Quantitative relationships among giant deposits of metals

Economic Geology

Volumn 94, Issue 4, 1999, Pages 455-473

  Laznicka, Peter ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA   (Canada)

^b Australian Mineral Foundation   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GEOCHEMISTRY; METALLOGENESIS; ORE DEPOSIT; QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS;

EID: 0032760056     PISSN: 03610128     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2113/gsecongeo.94.4.455     Document Type: Article

References (118)

1. Abdullayev, K.M., 1964, Ore petrographic provinces: Moscow, Nedra, 135 p. (in Russian).
2. Armstrong, F.C., ed., 1981, Genesis of uranium and gold-bearing Precambrian quartz-pebble conglomerates: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1161-A, 28 sections.
3. Bailey, E.H., and Everhart, D.L., 1964, Geology and quicksilver deposits of the New Almaden district, Santa Clara County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 360, 270 p.
4. Barton, M.D., 1996, Granitic magmatism and metallogeny of southwestern North America: Royal Society of Edinburgh Transactions, Earth Sciences, v. 87, p. 261-280.
5. Barton, P.B., Jr., 1983, Unconventional mineral deposits: A challenge to geochemistry, in Shanks, W.C., III, ed., Cameron volume on unconventional mineral deposits: New York, American Institute of Mining Engineers, p. 1-14.
6. Bercé, B., 1958, Geology of the mercury deposit Idrija: Geologija, Ljubljana, v. 4, p. 5-62 (in Serbo-Croatian).
7. Bilibin, Y.A., 1955, Basics of placer geology: Akademiia Nauk SSSR Doklady, 471 p. (in Russian).
8. Blevin, P.L., and Chappell, B.V., 1992, The role of magma series, oxidation states and fractionation in determining the granite metallogeny of eastern Australia: Royal Society of Edinburgh Transactions, Earth Sciences, v. 83, p. 305-317.
9. Bornhorst, T.J., Paces, J.B., Grant, N.K., Obradovich, J.D., and Huber, N.K., 1988, Age of native copper mineralization, Keweenaw peninsula, Michigan: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 83, p. 619-625.
10. Brimhall, G.H., and Crerar, D.A., 1989, Ore fluids, magmatic to supergene: Reviews in Mineralogy, v. 17, p. 235-282.
11. Burnham, C.W., 1979, Magmas and hydrothermal fluids, in Barnes, H.L., ed., Geochemistry of hydrothermal ore deposits: New York, Wiley Interscience, p. 71-136.
12. Candela, P.A., 1989, Magmatic ore-forming fluids: Thermodynamics and mass transfer calculations of metal concentrations: Reviews in Economic Geology, v. 4, p. 203-221.
13. Card, K.D., Gupta, V.K., McGrath, P.H., and Grant, F.S., 1984, The Sudbury structure: Its regional geological and geophysical setting: Ontario Geological Survey Special Volume 1, p. 25-43.
14. Carlin, W.D., Jr., 1985, Indium: Mineral facts and problems, 1985 edition: U.S. Bureau of Mines Bulletin 675, p. 369-376.
15. Clark, A.H., 1993, Are outsize porphyry copper deposits either anatomically or environmentally distinctive? Society of Economic Geologists Special Publication 2, p. 213-283.
16. _ed., 1995, Giant ore deposits II: Kingston, Ontario, Queens University, 540 p.
17. Cloud, P.E., 1973, Paleoecological significance of the banded iron-formation: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 68, p. 1135-1143.
18. Colvine, A.C., 1989, An empirical model for the formation of Archean gold deposits: Products of final cratonization of the Superior province, Canada: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY MONOGRAPH 6, p. 37-53.
19. Cox, D.P., and Singer, D.A., eds., 1986, Mineral deposit models: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1693, 379 p.
20. Dahlkamp, F.J., 1978, Geological appraisal of the Key Lake U-Ni deposits, northern Saskatchewan: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 73, p. 1430-1449.
21. Dessau, G., 1977, Die Quecksilber-und Antimonlagerstätten den Toskana: Freiberger Forschungshefte, Reihe C, no. 328, p. 47-71 (in German).
22. Duckworth, R.C., Shanks, W.C., III., Teagle, D.A.H., and Zierenberg, R.A., 1998, High grade sediment-hosted sulfide deposits on the seafloor: Society of Economic Geologists Newsletter 32, p. 20-21.
