When did plate tectonics begin? Evidence from the geologic record

Special Paper of the Geological Society of America

Volumn 440, Issue , 2008, Pages 281-294

  Condie, Kent C ^a   Kröner, Alfred ^b  

^a NEW MEXICO INSTITUTE OF MINING AND TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

^b JOHANNES GUTENBERG UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

Author keywords

Archean tectonics; Mantle recycling; Plate tectonic assemblages; Plate tectonics

Indexed keywords

EARTH (PLANET);

ARCHEAN; BLUESCHISTS; CONVERGENT MARGIN; GEOTHERMS; MORPHIC; OCEANIC CRUST; TECTONIC ASSEMBLAGE; ULTRAHIGH PRESSURE;

TECTONICS;

ARCHEAN; CONVERGENT MARGIN; EARLY EARTH; GEOLOGICAL RECORD; PLATE TECTONICS; SUBDUCTION; UPLIFT;

EID: 67349282510     PISSN: 00721077     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1130/2008.2440(14)     Document Type: Article

References (196)

1. Abers, G.A., van Keken, P.E., Keller, E.A., Ferris, A., and Stachnik, J.C., 2006, The thermal structure of subduction zones constrained by seismic imaging: Implications for slab dehydration and wedge flow: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 241, p. 387-397, doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2005.11.055.
2. Anhaeusser, C.R., 2006, A reevaluation of Archean intracratonic terrane boundaries on the Kaapvaal craton, South Africa: Collisional suture zones?, in Reimold, W.U., and Gibson, R.L., eds., Processes on the Early Earth: Geological Society of America Special Paper 405, p. 193-210.
3. Ansdell, K.M., Lucas, S.B., Connors, K., and Stern, R.A., 1995, Kisseynew metasedimentary gneiss belt, Trans-Hudson orogen: Back-arc origin and collisional inversion: Geology, v. 23, p. 1039-1043, doi: 10.1130/0091-761 3(1995)023<1039:KMGBTH>2.3.CO;2.
4. Appel, P., Rollinson, H.R., and Touret, J., 2001, 3.8 Ga hydrothermal fluids from fluid inclusions in a volcanic breccia from the Isua greenstone belt, West Greenland: Precambrian Research, v. 112, p. 27-49, doi: 10.1016/ S0301-9268(01)00169-3.
5. Ayres, L.D., and Thurston, P.C., 1985, Archean supracrustal sequences in the Canadian Shield: An overview: Geological Association of Canada Special Paper 28, p. 343-379.
6. Barker, F., and Arth, J.G., 1976, Generation of trondhjemitic-tonalitic liquids and Archean bimodal trondhjemite-basalt suites: Geology, v. 4, p. 596-600, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1976)4<596:GOTLAA>2.0.CO;2.
7. Barley, M.E., 1982, Porphyry style mineralization associated with early Archean calc-alkaline igneous activity, Eastern Pilbara, Western Australia: Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists, v. 77, p. 1230-1236.
8. Barley, M.E., Krapez, B., Groves, D.I., and Kerrich, R., 1998, The late Archean bonanza: Metallogenic and environmental consequences of the interaction between mantle plumes, lithospheric tectonics and global cyclicity: Precam-brian Research, v. 91, p. 65-90, doi: 10.1016/S0301-9268(98)00039-4.
9. Bedard, J.H., 2006, A catalytic delamination-driven model for coupled genesis of Archean crust and sub-continental lithospheric mantle: Geochimica et Cos-mochimica Acta, v. 70, p. 1188-1214, doi: 10.1016/j.gca.2005.11.008.
10. Betts, P.G., Lister, G.S., and O'Dea, M.G., 1998, Asymmetric extension of the middle Proterozoic lithosphere, Mount Isa terrane, Queensland, Australia: Tectonophysics, v. 296, p. 293-316, doi: 10.1016/S0040-1951(98)00144-9.
11. Betts, P.G., Giles, D., Lister, G.S., and Frick, L.R., 2002, Evolution of the Australian lithosphere: Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 49, p. 661-695, doi: 10.1046/j.1440-0952.2002.00948.x.
12. Bickford, M., Collerson, K., Lewry, J., Van Schmus, W., and Chiarenzelli, J., 1990, Proterozoic collisional tectonism in the Trans-Hudson orogen, Saskatchewan: Geology, v. 18, p. 14-18, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1990)018 <0014:PCTITT>2.3.CO;2.
13. Blake, D.H., and Barley, M.E., 1992, Tectonic evolution of the late Archean to early Proterozoic Mount Bruce Megasequence set, Western Australia: Tectonics, v. 11, p. 1415-1425.
14. Blake, D.H., and Stewart, A.J., 1992, Detailed Studies of the Mount Isa Inlier: Australian Bureau of Mineral Resources Bulletin 243, 135 p.
15. Bleeker, W., 2002, Archean tectonics: A review, with illustrations from the Slave craton: Geological Society of London Special Publication 199, p. 151-181.
16. Boily, M., and Dion, C., 2002, Geochemistry of boninite-type volcanic rocks in the Frotet-Evens greenstone belt, Opatica subprovince, Quebec: Implications for the evolution of Archean greenstone belts: Precambrian Research, v. 115, p. 349-371, doi: 10.1016/S0301-9268(02)00016-5.
17. Bowring, S.A., and Grotzinger, J.P., 1992, Implications of new chronostratigraphy for tectonic evolution of Wopmay orogen, NW Canadian Shield: American Journal of Science, v. 292, p. 1-20.
18. 142 Nd evidence for early (>4.53 Ga) global differentiation of the silicate Earth: Science, v. 309, p. 576-581, doi: 10.1126/science.1113634.
19. Bradley, D., 2005, Life spans of passive margins prior to arc collision, late Archean to present: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 37, no. 7, p. 493.
20. Brown, M., 2006a, A duality of thermal regimes is the hallmark of plate tectonics since the Neoarchean: Geology, v. 34, p. 961-964, doi: 10.1130/ G22853A.1.
21. Brown, M., 2006b, Metamorphic conditions in orogenic belts: A record of secular change: International Geology Review, v. 49, no. 3, p. 193-234.
22. Brown, M., 2008, this volume, Characteristic thermal regimes of plate tectonics and their metamorphic imprint through Earth history, in Condie, K.C., and Pease, V., eds., When Did Plate Tectonics Begin on Planet Earth?: Geological Society of America Special Paper 440, doi: 10.1130/2008.2440(05).
