High field MRI in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: High field-high yield?

Neuroradiology

Volumn 51, Issue 5, 2009, Pages 279-292

  Wattjes, Mike P ^a   Barkhof, Frederik ^a  

^a VU UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Clinically isolated syndrome; Diffusion tensor imaging; Functional magnetic resonance imaging; High field magnetic resonance imaging; MR spectroscopy; Multiple sclerosis

Indexed keywords

BRAIN; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DIFFUSION TENSOR IMAGING; FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; HUMAN; MAGNETIC FIELD; METABOLITE; MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS; NEUROIMAGING; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTON NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE; QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS; REVIEW; SIGNAL NOISE RATIO; SPINAL CORD;

BRAIN; HUMANS; IMAGE ENHANCEMENT; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS; NERVE FIBERS, MYELINATED;

EID: 67349202499     PISSN: 00283940     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00234-009-0512-0     Document Type: Review

References (105)

1. M Pugliatti G Rosati H Carton 2006 The epidemiology of multiple sclerosis in Europe Eur J Neurol 13 700 722 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2006.01342.x
2. JH Noseworthy C Lucchinetti M Rodriquez BG Weinshenker 2000 Multiple sclerosis N Engl J Med 28 938 952 10.1056/NEJM200009283431307
3. DH Miller M Filippi F Fazekas JL Frederiksen PM Matthews X Montalban CH Polman 2004 Role of magnetic resonance imaging within diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis Ann Neurol 56 272 278
4. R Bakshi AJ Thompson MA Rocca 2008 MRI in multiple sclerosis: current status and future prospects Lancet Neurol 7 615 625 10.1016/S1474-4422(08) 70137-6
5. A Rovira Cañellas A Rovira Gols J Rio Izquierdo M Tintoré Subirana X Montalban Gairin 2007 Idiopathic inflammatory-demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system Neuroradiology 49 393 409 10.1007/s00234-007-0216- 2
6. WI McDonald A Compston G Edan 2001 Recommended diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: guidelines from the International Panel on the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis Ann Neurol 50 121 127 10.1002/ana.1032
7. CH Polman SC Reingold G Edan 2005 Diagnostic Criteria for Multiple Sclerosis: 2005 Revisions to the "McDonald Criteria" Ann Neurol 58 840 846 10.1002/ana.20703
8. F Barkhof M Filippi DH Miller 1997 Comparison of MRI criteria at first presentation to predict conversion to clinically definite multiple sclerosis Brain 120 2059 2069 10.1093/brain/120.11.2059
9. M Tintoré A Rovira MJ Martinez 2000 Isolated demyelinating syndromes: comparison of different MR imaging criteria to predict conversion to clinically definite multiple sclerosis AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 21 702 706
10. A Minneboo F Barkhof CH Polman 2004 Infratentorial lesions predict long-term disability in patients with initial findings suggestive of multiple sclerosis Arch Neurol 61 217 221 10.1001/archneur.61.2.217
11. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Radiological Devices Branch, Division of Reproductive, Abdominal, and Radiological Devices, Office of Device Evaluation. Guidance for industry and FDA staff: criteria for significant risk investigations of magnetic resonance diagnostic devices. http://www.fda.gov/cdrh/ode/guidance/793.html . Updated July 14, 2003. Accessed 18 Sept 2008
12. J Machann HP Schlemmer F Schick 2008 Technical challenges and opportunities of whole body magnetic resonance imaging at 3 T Phys Med 18 1449 1455
13. F Schick 2005 Whole-body MRI at high field: technical limits and clinical potential Eur Radiol 15 946 959 10.1007/s00330-005-2678-0
14. WA Willinek CK Kuhl 2006 3.0 T neuroimaging: technical considerations and clinical applications Neuroimaging Clin N Am 16 217 228 10.1016/j.nic.2006.02. 007
15. WA Willinek HH Schild 2007 Clinical advantages of 3.0 T MRI over 1.5 T Eur J Radiol 65 2 14 10.1016/j.ejrad.2007.11.006
16. C Krautmacher WA Willinek HJ Tschampa 2005 Brain tumors: full- and half-dose-contrast-enhanced MR imaging at 3.0 T compared with 1.5 T-initial experience Radiology 237 1014 1019 10.1148/radiol.2373041672
17. JP Wansapura SK Holland RS Dunn 1999 NMR relaxation times in the human brain at 3.0 T J Magn Reson Imaging 9 531 538 10.1002/(SICI) 1522-2586(199904) 9:4∈<∈531::AID-JMRI4∈>∈3.0.CO;2-L
18. A Di Constanzo F Trosji M Tosetti 2007 Proton MR spectroscopy of the brain. An update Eur Radiol 17 1651 1662 10.1007/s00330-006-0546-1
19. JFA Jansen WH Backes K Nicolay ME Kooi 2006 1H MR spectroscopy of the brain: absolute quantification of metabolites Radiology 240 318 332 10.1148/radiol.2402050314
20. U.S. Department of health and human services, Food and Drug Administration, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, A Primer on Medical Device Interactions with Magnetic Resonance Imaging Systems. http://www.fda.gov/cdrh/ode/primerf6.html . Assessed 18 Sept 2008
21. W Schima D Wimberger B Schneider R Stiglbauer S Asenbaum H Imhof 1993 The importance of magnetic field strength in the MR diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: a comparison of 0.5 T and 1.5 T Rofo 158 368 371 10.1055/s-2008- 1032665
