polyäthylenterephthalat. 2. Ermittlung von Parametern zur Beschreibung der katalytischen Aktivität von Metallverbindungen in Polykondensationsreaktionen
    • 10.1002/apmc.1978.050680103
    • K-H Wolf B Küster H Herlinger C-J Tschang E Schollmeyer 1978 Metallkatalysatoren in der Herstellung von Polyäthylenterephthalat. 2. Ermittlung von Parametern zur Beschreibung der katalytischen Aktivität von Metallverbindungen in Polykondensationsreaktionen Angew Makromol Chem 68 23 37 10.1002/apmc.1978.050680103
    • (1978) Angew Makromol Chem , vol.68 , pp. 23-37
    • Wolf, K.-H.1    Küster, B.2    Herlinger, H.3    Tschang, C.-J.4    Schollmeyer, E.5
  • 166
    • 30444438690 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The aqueous geochemistry of gallium, germanium, indium and scandium
    • 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2003.06.002
    • SA Wood IM Samson 2006 The aqueous geochemistry of gallium, germanium, indium and scandium Ore Geol Rev 28 57 102 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2003.06.002
    • (2006) Ore Geol Rev , vol.28 , pp. 57-102
    • Wood, S.A.1    Samson, I.M.2
  • 167
    • 0020523534 scopus 로고
    • Effect of spirogermanium on V79 Chinese hamster cells
    • 10.1097/00000421-198306000-00014
    • SJ Yang S Rafla 1983 Effect of spirogermanium on V79 Chinese hamster cells Am J Clin Oncol 6 331 337 10.1097/00000421-198306000-00014
    • (1983) Am J Clin Oncol , vol.6 , pp. 331-337
    • Yang, S.J.1    Rafla, S.2
  • 168
    • 32644465064 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • x thin films grown by hot-wire chemical vapor deposition using organo-germane
    • 10.1016/j.tsf.2005.07.174
    • x thin films grown by hot-wire chemical vapor deposition using organo-germane Thin Solid Films 501 202 205 10.1016/j.tsf.2005.07.174
    • (2006) Thin Solid Films , vol.501 , pp. 202-205
    • Yashiki, Y.1    Miyajima, S.2    Yamada, A.3    Konagai, M.4
  • 170
    • 33750354313 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Determination of trace amounts of germanium in food and fruit by spectrophotometry with p-methybenzeneazosalicylflurone
    • 10.1016/j.jfca.2006.04.009
    • L Zaijun T Jian L Huizhen Z Xia Y Rui 2007 Determination of trace amounts of germanium in food and fruit by spectrophotometry with p- methybenzeneazosalicylflurone J Food Compost Anal 20 1 6 10.1016/j.jfca.2006.04. 009
    • (2007) J Food Compost Anal , vol.20 , pp. 1-6
    • Zaijun, L.1    Jian, T.2    Huizhen, L.3    Xia, Z.4    Rui, Y.5


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.