23. Burke, K., Kidd, W.S.F., and Kusky, T.M., 1985, The Pongola structure of southeastern Africa: The world's oldest preserved rift?: Journal of Geodynamics, v. 2, p. 35-49, doi: 10.1016/0264-3707(85)90031-6.
24. Camire, G.E., Lafleche, M.R., and Ludden, J.N., 1993, Archean metasedimentary rocks from the NW Pontiac subprovince of the Canadian Shield: Chemical characterization, weathering and modelling of the source areas: Precam-brian Research, v. 62, p. 285-305, doi: 10.1016/0301-9268(93)90026-X.
25. 144 Nd measurements in terrestrial rocks: Constraints on the early differentiation of the Earth's mantle: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 70, p. 164-191, doi: 10.1016/j.gca.2005.08. 015.
26. Cawood, P.A., 1982, Structural relations in the subduction complex of the Paleozoic New England fold belt, eastern Australia: The Journal of Geology, v. 90, p. 381-392.
27. Cawood, P.A., and Tyler, I.M., 2004, Assembling and reactivating the Pro-terozoic Capricorn orogen: Lithotectonic elements, orogenies, and significance: Precambrian Research, v. 128, p. 201-218, doi: 10.1016/j.pre-camres.2003.09.001.
28. Cawood, P.A., Kroner, A., and Pisarevsky, S., 2006, Precambrian plate tectonics: Criteria and evidence: GSA Today, v. 16, no.7, p. 4-11, doi: 10.1130/ GSAT01607.1.
29. Clift, P., and Vannucchi, P., 2004, Controls on tectonic accretion versus erosion in subduction zones: Implications for the origins and recycling of the continental crust: Reviews of Geophysics, v. 42, doi: 10.1029/2003RG000127.
30. Condie, K.C., 1994, Greenstones through time, in Condie, K.C., ed., Archean Crustal Evolution: Amsterdam, Elsevier, p. 85-120.
31. Condie, K.C., 1998, Episodic continental growth and supercontinents: A mantle avalanche connection?: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 163, p. 97-108, doi: 10.1016/S0012-821X(98)00178-2.
32. Condie, K.C., 2000, Episodic continental growth models: Afterthoughts and extensions: Tectonophysics, v. 322, p. 153-162, doi: 10.1016/S0040-1951 (00)00061-5.
33. Condie, K.C., 2001, Mantle Plumes and Their Record in Earth History: Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press, 305 p.
34. Condie, K.C., 2005a, High field strength element ratios in Archean basalts: A window to evolving sources of mantle plumes?: Lithos, v. 79, p. 491-504, doi: 10.1016/j.lithos.2004.09.014.
35. Condie, K.C., 2005b, Earth as an Evolving Planetary System: Amsterdam, Elsevier Academic Press, 447 p.
36. Condie, K.C., 2007, Accretionary orogens in space and time, in Hatcher, R.D., Jr., Carlson, M.P., McBride, J.H., and Martinez Catalan, J.R., 4-D Framework of Continental Crust: Geological Society of America Memoir 200, p. 145-158.
37. Condie, K.C., and Benn, K., 2006, Archean geodynamics: Similar to or different from modern geodynamics?: American Geophysical Union Monograph 164, p. 47-59.
38. Condie, K.C., and Harrison, N.M., 1976, Geochemistry of the Archean Bula-wayan Group, Midlands greenstone belt, Rhodesia: Precambrian Research, v. 3, p. 253-271, doi: 10.1016/0301-9268(76)90012-7.
39. Cousens, B.L., 2000, Geochemistry of the Archean Kam Group, Yellowknife greenstone belt, Slave Province, Canada: The Journal of Geology, v. 108, p. 181-197, doi: 10.1086/314397.
40. Dann, J.C., 1997, Pseudostratigraphy and origin of the early Proterozoic Pay-son ophiolite, central Arizona: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 109, p. 347-365, doi: 10.1130/0016-7606(1997)109<0347:PAOOTE> 2.3.CO;2.
41. Davies, G.F., 1992, On the emergence of plate tectonics: Geology, v. 20, p. 963-966, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1992)020<0963:OTEOPT>2.3.CO;2.
42. Davis, P.A., Jr., and Condie, K.C., 1977, Trace element model studies of Nyan-zian greenstone belts, western Kenya: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 41, p. 271-277, doi: 10.1016/0016-7037(77)90235-6.
43. Desrochers, J.P., and Hubert, C., 1996, Structural evolution and early accretion of the Archean Malarctic composite block, southern Abitibi greenstone belt, Quebec, Canada: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 33, p. 156-1569.
44. de Villarroel, G.H., and Lowe, D.R., 1993, Stratigraphy, petrography and provenance of Archean sedimentary rocks of the Nsuze Group, Pongola Supergroup, in the Wit M'folozi Inlier, South Africa: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 77, p. 320.
45. Dewey, J.F., 1977, Suture zone complexities: A review: Tectonophysics, v. 40, p. 53-67, doi: 10.1016/0040-1951(77)90029-4.
46. de Wit, M.J., 1998, On Archean granites, greenstones, cratons and tectonics: Does the evidence demand a verdict?: Precambrian Research, v. 91, p. 181-226, doi: 10.1016/S0301-9268(98)00043-6.
47. de Wit, M.J., and Ashwal, L.D., 1997, Greenstone Belts: Oxford, Oxford University Press, 809 p.
48. de Wit, M.J., Roering, C., Hart, R.J., Armstrong, R.A., de Ronde, C.E.J., Green, R.W.E., Tredoux, M., Peperdy, E., and Hart, R.A., 1992, Formation of an Archaean continent: Nature, v. 357, p. 553-562, doi: 10.1038/357553a0.
49. Dickinson, W.R., 1970, Relations of andesites, granites, and derivative sandstones to arc-trench tectonics: Reviews of Geophysics, v. 8, p. 813-860.
50. Eisele, J., Sharma, M., Galer, S.J.G., Blichert-Toft, J., Devey, C.W., and Hof-mann, A.W., 2002, The role of sediment recycling in EM-1 inferred from Os, Pb, Hf, Nd, Sr isotope and trace element systematics of the Pitcairn hotspot: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 196, p. 197-212, doi: 10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00601-X.
51. Eriksson, P.G., Krapez, B., and Fralick, P.W., 1994, Sedimentology of Archean greenstone belts: Signatures of tectonic evolution: Earth-Science Reviews, v. 37, p. 1-88, doi: 10.1016/0012-8252(94)90025-6.