23. Eckstrand, O.R., 1996, Nickel-copper sulphide: Geological Society of America, Geology of North America, v. P-1, p. 584-606.
24. Erickson, R.L., 1973, Crustal abundance of elements and mineral reserves and resources: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 820, p. 21-25.
25. Ferrell, J.E., 1985, Lithium: Mineral facts and problems: U.S. Bureau of Mines Bulletin 675, p. 461-470.
26. Fersman, A.E., 1933, Geochemistry: Collected works of the Academician A.Ye. Fersman: Moscow, U.S.S.R., Academy of Sciences, 1960, v. 1 and 2, 913 p. (in Russian).
27. Force, E.R., 1991, Placer deposits: Reviews in Economic Geology, v. 5, p. 131-140.
28. Fountain, R.C., and Hayes, A.W., 1979, Uraniferous phosphate resources of the southeastern United States: U.S. Department of Energy Publication GJBX-110 (79), p. 65-122.
29. Fyfe, W.S., Price, N.J., and Thompson, A.B., 1978, Fluids in the crust: Amsterdam, Elsevier, 383 p.
30. Goldfarb, R.J., Snee, L.W., and Pickthorn, W.J., 1993, Orogenesis, high-T thermal events, and gold vein formation within metamorphic rocks of the Alaskan Cordillera: Mineralogical Magazine, v. 57, p. 375-394.
31. Grieve, R.A.F, and Masaitis, V.L., 1994, The economic potential of terrestrial impact craters: International Geology Review, v. 36, p. 105-151.
32. Groves, D.I., Goldfarb, R.J., Gebre-Mariam, M., Hagemann, S.G., and Robert, F., 1997, Orogenic gold deposits: A proposed classification in the context of their crustal distribution and relationship to other gold deposit types: Ore Geology Reviews, v. 134, p. 7-28.
33. Guilbert, J.M., and Park, C.F., Jr., 1986, The geology of ore deposits: New York, Freeman, 985 p.
34. Henley, R.W, and Adams, J., 1979, On the evolution of giant gold placers: Institute of Mining and Metallurgy Transactions, v. 89, p. B41-B49.
35. Herzig, P.M., and Hannington, M.D., 1995, Polymetallic massive sulfides at the modern seafloor. A review: Ore Geology Reviews, v. 10, p. 95-115.
36. Jébrak, M., and Hernandez, A., 1995, Tectonic deposition of mercury in the Almaden district, Las Cuevas deposit, Spain: Mineralium Deposita, v. 30, p. 413-423.
37. Keith, S.B., 1986, Petrochemical variations in Laramide magmatism and their relationships to Laramide tectonic and metallogenic evolution in Arizona and adjacent regions: Arizona Geological Society Digest, v. 16, p. 89-101.
38. Keith, S.B., and Swan, M.M., 1996, The great Laramide porphyry cluster of Arizona, Sonora and New Mexico: The tectonic setting, petrology and genesis of a world-class porphyry metal cluster: Geology and Ore Deposits of the American Cordillera Symposium, Geological Society of Nevada, Reno, Proceedings, v. 3, p. 1667-1747.
39. Keith, S.B., Laux, D.P., Maughan, G., Schwab, K., Ruff, S., Swan, M.M., Abbott, E.W., and Friberg, S., 1991, Magma series and metallogeny, a case study from Nevada and environs: Nevada Geological Society Field Trips Guidebook, v. 1, p. 404-493.
40. Kimberley, M.M., 1989, Exhalative origins of iron formations: Ore Geology Reviews, v. 5, p. 13-145.
41. Kirkham, R.V., Sinclair, W.D., Thorpe, R.I., and Duke, J.M., eds., 1993, Mineral deposit modelling: Geological Association of Canada Special Paper 40, 770 p.
42. Kramer, D.A., 1985, Magnesium: Mineral facts and problems: U.S. Bureau of Mines Bulletin 675, p. 471-482.
43. Krupp, R.E., and Seward, T.M., 1987, The Rotokawa geothermal system, New Zealand: An active epithermal gold-depositing environment: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 82, p. 1109-1129.
44. Kuck, P.H., 1985, Vanadium: Mineral facts and problems, 1985 edition: U.S. Bureau of Mines Bulletin 675, p. 895-915.
45. Laznicka, P., 1973, Development of non-ferrous metal deposits in geologic time: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 19, p. 18-25.