52. Ernst, W.G., 2003, High-pressure and ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic belts- Subduction, recrystallization, exhumation, and significance for ophiolite studies, in Dilek, Y., and Newcombe, S., eds., Ophiolite Concept and Evolution of Geological Thought: Geological Society of America Special Paper 373, p. 365-384.
53. Evans, D.A.D., and Pisarevsky, S.A., 2008 , this volume, Plate tectonics on the early Earth? Weighing the paleomagnetic evidence, in Condie, K.C., and Pease, V., eds., When Did Plate Tectonics Begin on Planet Earth?: Geological Society of America Special Paper 440, doi: 10.1130/2008.2440(12).
54. Farquhar, J., Wing, B.A., McKeegan, K.D., Harris, J.W., Cartigny, P., and Thi-emens, M.H., 2002, Mass-independent sulfur of inclusions in diamond and sulfur recycling on the early Earth: Science, v. 298, p. 2369-2372, doi: 10.1126/science.1078617.
55. Fedo, C.M., Myers, J.S., and Appel, P.W.U., 2001, Depositional setting and paleogeographic implications of earth's oldest supracrustal rocks, the >3.7 Ga Isua Greenstone belt, West Greenland: Sedimentary Geology, v. 141-142, p. 61-77.
56. Feiss, P.G., 1982, Geochemistry and tectonic setting of the volcanics of the Carolina slate belt: Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists, v. 77, p. 273-293.
57. Foley, S.F., 2008 , this volume, Trace element constraints on Archean magmatic and metamorphic processes, in Condie, K.C., and Pease, V., eds., When Did Plate Tectonics Begin on Planet Earth?: Geological Society of America Special Paper 440, doi: 10.1130/2008.2440(02).
58. Foley, S.F., Buhre, S., and Jacob, D.E., 2003, Evolution of the Archean crust by shallow subduction and recycling: Nature, v. 421, p. 249-252.
59. Frei, R., Polat, A., and Meibom, A., 2004, The Hadean upper mantle conundrum: Evidence for source depletion and enrichment from Sm-Nd, Re-Os and Pb isotopic compositions in 3.71 Ga boninite-like metabasalts from the Isua supracrustal belt, Greenland: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 68, p. 1645-1660, doi: 10.1016/j.gca.2003.10.009.
60. Friend, C.R.L., and Nutman, A.P., 2005, Complex 3670-3500 Ma orogenic episodes superimposed on juvenile crust accreted between 3850 and 3690 Ma, Itsaq Gneiss Complex, SW Greenland: The Journal of Geology, v. 113, p. 375-397, doi: 10.1086/430239.
61. Furnes, H., de Wit, M., Staudigel, H., Rosing, M., and Muehlenbachs, K., 2007, A vestige of Earth's oldest ophiolite: Science, v. 315, p. 1704-1707, doi: 10.1126/science.1139170.
62. Giles, C.W., and Hallberg, J.A., 1982, The genesis of the Archean Welcome Well volcanic complex, Western Australia: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 80, p. 307-318, doi: 10.1007/BF00378003.
63. Giles, D., Betts, P., and Lister, G., 2002, Far-field continental backarc setting for the 1.80-1.67 Ga basins of NE Australia: Geology, v. 30, p. 823-826, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030<0823:FFCBSF>2.0.CO;2.
64. Goldfarb, R.J., Groves, D.I., and Gardoll, S., 2001, Orogenic gold and geologic time: A global synthesis: Ore Geology Reviews, v. 18, p. 1-75, doi: 10.1016/S0169-1368(01)00016-6.
65. Grieve, R.A.F., Cintala, M.J., and Therriault, A.M., 2006, Large-scale impacts and the evolution of the Earth's crust: The early years, in Reimold, W.U., and Gibson, R.L., eds., Processes on Early Earth: Geological Society of America Special Paper 405, doi: 10.1130/2006.2405(02).
66. Groves, D.I., Vielreicher, R.M., Goldfarb, R.J., and Condie, K.C., 2005, Controls on the heterogeneous distribution of mineral deposits through time: Geological Society of London Special Publication 248, p. 71-101.
67. Hallberg, J.A., Carter, D.N., and West, K.N., 1976, Archean volcanism and sedimentation near Meekatharra, Western Australia: Precambrian Research, v. 3, p. 577-595, doi: 10.1016/0301-9268(76)90020-6.
68. Hamilton, W.B., 1998, Archean magmatism and deformation were not products of plate tectonics: Precambrian Research, v. 91, p. 143-179, doi: 10.1016/ S0301-9268(98)00042-4.
69. Hart, S.R., and Gaetani, G.A., 2006, Mantle paradoxes, the sulfide solution: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 152, p. 295-308, doi: 10.1007/ s00410-006-0108-1.
70. Hoffman, P.F., and Ranalli, G., 1988, Archean oceanic flake tectonics: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 15, p. 1077-1080.
71. Holzer, L., Frei, R., Barton, J. M., and Kramers, J.D., 1998, Unraveling the record of successive high grade events in the central zone of the Limpopo belt using single phase dating of metamorphic mineral: Precambrian Research, v. 87, p. 87-115.
72. Hynes, A., 2008 , this volume, Effects of a warmer mantle on the characteristics of Archean passive margins, in Condie, K.C., and Pease, V., eds., When Did Plate Tectonics Begin on Planet Earth?: Geological Society of America Special Paper 440, doi: 10.1130/2008.2440(07).
73. Isozaki, Y., 1997, Jurassic accretion tectonics of Japan: Island Arc, v. 6, no. 1, p. 25-51.
74. Jackson, M.C., 1991, The Dominion Group: A Review of the Late Archean Volcano-Sedimentary Sequence and Implications for the Tectonic Setting of the Witwatersrand Supergroup, South Africa: Johannesburg, South Africa, Economic Research Unit, University of Witwatersrand, Information Circular 240, 40 p.
75. Jackson, M.J., Scott, D.L., and Rawlings, D.J., 2000, Stratigraphic framework for the Leichhardt and Calvert Superbasins: Review and correlations of the pre-1700 Ma successions between Mt. Isa and McArthur River: Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 47, p. 381-403, doi: 10.1046/J.1440-0952.2000. 00789.x.
76. Jahn, B.-M., Caby, R., and Monie, P., 2001, The oldest UHP eclogites of the world: Age of UHP metamorphism, nature of protoliths and tectonic implications: Chemical Geology, v. 178, p. 143-158, doi: 10.1016/ S0009-2541(01)00264-9.
77. Jelsma, H.A., Vinyu, M.L., Valbrach, P.J., Davies, G.R., Wijbrans, J.R., and Verdurmen, E.A.T., 1996, Constraints on Archean crustal evolution of the Zimbabwe craton: A U-Pb zircon, Sm-Nd and Pb-Pb whole-rock study: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 124, p. 55-70, doi: 10.1007/ s004100050173.
78. Kamber, B.S., Kramers, J.D., Napier, R., Cliff, R.A., and Rollinson, H.R., 1995, The Triangle shear zone, Zimbabwe, revisited: New data document an important event at 2.0 Ga in the Limpopo belt: Precambrian Research, v. 70, p. 191-213, doi: 10.1016/0301-9268(94)00039-T.
79. Kamber, B.S., Ewart, A., Collerson, K.D., Bruce, M.C., and McDonald, G.D., 2002, Fluid-mobile trace element constraints on the role of slab melting and implications for Archean crust growth models: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 144, p. 38-56.
80. Kamber, B.S., Collerson, K.D., Moorbath, S., and Whitehouse, M.J., 2003, Inheritance of early Archean Pb-isotope variability from long-lived Hadean pro-tocrust: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 145, p. 25-46.
81. Kato, Y., and Nakamura, K., 2003, Origin and global tectonic significance of early Archean cherts from the Marble Bar greenstone belt, Pilbara craton,Western Australia: Precambrian Research, v. 125, p. 191-243, doi: 10.1016/ S0301-9268(03)00043-3.
82. Kawai, T., Windley, B.F., Terabayashi, M., Yamamoto, H., Maruyama, S., and Isozaki, Y., 2006, Mineral isograds and metamorphic zones of the Anglesey blueschist belt, UK: Implications for the metamorphic development of a Neoproterozoic subduction-accretion complex: Journal of Metamorphic Geology, v. 24, p. 591-602.
83. Kerrich, R., and Polat, A., 2006, Archean greenstone-tonalite duality: Ther-mochemical mantle convection models or plate tectonics in the early Earth global dynamics?: Tectonophysics, v. 415, p. 141-164, doi: 10.1016/ j.tecto.2005.12.004.
84. Kerrich, R., Wyman, D., Fan, J., and Bleeker, W., 1998, Boninite series: Low Ti-tholeiite associations from the 2.7 Ga Abitibi greenstone belt: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 164, p. 303-316, doi: 10.1016/S0012-821X(98) 00223-4.
85. Kerrich, R., Goldfarb, R., and Richards, J.P., 2005, Metallogenic provinces in an evolving geodynamic framework: Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists, v. 100, p. 1097-1136.
86. Kitajima, K., Maruyama, S., Utsunomiya, S., and Liou, J.G., 2001, Seafloor hydro-thermal alteration at an Archaean mid-ocean ridge: Journal of Metamorphic Geology, v. 19, p. 583-599, doi: 10.1046/j.0263-4929.2001.00330.x.
87. Kleinhanns, I.C., Kramers, J.D., and Kamber, B.S., 2003, Importance of water for Archean granitoid petrology: A comparative study of TTG and potas-sic granitoids from Barberton Mountain Land, South Africa: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 145, p. 377-389, doi: 10.1007/ s00410-003-0459-9.
88. Koenig, E., and Aydin, A., 1998, Evidence for large-scale strike-slip faulting on Venus: Geology, v. 26, p. 551-554, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1998) 026<05 51:EFLSSS>2.3.CO;2.
89. Komiya, T., Maruyama, S., Nohda, S., Masuda, M., Hayashi, H., and Okamoto, S., 1999, Plate tectonics at 3.8-3.7 Ga: Field evidence from the Isua accre-tionary complex, southern West Greenland: The Journal of Geology, v. 107, p. 515-554, doi: 10.1086/314371.
90. Komiya, T., Maruyama, S., Hirata, T., and Yurimoto, H., 2002a, Petrology and geochemistry of MORB and OIB in the mid-Archean North Pole region, Pilbara craton, Western Australia: Implications for the composition and temperature of the upper mantle at 3.5 Ga: International Geology Review, v. 44, p. 988-1016.
91. Komiya, T., Hayahi, M., Maruyama, S., and Yurimoto, H., 2002b, Intermediate-P-type Archean metamorphism of the Isua supracrustal belt: Implications for secular change of geothermal gradients at subduction zones and for Archean plate tectonics: American Journal of Science, v. 302, p. 806-826, doi: 10.2475/ajs.302.9.806.
92. Krapez, B., and Barley, M.E., 1987, Archaean strike-slip faulting and related ensi-alic basins: Evidence from the Pilbara block, Australia: Geological Magazine, v. 124, p. 555-567.
93. Kröner, A., and Layer, P.W., 1992, Crust formation and plate motion in the early Archean: Science, v. 256, p. 1405-1411, doi: 10.1126/ science.256.5062.1405.
94. Kröner, A., Jaeckel, P., Brandl, G., Nemchin, A.A., and Pidgeon, R.T., 1999, Single zircon ages for granitoid gneisses in the Central zone of the Limpopo belt, southern Africa, and geodynamic significance: Precambrian Research, v. 93, p. 299-337, doi: 10.1016/S0301-9268(98)00102-8.
95. Kusky, T.M., 1998, Tectonic setting and terrane accretion of the Archean Zimbabwe craton: Geology, v. 26, p. 163-166, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1998)026 <0163:TSATAO>2.3.CO;2.
96. Kusky, T.M., Li, J.H., and Tucker, R.T., 2001, The Dongwanzi ophiolite: Complete Archean ophiolite with extensive sheeted dike complex, North China craton: Science, v. 292, p. 1142-1145, doi: 10.1126/science.1059426.
97. Layer, P.W., Kroner, A., McWilliams, M., and York, D., 1989, Elements of the Archean thermal history and apparent polar wander of the eastern Kaapvaal craton, Swaziland, from single grain dating and paleo-magnetism: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 93, p. 23-34, doi: 10.1016/0012-821X(89)90181-7.
98. Leat, P.T., Smellie, J.L., Millar, I.L., and Larter, R.D., 2003, Magmatism in the South Sandwich arc: Geological Society of London Special Publication 219, p. 285-313.
99. Liou, J.G., Tsujimori, T., Zhang, R.Y., Katayama, I., and Maruyama, S., 2004, Global UHP metamorphism and continental subduction/collision: The Himalayan model: International Geology Review, v. 46, p. 1-27.
100. Lowe, D.R., and Nocita, B.W., 1999, Foreland basin sedimentation in the Mapepe Formation, southern-facies Fig Tree Group, in Lowe, D.R., and Byerly, G.R., eds., Geologic Evolution of the Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa: Geological Society of America Special Paper 329, p. 233-258.