46. _1983, Giant ore deposits: A quantitative approach: Global Tectonics and Metallogeny, v. 2, no. 1-2, p. 41-63.
47. _1985a, Empirical metallogeny: Amsterdam, Elsevier, 1794 p.
48. _1985b, Data on ore deposits: A critical review of their sources, acquisition, organization and presentation, in Wolf, K.H., ed., Handbook of strata-bound and stratiform ore deposits: Amsterdam, Elsevier, v. 11, p. 1-118.
49. _1989, Derivation of giant ore deposits [abs.]: International Geological Congress, 28th, Washington, D.C., Abstracts Volume 2, p. 2-268.
50. _1993, Precambrian empirical metallogeny: Amsterdam, Elsevier, 1622 p.
51. _1997, Discovery of giant metal deposits and districts: International Geological Congress, 30th, Beijing, Proceedings, p. 355-366.
52. _1998a, The setting and affiliation of giant ore deposits: Quadrennial International Association on the Genesis of Ore Deposits Symposium, 9th, Proceedings, p. 1-14.
53. _1998b, Design of an international data base of giant metal accumulations: Global Tectonics and Metallogeny, v. 6, no. 3, p. 1-10.
54. Le Bas, M.J., 1987, Nephelinites and carbonatites: Geological Society of London Special Publication 30, p. 53-83.
55. Lightfoot, P.C., Keays, R.R., Morrison, G.G., Bite, A., and Farrell, K.P, 1997, Geochemical relationships in the Sudbury Igneous Complex: Origin of the Main Mass and offset dikes: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 92, p. 289-307.
56. Lindgren, W., 1933, Mineral deposits, 4th ed.: New York, McGraw-Hill, 930 p.
57. Livingston, D.L., Mauger, R.L., and Damon, P.E., 1968, Geochronology of the emplacement, enrichment, and preservation of Arizona porphyry copper deposits: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 63, p. 30-36.
58. Li Yidou, 1993, Poly-type model for tungsten deposits and vertical structural zoning model for vein-type tungsten deposits in South China: Geological Association of Canada Special Paper 40, p. 555-568.
59. Machamer, J.F., Tolbert, G.E., and L'Esperánce, R. L., 1991, The discovery of Serra dos Carajas: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY MONOGRAPH 8, p. 275-285.
60. Mason, B., 1979, Data on geochemistry, 6th ed.: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 440-B-1, 132 p.
61. McCarthy, TS., 1994, A review of the regional structural controls on the occurrence and character of the Ventersdorp contact reef: Economic Geology Research Unit Witwatersrand University Information Circular 276, 21 p.
62. McKelvey, V.E., 1960, Relation of reserves of the elements to their crustal abundances: American Journal of Science, v. 258-A, p. 234-241.
63. Meyer, C., 1981, Ore-forming processes in geologic history: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY 75TH ANNIVERSARY VOLUME, p. 6-41.
64. Myers, R.E., McCarthy, T.S., and Stanistreet, I.G., 1990, A tectono-sedimentary reconstruction of the development and evolution of the Witwatersrand basin, with particular emphasis on the Central Rand Group: South African Journal of Geology, v. 93, p. 180-201.
65. Naldrett, A.J., 1989, Magmatic sulfide deposits: New York-Oxford, Clarendon Press, 186 p.
66. Nelson, C.H., and Hopkins, D.H., 1972, Sedimentary processes and distribution of particulate gold in the northern Bering Sea: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 689, 27 p.
67. Nikiforov, N.A., 1976, Central Asia mercury province and mercury-bearing zones of Kazakhstan, in Smirnov, V.I., Kuznetsov, V.A., and Fedorchuk, V.P., eds., Metallogeny of mercury: Moscow, Nedra, p. 155-165 (in Russian).
68. Oreskes, N., and Einaudi, M.T., 1990, Origin of rare earth element-enriched hematite breccias at the Olympic Dam Cu-U-Au-Ag deposit, Roxby Downs, South Australia: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 85, p. 1-28.
69. Ozerova, N.A., 1981, New mercury ore belt in western Europe: Geologiya Rudnykh Mestorozhdenii, no. 6, p. 49-56 (in Russian).