101. Lucas, S., White, D., Hajnal, Z., Lewry, J., Green, A., Clowes, R., Zwanzig, H., Ashton, K., Schledewitz, D., Stauffer, M., Norman, A., Williams, P.F., and Spence, G., 1994, Three-dimensional collisional structure of the Trans-Hudson orogen, Canada: Tectonophysics, v. 232, p. 161-178, doi: 10.1016/0040-1951(94)90082-5.
102. Macdougall, J.D., and Haggerty, S.E., 1999, Ultradeep xenoliths from African kimberlites: Sr and Nd isotopic compositions suggest complex history:
103. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 170, p. 73-82, doi: 10.1016/S0012-821X(99)00091-6.
104. MacGregor, I.D., and Manton, W.I., 1986, Roberts Victor eclogites: Ancient oceanic crust: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. B91, p. 14,063-14,079.
105. Maekawa, H., Fryer, P., and Ozaki, A., 1995, Incipient blueschist-facies metamor-phism in the active subduction zone beneath the Mariana forearc, in Taylor, B., and Natland, J., eds., Active Margins and Marginal Basins of the Western Pacific: American Geophysical Union Monograph 88, p. 281-289.
106. Martin, H., 1994, The Archean grey gneisses and the genesis of the continental crust, in Condie, K.C., ed., Archean Crustal Evolution: Amsterdam, Elsevier, p. 205-259.
107. Maruyama, S., and Liou, J.G., 1998, Ultrahigh-pressure metamorphism and its significance on the Proterozoic-Phanerozoic boundary: The Island Arc, v. 7, p. 6-35, doi: 10.1046/j.1440-1738.1998.00181.x.
108. Maruyama, S., Liou, J.G., and Terabayashi, M., 1996, Blueschists and eclogites of the world and their exhumation: International Geology Review, v. 38, p. 485-594.
109. Matsuda, T., and Isozaki, Y., 1991, Well-documented travel history of Mesozoic pelagic chert in Japan: From remote ocean to subduction zone: Tectonics, v. 10, p. 475-499.
110. McCarthy, T., and Rubridge, B., eds., 2005, The Story of Earth and Life-A Southern African Perspective on a 4.6-Billion-Year Journey: Cape Town, South Africa, Struik Publishers, 333 p.
111. Miyashiro, A., 1961, Evolution of metamorphic belts: Journal of Petrology, v. 2, no. 3, p. 277-311.
112. Möller, A., Appel, P., Mezger, K., and Schenk, V., 1995, Evidence for the 2 Ga subduction zone: Eclogites in the Usagaran belt of Tanzania: Geology, v. 23, p. 1067-1070, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1995)023<1067:EFAGSZ> 2.3.CO;2.
113. Moyen, J.-F., and Stevens, G., 2005, Experimental constraints on TTG petrogen-esis: Implications for Archean geodynamics: American Geophysical Union Monograph 164, p. 47-59.
114. Moyen, J.-F., Stevens, G., and Kisters, A., 2006, Record of mid-Archean subduc-tion from metamorphism in the Barberton terrain, South Africa: Nature, v. 442, p. 559-562, doi: 10.1038/nature04972.
115. Mueller, W.U., and Corcoran, P.L., 2001, Volcano-sedimentary processes operating on a marginal continental arc: The Archean Raquette Lake Formation, Slave Province, Canada: Sedimentary Geology, v. 141-142, p. 169-204, doi: 10.1016/S0037-0738(01)00074-4.
116. Mueller, W., and Donaldson, J.A., 1992, Development of sedimentary basins in the Archean Abitibi belt, Canada: An overview: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 29, p. 2249-2265.
117. Mueller, W., Donaldson, J.A., and Doucet, P., 1994, Volcanic and tectono-plu-tonic influences on sedimentation in the Archean Kirkland basin, Abitibi greenstone belt, Canada: Precambrian Research, v. 68, p. 201-230, doi: 10.1016/0301-9268(94)90030-2.
118. Mueller, W.U., Daigneault, R., Mortensen, J.K., and Chown, E.H., 1996, Archean terrane docking: Upper crust collision tectonics, Abitibi greenstone belt, Quebec, Canada: Tectonophysics, v. 265, p. 127-150, doi: 10.1016/ S0040-1951(96)00149-7.
119. Myers, J.S., 2004, Isua enigmas: Illusive tectonic, sedimentary, volcanic and organic features of the >3.7 Ga Isua greenstone belt, SW Greenland, in Eriksson, P.G., Altermann, W., Nelson, D.R., Mueller, W.U., and Catu-neanu, O., eds., The Precambrian Earth: Tempos and Events: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Elsevier Publishers, p. 66-73.
120. Nakajima, K., and Arima, M., 1998, Melting experiments on hydrous low-K tholeiite: Implications for the genesis of tonalitic crust in the Izu-Bonin-Mariana arc: The Island Arc, v. 7, p. 359-373.
121. Nutman, A.P., Friend, C.R., and Bennett, V.C., 2002, Evidence for 3650-3600 Ma assembly of the northern end of the Itsaq Gneiss Complex, Greenland: implication for early Archean tectonics: Tectonics, v. 21, doi: 10.1029/2000TC001203.
122. O'Neill, C., Lenardic, A., Moresi, L., Torsvik, T.H., and Lee, C.T.A., 2007, Episodic Precambrian subduction: EOS Transactions, American Geophysical Union v. 88, no. 23, Joint Assembly Supplement, Abstract U44A-04.
123. Page, R.W., Jackson, M.J., and Krassay, A.A., 2000, Constraining sequence stratigraphy in north Australian basins: SHRIMP U-Pb zircon geochronology between Mt. Isa and McArthur River: Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 47, p. 431-459, doi: 10.1046/j.1440-0952.2000.00797.x.
124. Parman, S.W., Grove, T.L., and Dann, J.C., 2001, The production of Barberton komatiites in an Archean subduction zone: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 28, p. 2513-2516, doi: 10.1029/2000GL012713.
125. Peacock, S.M., 2003, Thermal structure and metamorphic evolution of subducting slabs, in Eiler, J., and Hirschman, M., eds., Subduction Factory: American Geophysical Union Monograph 138, p. 7-22.
126. Pearce, J.A., and Cann, J.R., 1973, Tectonic setting of basic volcanic rocks determined using trace element analyses: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 19, p. 290-300, doi: 10.1016/0012-821X(73)90129-5.