70. Paone, J., 1970, Germanium: Mineral facts and problems: U.S. Bureau of Mines Bulletin 650, p. 563-571.
71. Peabody, C.E., and Einaudi, M.T., 1992, Origin of petroleum and mercury in the Culver-Baer cinnabar deposit, Mayacmas district, California: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 87, p. 1078-1103.
72. Pesonen, P.E., Tuillis, E.L., and Zinner, P., 1949, Missouri Valley manganese deposits, South Dakota: U.S. Bureau of Mines Report of Investigations 4375, 90 p.
73. Petkof, B., 1985, Gallium, in Mineral Facts and Problems: U.S. Bureau of Mines Bulletin 675, p. 291-296.
74. Phillips, G.N., and Hughes, M.J., 1996, The geology and gold deposits of the Victorian gold province: Ore Geology Reviews, v. 11, p. 255-302.
75. Phillips, G.N., and Law, D.M., 1997, Hydrothermal origin for Witwatersrand gold: Society of Economic Geologists Newsletter 31, p. 26-33.
76. Phillips, G.N., Groves, D.I., and Kerrich, R., 1996, Factors in the formation of the giant Kalgoorlie gold deposit: Ore Geology Reviews, v. 10, p. 295-317.
77. Plunkert, P.A., 1985, Thallium: Mineral facts and problems, 1985 ed.: U.S. Bureau of Mines Bulletin 675, p. 829-834.
78. Pohl, W., 1992, W. and W.E. Petrascheck's Lagerstättenlehre, 4. Auflage: Stuttgart, Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 504. p. (in German).
79. Pretorius, D.A., 1976, The nature of the Witwatersrand gold-uranium deposits, in Wolf, K.H., ed., Handbook of strata-bound and stratiform ore deposits: Amsterdam, Elsevier, v. 7, p. 29-62.
80. Ramshaw, D., 1995, Voisey Bay: Mining Magazine, November 1995, p. 276-279.
81. Reeve, J.S., Cross, K.C., Smith, R.N., and Oreskes, N., 1990, Olympic Dam copper-uranium-gold-silver deposit, in Hughes, F.E., ed., Mineral deposits of Australia and Papua New Guinea: Melbourne, Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, p. 1009-1035.
82. Robb, L.J., and Meyer, F.M., 1990, The nature of the Witwatersrand hinterland: Conjectures on the source area problem: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 85, p. 511-536.
83. Robinson, A., and Spooner, E.T.C., 1984, Can the Elliot Lake uraninite-bearing quartz-pebble conglomerates be used to place limits on the oxygen content of the Early Proterozoic atmosphere?: Geological Society of London Journal, v. 141, p. 221-228.
84. Rona, P.A., and Scott, S.D., 1993, A special issue on sea-floor hydrothermal mineralization: New perspectives: Preface: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 88, p. 1933-1974.
85. Routhier, P., 1963, Les Gisements Metalifères: Géologie et Principes de Recherche: Paris, Mason, 1,283 p. (in French).
86. _1980, Où Sont les Métaux pour L'avenir?: Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minière Mémoires 105, 410 p. (in French).
87. Rudnick, R.L., and Fountain, D.M., 1995, Nature and composition of the continental crust: A lower crustal perspective: Reviews of Geophysics, v. 33, p. 267-309.
88. Rytuba, J.J., ed., 1993, Active geothermal systems and gold-mercury deposits in the Sonoma-Clear Lake volcanic fields: Society of Economic Geologists Guidebook Series, v. 16, 361 p.
89. _1996, Cenozoic metallogeny of California: Geology and Ore Deposits of the American Cordillera Symposium, Geological Society of Nevada, Reno, Proceedings, p. 803-822.
90. Rytuba, J.J., and Glanzman, R.K., 1979, Relation of mercury, uranium and lithium deposits to the McDermitt caldera complex, Nevada-Oregon: International Association on the Genesis of Ore Deposits Symposium, 5th, Proceedings, v. 2, p. 109-117.
91. Samoilov, V.S., 1984, Geochemistry of carbonatites: Moscow, Nauka, 190 p. (in Russian).
92. Saupe, F., 1990, Geology of the Almadén mercury deposit, Province of Ciudad Real, Spain: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 85, p. 482-510.
93. Sawkins, F.J., 1990, Metal deposits in relation to plate tectonics, 2nd ed.: New York, Springer Verlag, 461 p.
94. Schneiderhöhn, H., 1941, Lehrbuch der Erzlagerstättenkunde: Stuttgart, Enke Verlag, v. 1, 858 p. (in German).
95. _1955, Erzlagerstätten: Jena, Fischer Verlag, 375 p. (in German).
96. Scott, J., Collins, G.A., and Hodgson, G.W., 1954, Trace metals in the McMurray oil sands and other Cretaceous reservoirs of Alberta: Canadian Mining and Metallurgy Bulletin for January 1954, p. 34-42.
97. Shaw, A.L., and Guilbert, J.M., 1990, Geochemistry and metallogeny of Arizona peraluminous granitoids with reference to Appalachian and European occurrences: Geological Society of America Special Paper 246, p. 317-356.
98. Sillitoe, R.H., 1993, Giant and bonanza gold deposits in the epithermal environment: Assessment of potential genetic factors: Society of Economic Geologists Special Publication 2, p. 125-156.
99. Sinclair, B., 1989, Lake Rotokaua sulphur deposit: Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy Monograph 13, p. 89-91.
100. Singer, D.A., 1995, World-class base and precious metal deposits: A quantitative analysis: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 90, p. 88-104.
101. Smirnov, V.I., 1976, Geology of mineral deposits: Moscow, Mir, 520 p.
102. Smith, G.I., 1979, Subsurface stratigraphy and geochemistry of late Quaternary evaporites, Searles Lake, California: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1043, 130 p.
103. Smith, J.W., and Milton, C., 1966, Dawsonite in the Green River Formation of Colorado: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 61, p. 1029-1042.
104. Sorensen, H., ed., 1974, The alkaline rocks: New York, Wiley, 622 p.
105. Stöffler, D., Deutsch, A., Avermann, M., Bischoff, L., Brockmeyer, P., Bühl, P., Lakomy, R., and Müller-Mohr, V., 1994, The formation of the Sudbury structure, Canada: Toward a unified impact model: Geological Society of America Special Paper 293, p. 303-318.
106. Taylor, S.R., 1964, Abundance of chemical elements in the continental crust: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 28, p. 1280-1281.
107. Taylor, S.R., and McLennan, S.M., 1995, The geological evolution of the continental crust: Reviews of Geophysics, v. 33, p. 241-265.
108. Titley, S.R., 1993, Characteristics of porphyry copper occurrence in the American Southwest: Geological Association of Canada Special Paper 40, p. 433-464.
109. Todd, S.G., Keith, D.W., LeRoy, L.W., Schissel, D.J., Mann, E.L., and Irvine, T.N., 1982, The J-M platinum-palladium reef of the Stillwater Complex, Montana: I. Stratigraphy and petrology: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 77, p. 1454-1480.
110. Urabe, T., 1985, Aluminous granite as a source of hydrothermal ore deposits: An experimental study: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 80, p. 148-157.
111. Von Gruenewaldt, G., Hatton, C.J., and Merkle, R.K.W., 1986, Platinum-group element-chromitite associations in the Bushveld Complex: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 82, p. 1067-1079.
112. Wallis, D.S., and Oakes, G.M., 1990, Heavy mineral sands in eastern Australia, in Hughes, F.E., ed., Mineral deposit of Australia and Papua New Guinea: Melbourne, Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, p. 1599-1608.
113. Wedepohl, K.H., 1995, The composition of the continental crust: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 59, p. 1217-1232.
114. Whiting, B.H., Hodgson, C.J., and Mason, R., eds., 1993, Giant ore deposits: Society of Economic Geologists Special Publication 2, 404 p.
115. Wilson, M., 1989, Igneous petrogenesis: A global tectonic approach: London, Unwin Hyman, 466 p.
116. Wooley, A.R., 1989, The spatial and temporal distribution of carbonatites, in Bell, K., ed., Carbonatites, genesis and evolution: London, Unwin Hyman, p. 15-37.
117. Xie Xuejing, 1995, The surficial geochemical expression of giant ore deposits, in Clark, A.H., ed., Giant ore deposits II: Kingston, Queen's University, p. 476-485.
118. Youngson, J.H., and Craw, D., 1995, Evolution of placer gold deposits during regional uplift, central Otago, New Zealand: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 90, p. 731-745.