127. Pearce, J.A., and Peate, D.W., 1995, Tectonic implications of the composition of volcanic arc magmas: Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, v. 23, p. 251-285, doi: 10.1146/annurev.ea.23.050195.001343.
128. Pease, V., Percival, J., Smithies, H., Stevens, G., and van Kranendonk, M., 2008, this volume, When did plate tectonics begin? Evidence from the orogenic record, in Condie, K.C., and Pease, V., eds., When Did Plate Tectonics Begin on Planet Earth?: Geological Society of America Special Paper 440, doi: 10.1130/2008.2440(10).
129. Peltonen, P., Kontinen, A., and Huhma, H., 1996, Petrology and geochemistry of metabasalts from the 1.95 Ga Jormua ophiolite, northeastern Finland: Journal of Petrology, v. 37, p. 1359-1383, doi: 10.1093/petrology/37.6. 1359.
130. Percival, J.A., Stern, R.A., Skulski, T., Card, K.D., Mortensen, J.K., and Begin, N.J., 1994, Minto block, Superior Province: Missing link in deciphering assembly of the craton at 2.7 Ga: Geology, v. 22, p. 839-842, doi: 10.1130/ 0091-7613(1994)022<0839:MBSPML>2.3.CO;2.
131. Percival, J.A., Bleeker, W., Cook, F.A., Rivers, T., Ross, G., and van Staal, C., 2004, Pan-Lithoprobe intra-orogen correlations and comparative orogenic anatomy: Geoscience Canada, v. 31, p. 23-39.
132. Percival, J.A., McNicoll, V., and Bailes, A.H., 2006, Strike-slip juxtaposition of ca. 2.72 Ga juvenile arc and >2.98 Ga continent margin sequences and its implications for Archean terrane accretion, western Superior Province, Canada: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 43, p. 895-927, doi: 10.1139/E06-039.
133. Pesonen, L.J., Elming, S.-A., Mertanen, S., Pisarevsky, S.A., D'Agrella-Filho, M.S., Meert, J., Schmidt, P.W., Abrahmsen, N., and Bylund, G., 2003, Palaeomagnetic configuration of continents during the Proterozoic: Tectonophysics, v. 375, p. 289-324, doi: 10.1016/S0040-1951(03)00343-3.
134. Pirajno, F., and Occhipinti, S.A., 2000, Three Paleoproterozoic basins-Yerr-ida, Bryah and Padbury-Capricorn orogen, Western Australia: Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 47, p. 675-688, doi: 10.1046/j.1440- 0952.2000.00800.x.
135. Pisarevsky, S.A., 2005, New edition of the global paleomagnetic database: Eos (Transactions, American Geophysical Union), v. 86, p. 170, doi: 10.1029/2005EO170004.
136. Pisarevsky, S.A., and McElhinny, M.W., 2003, Global paleomagnetic database developed into its visual form: Eos (Transactions, American Geophysical Union), v. 84, p. 192, doi: 10.1029/2003EO200007.
137. Polat, A., and Kerrich, R., 1999, Formation of an Archean tectonic melange in the Schreiber-Hemlo greenstone belt, Superior Province, Canada: Implications for Archean subduction-accretion process: Tectonics, v. 18, p. 733-755, doi: 10.1029/1999TC900032.
138. Polat, A., and Kerrich, R., 2001, Magnesian andesites, Nb-enriched basalt-andesites, and adakites from late Archean 2.7 Ga Wawa greenstone belts, Superior Province, Canada: Implications for late Archean subduction zone petrogenetic processes: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 141, p. 36-52.
139. Polat, A., Kusky, T., Li, J., Fryer, B., Kerrich, R., and Patrick, K., 2005, Geochemistry of Neoarchean volcanic and ophiolitic rocks in the Wutaishan greenstone belt, Central orogenic belt, North China craton: Implications for geodynamic setting and continental growth: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 117, p. 1387-1399, doi: 10.1130/B25724.1.
140. Polat, A., Appel, P., Frei, W.U.R., Pan, Y., Dilek, Y., Ordonez-Calderon, J.C., Fryer, B., Hollis, J.A., and Raith, J.G., 2007, Field and geochemical characteristics of the Mesoarchean (3075 Ma) Ivisaartoq greenstone belt, southern West Greenland: Evidence for seafloor hydrothermal alteration in supra-subduction oceanic crust: Gondwana Research, v. 11, p. 69-91.
141. Pollack, H.N., 1997, Thermal characteristics of the Archean, in de Wit, M., and Ashwal, L.D., eds., Greenstone Belts: Oxford, Oxford University Press, p. 223-233.
142. Powell, C.M., Jones, D.L., Pisarevsky, S.A., and Wingate, M.T.D., 2001, Paleomag-netic constraints on the position of the Kalahari craton in Rodinia: Precam-brian Research, v. 110, p. 33-46, doi: 10.1016/S0301-9268(01)00179-6.
143. Puchtel, I.S., Hofmann, A.W., Amelin, Y.V., Garbe-Schonberg, C.D., Sam-sonov, A.V., and Shchipansky, A.A., 1999, Combined mantle plume-island arc model for the formation of the 2.9 Ga Sumozero-Kenozero greenstone belt, SE Baltic Shield: Isotope and trace element constraints: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 63, p. 3579-3595, doi: 10.1016/ S0016-7037(99)00111-8.
144. Reading, A.M., Kennett, B.L.N., and Goleby, B., 2007, New constraints on the seismic structure of West Australia: Evidence from terrane stabilization prior to the assembly of an ancient continent?: Geology, v. 35, p. 379-382, doi: 10.1130/G23341A.1.
145. Richardson, S.H., Shirey, S.B., Harris, J.W., and Carlson, R.W., 2001, Archean subduction recorded by Re-Os isotopes in eclogitic sulfide inclusions in Kimberley diamonds: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 191, p. 257-266, doi: 10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00419-8.
146. Rollinson, H.R., 2002, The metamorphic history of the Isua greenstone belt, West Greenland, in Fowler, C.M.R., Ebinger, C.J., and Hawkesworth, C.J., eds., The Early Earth: Physical, Chemical and Biological Development: Geological Society of London Special Publication 199, p. 329-350.
147. Sandeman, H.A., Hanmer, S., Tella, S., Armitage, A.A., Davis, W.J., and Ryan, J.J., 2006, Petrogenesis of Neoarchean volcanic rocks of the MacQuoid supracrustal belt: A back-arc setting for the NW Hearne subdomain, western Churchill Province, Canada: Precambrian Research, v. 144, p. 140-165, doi: 10.1016/j.precamres.2005.11.001.
148. Schmitz, M.D., Bowring, S.A., de Wit, M.J., and Gartz, V., 2004, Subduction and terrane collision stabilize the western Kaapvaal craton tectosphere 2.9 Ga: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 222, p. 363-376, doi: 10.1016/j. epsl.2004.03.036.
149. Schroder, S., Lacassie, J., and Beukes, N., 2006, Stratigraphic and geochemical framework of the Agouron drill cores, Transvaal Supergroup (Neoarchean-Paleoproterozoic, South Africa): South African Journal of Geology, v. 109, p. 23-54, doi: 10.2113/gssajg.109.1-2.23.
150. Schulze, D.E., Harte, B., Valley, J.W., Brenan, J.M., and Channer, D.M.R., 2003, Extreme crustal oxygen isotope signatures preserved in coesite in diamond: Nature, v. 423, p. 68-70, doi: 10.1038/nature01615.
151. Scotese, C.R., 2004, A continental drift flipbook: The Journal of Geology, v. 112, p. 729-741, doi: 10.1086/424867. Scott, D.J., Helmstaedt, H., and Bickle, M.J., 1992, Purtuniq ophiolite, Cape Smith belt, northern Quebec, Canada: A reconstructed section of early Pro-terozoic oceanic crust: Geology, v. 20, p. 173-176, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613 (1992)020<0173:POCSBN>2.3.CO;2.
152. Shervais, J.W., 1982, T-V plots and the petrogenesis of modern and ophi-olitic lavas: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 59, p. 101-118, doi: 10.1016/0012-821X(82)90120-0.
153. Shervais, J.W., 2006, The significance of subduction-related accretionary complexes in early Earth processes, in Reimold, W.U., and Gibson, R.L., eds., Processes on Early Earth: Geological Society of America Special Paper 405, p. 173-192.
154. Shirey, S.B., Richardson, S.H., and Harris, J.W., 2004, Integrated models of diamond formation and craton evolution: Lithos, v. 77, p. 923-944, doi: 10.1016/j.lithos.2004.04.018.
155. Shirey, S.B., Kamber, B.S., Whitehouse, M.J., Mueller, P.A., and Basu, A.R., 2008, this volume, A review of the geochemical evidence for mantle and crustal processes in the Hadean and Archean: Implications for the onset of plate tectonic subduction, in Condie, K.C., and Pease, V., eds., When Did Plate Tectonics Begin on Planet Earth?: Geological Society of America Special Paper 440, doi: 10.1130/2008.2440(01).
156. Shu, L.S., Zhou, G.Q., Shi, Y.S., and Yin, J., 1994, Study of the high pressure metamorphic blueschist and its late Proterozoic age in the Eastern Jiangnan belt: Chinese Science Bulletin, v. 39, p. 1200-1204.
157. Sillitoe, R.H., 1976, Andean mineralization: A model for the metallogeny of convergent plate margins: Geological Association of Canada Special Paper 14, p. 59-100.
158. Sklyarov, E.V., 1990, Ophiolites and blueschists of southeast Sayan, in First International Symposium on Geodynamic Evolution and Main Sutures of Central Asia: Ulan-Ude, Russia, IGCP, Project 283 Guidebook for excursion, 55 p.
159. Sleep, N.H., 2005, Evolution of the continental lithosphere: Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, v. 33, p. 369-393, doi: 10.1146/annurev. earth.33.092203.122643.
160. Sleep, N.H., and Windley, B.F., 1982, Archean plate tectonics: Constraints and inferences: The Journal of Geology, v. 90, p. 363-379.
161. Smith, I.E.M., Worthington, T.J., Stewart, R.B., Price, R.C., and Gamble, J.A., 2003, Felsic volcanism in the Kermadec arc, SW Pacific: Crustal recycling in an oceanic setting: Geological Society of London Special Publication 219, p. 99-118, doi: 10.1144/GSL.SP.2003.219.01.05.
162. Smithies, R.H., Champion, D.C., and Sun, S.-S., 2004, The case for Archean bon-inites: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 147, p. 705-721, doi: 10.1007/s00410-004-0579-x.
163. Smithies, R.H., Champion, D.C., Van Kranendonk, M.J., Howard, H.M., and Hickman, A.H., 2005a, Modern-style subduction processes in the Meso-archean: Geochemical evidence from the 3.12 Ga Whundo intra-oceanic arc: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 231, p. 221-237, doi: 10.1016/j. epsl.2004.12.026.
164. Smithies, R.H., Van Kranendonk, M.J., and Champion, D.C., 2005b, It started with a plume-Early Archaean basaltic proto-continental crust: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 238, p. 284-297, doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2005.07.023.
165. Smithies, R.H., Van Kranendonk, M.J., and Champion, D.C., 2007, The Meso-archean emergence of modern-style subduction: Gondwana Research, v. 11, p. 50-68, doi: 10.1016/j.gr.2006.02.001.
166. Solomon, M., and Quesada, C., 2003, Zn-Pb-Cu massive sulfide deposits: Brine-pool types occur in collisional orogens, black smoker types occur in backarc and/or arc basins: Geology, v. 31, p. 1029-1032, doi: 10.1130/G19904.1.
167. Stern, R.A., Syme, E.C., Bailes, A.H., and Lucas, S.B., 1995, Paleoproterozoic arc volcanism in the Flin Flon belt, Trans-Hudson orogen, Canada: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 119, p. 117-141.
168. Stern, R.J., 2002, Subduction zones: Reviews of Geophysics, v. 40, 1012, doi: 10.1029/2001RG000108.
169. Stern, R.J., 2004, Subduction initiation: Spontaneous and induced: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 226, p. 275-292, doi: 10.1016/S0012-821X (04)00498-4.
170. Stern, R.J., 2005, Evidence from ophiolites, blueschists, and ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic terranes that the modern episode of subduction tectonics began in Neoproterozoic time: Geology, v. 33, p. 557-560, doi: 10.1130/ G21365.1.
171. Stern, R.J., 2008, this volume, Modern-style plate tectonics began in Neopro-terozoic time: An alternative interpretation of Earth's tectonic history, in Condie, K.C., and Pease, V., eds., When Did Plate Tectonics Begin on Planet Earth?: Geological Society of America Special Paper 440, doi: 10.1130/2008.2440(13).
172. Stott, G.M., 1997, The Superior Province, Canada, in de Wit M.J., and Ashwal, L.D., eds., Greenstone Belts: Oxford, Clarendon Press, p. 480-507.
173. Strik, G., Blake, T.S., Zergers, T.E., White, S.H., and Langereis, C.G., 2003, Paleomagnetism of flood basalts in the Pilbara craton, Western Australia: Late Archean continental drift and the oldest known reversal of the geomagnetic field: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 108, doi: 10.1029/2003JB002475.
174. Suganuma, Y., Hamano, Y., Niitsuma, S., Hoashi, M., Hisamitsu, T., Niitsuma, N., Kodama, K., and Nedachic, M., 2006, Paleomagnetism of the Marble Bar Chert Member, Western Australia: Implications for apparent polar wander path for Pilbara craton during Archean time: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 252, p. 360-371, doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2006.10.003.
175. Tappert, R., Stachel, T., Harris, J.W., Muehlenbachs, K., Ludwig, T., and Brey, G.P., 2005, Subducting oceanic crust: The source of deep diamonds: Geology, v. 33, p. 565-568, doi: 10.1130/G21637.1.
176. Thurston, P.C., 1994, Archean volcanic patterns, in Condie, K.C., ed., Archean Crustal Evolution: Amsterdam, Elsevier, p. 45-84. Thurston, P.C., and Chivers, K.M., 1990, Secular variation in greenstone sequence development emphasizing Superior Province, Canada: Precam-brian Research, v. 46, p. 21-58, doi: 10.1016/0301-9268(90)90065-X.
177. Tolstikhin, I.N., and Hofmann, A.W., 2005, Early crust on top of the Earth's core: Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, v. 148, p. 109-130, doi: 10.1016/j.pepi.2004.05.011.
178. Tomlinson, K.Y., and Condie, K.C., 2001, Archean mantle plumes: Evidence from greenstone belt geochemistry, in Ernst, R.E., and Buchan, K.L., eds., Mantle Plumes: Their Identification through Time: Geological Society of America Memoir 352, p. 341-357.
179. Tsujimori, T., Sisson, V.B., Liou, J.G., Harlow, G.E., and Sorenson, S.S., 2006, Very-low-temperature record of the subduction process: A review of worldwide lawsonite eclogites: Lithos, v. 92, no. 3-4, p. 809-624, doi:10.1016/ j.lithos.2006.03.054.
180. Tuckwell, G.W., and Ghail, R.C., 2003, A 400-km-scale strike-slip zone near the boundary of Thetis Regio, Venus: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 211, p. 45-55, doi: 10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00128-6.
181. Turcotte, D.L., 1995, How does Venus lose heat?: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 100, p. 16,931-16,940, doi: 10.1029/95JE01621.
182. van Hunen, J., Davies, G., Hynes, A., and van Keken, P.E., 2008, this volume, Tectonics of the early Earth: Some geodynamic considerations, in Condie, K.C., and Pease, V., eds., When Did Plate Tectonics Begin on Planet Earth?: Geological Society of America Special Paper 440, doi: 10.1130/2008.2440(08).
183. Van Kranendonk, M.J., and Collins, W.J., 1998, Timing and tectonic significance of late Archaean, sinistral strike-slip deformation in the Central Pil-bara structural corridor, Pilbara craton, Western Australia: Precambrian Research, v. 88, p. 207-232, doi: 10.1016/S0301-9268(97)00069-7.
184. Van Kranendonk, M.J., Hickman, A.H., Smithies, R.H., Nelson, D.N., and Pike, G., 2002, Geology and tectonic evolution of the Archaean North Pilbara terrain, Pilbara craton, Western Australia: Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists, v. 97, p. 695-732.
185. Van Kranendonk, M.J., Smithies, R.H., Hickman, A.H., and Champion, D.C., 2007, Secular tectonic evolution of Archean continental crust: Interplay between horizontal and vertical processes in the formation of the Pil-bara craton, Australia: Terra Nova, v. 19, p. 1-38, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3121.2006.00723.x.
186. van Thienen, P., van den Berg, A.P., and Vlaar, N.J., 2004, Production and recycling of oceanic crust in the early Earth: Tectonophysics, v. 386, p. 41-65, doi: 10.1016/j.tecto.2004.04.027.
187. Watson, E.B., and Harrison, T.M., 2005, Zircon thermometer reveals minimum melting conditions on earliest Earth: Science, v. 308, p. 841-844, doi: 10.1126/science.1110873.
188. Weilers, B.F., 1990, A Review of the Pongola Supergroup and Its Setting on the Kaapvaal Craton: Johannesburg, South Africa, Economic Research Unit, University of Witwatersrand, Information Circular 228, 69 p.
189. Wilks, M.E., and Nisbet, E.G., 1988, Stratigraphy of the Steep Rock Group, NW Ontario: A major Archean unconformity and Archean stromatolites: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 25, p. 370-391.
190. Windley, B.F., 1992, Proterozoic collision and accretionary orogens, in Condie, K.C., ed., Proterozoic Crustal Evolution: Amsterdam, Elsevier, p. 419-446.
191. Yoder, H.S., Jr., 1973, Contemporaneous basaltic and rhyolitic magmas: The American Mineralogist, v. 58, p. 153-171.
192. Zegers, T.E., and van Keken, P.E., 2001, Middle Archean continent formation by crustal delamination: Geology, v. 29, p. 1083-1086, doi: 10.1130/009 1-7613(2001)029<1083:MACFBC>2.0.CO;2.
193. Zegers, T.E., Barley, M.E., Groves, D.I., McNaughton, N.J., and White, W.J., 2002, Oldest gold: Deformation and hydrothermal alteration in the early Archean shear-zone hosted Bamboo Creek deposit, Pilbara, Western Australia: Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists, v. 97, p. 757-776.
194. Zhai, M., Zhao, G., Zhang, Q., Kusky, T.M., and Li, J.-H., 2002, Is the Dong- wanzi complex an Archean ophiolite?: Science, v. 295, p. 923, doi: 10.1126/science.295.5557.923a.
195. Zhang, H., Thurber, C.H., Shelly, D., Ide, S., Beroza, G.C., and Hasegawa, A., 2004, High-resolution subducting-slab structure beneath northern Honshu, revealed by double-difference tomography: Geology, v. 32, p. 361-364, doi: 10.1130/G20261.2.
196. Zhao, G., Wilde, S.A., Li, S., Sun, M., Grant, M.L., and Li, X., 2007, U-Pb zircon age constraints on the Dongwanzi ultramafic-mafic body, North China, confirm it is not an Archean ophiolite: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 255, p. 85-93, doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2006.12.007.