22. DH Lee AD Vellet M Eliasziw 1995 MR imaging field: prospective evaluation of the diagnostic accuracy of MR for diagnosis of multiple sclerosis at 0.5 and 1.5 T Radiology 194 257 262
23. M Filippi JH van Waesberghe MA Horsfield 1997 Interscanner variation in brain MRI lesion load measurements in MS Neurology 49 371 377
24. CM Poser DW Paty L Scheinberg 1983 New diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: guidelines for research protocols Ann Neurol 13 227 231 10.1002/ana.410130302
25. MD Keiper RI Grossmann JA Hirsch 1998 MR identification of white matter abnormalities in multiple sclerosis: a comparison between 1.5 T and 4 T AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 19 1489 1493
26. NL Sicotte RR Voskuhl S Bouvier R Klutch MS Cohen JC Mazziotta 2003 Comparison of multiple sclerosis lesions at 1.5 and 3.0 T Invest Radiol 38 423 427 10.1097/00004424-200307000-00007
27. MP Wattjes GG Lutterbey M Harzheim 2006 Higher sensitivity in the detection of inflammatory brain lesions in patients with clinically isolated syndromes suggestive of multiple sclerosis using high field MRI: an intraindividual comparison of 1.5 T with 3.0 T Eur Radiol 16 2067 2073 10.1007/s00330-006-0195-4
28. K Nielsen E Rostrup JL Frederiksen 2006 Magnetic resonance imaging at 3.0 Tesla detects more lesions in acute optic neuritis than at 1.5 Tesla Invest Radiol 41 76 82 10.1097/01.rli.0000188364.76251.28
29. R Bachmann R Reilmann W Schwindt H Kugel W Heindel S Krämer 2006 FLAIR imaging for multiple sclerosis: a comparative MR study at 1.5 and 3.0 Tesla Eur Radiol 16 915 921 10.1007/s00330-005-0070-8
30. MP Wattjes M Harzheim CK Kuhl 2006 Does high-field MRI have an influence on the classification of patients with clinically isolated syndromes according to current diagnostic magnetic resonance imaging criteria for multiple sclerosis? AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 27 1794 1798
31. MP Wattjes M Harzheim GG Lutterbey 2008 Does high field MRI allow an earlier diagnosis of multiple sclerosis? J Neurol 50 1159 1163 10.1007/s00415-008-0861-3
32. JK Swanton A Rovira M Tintore 2007 MRI criteria for multiple sclerosis in patients presenting with clinically isolated syndromes: a multicentre retrospective study Lancet Neurol 6 677 686 10.1016/S1474-4422(07) 70176-X
33. JM Stankiewicz M Neema DC Alsop 2009 Spinal cord lesions and clinical status in multiple sclerosis: a 1.5 T and 3 T MRI study J Neurol Sci 279 99 105
34. JH Simon D Li A Traboulsee DL Arnold 2006 Standardized MR imaging protocol for multiple sclerosis: consortium of MS centers consensus guidelines AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 27 455 461
35. TA Yousry M Filippi C Becker MA Horsfield R Voltz 1997 Comparison of MR pulse sequences in the detection of multiple sclerosis lesions AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 18 959 963
36. EM Frohman H Zhang PD Kramer 2001 MRI chararcteristics of MLF in MS patients with chronic internuclear ophthalmoparesis Neurology 57 762 768
37. M Filippi T Yousry C Baratti 1996 Quantitative assessment of MRI lesion load in multiple sclerosis: a comparison of conventional spin-echo with fast fluid-attenuated inversion recovery Brain 119 1349 1355 10.1093/brain/119.4.1349
38. ML Gawne-Cain JI O'Riordan AJ Thompson 1997 Multiple sclerosis lesion detection in the brain: a comparison of fast fluid-attenuated inversion recovery and conventional T2-weighted dual spin echo Neurology 49 364 370
39. R Bakshi S Ariyaratana RH Benedict L Jacobs 2001 Fluid-attenuated inversion recovery magnetic resonance imaging detects cortical and juxtacortical multiple sclerosis lesions Arch Neurol 58 742 748 10.1001/archneur.58.5.742
40. MP Wattjes GG Lutterbey M Harzheim 2006 Imaging of inflammatory lesions at 3.0 Tesla in patients with clinically isolated syndromes suggestive of multiple sclerosis: a comparison of fluid-attenuated inversion recovery with T2 turbo spin-echo Eur Radiol 16 1494 1500 10.1007/s00330-005-0082-4
41. TW Redpath FW Smith 1994 Technical note: use of a double inversion recovery pulse sequence to image selectively grey or white brain matter Br J Radiol 67 1258 1263
42. BJ Bedell PA Narayana 1998 Implementation and evaluation of a new pulse sequence for rapid acquisition of double inversion recovery images for simultaneous suppression of white matter and CSF J Magn Reson Imaging 8 544 547 10.1002/jmri.1880080305
43. K Turetschek P Wunderbaldinger AA Bankier T Zontsich O Graf R Mallek K Hittmair 1998 Double inversion recovery imaging of the brain: initial experience and comparison with fluid attenuated inversion recovery imaging Magn Reson Imaging 16 127 135 10.1016/S0730-725X(97) 00254-3
44. JJG Geurts PJW Pouwels BMJ Uitdehaag CH Polman F Barkhof JA Castelijns 2005 Intracortical lesions in multiple sclerosis: improved detection with double inversion-recovery MR imaging Radiology 236 254 260 10.1148/radiol.2361040450
45. D Kidd F Barkhof R McConnell PR Algra IV Allen T Revesz 1999 Cortical lesions in multiple sclerosis Brain 122 17 26 10.1093/brain/122.1.17
46. M Calabrese N De Stefano M Atzori 2007 Detection of cortical inflammatory lesions by double inversion recovery magnetic resonance imaging in patients with multiple sclerosis Arch Neurol 64 1416 1422 10.1001/archneur.64.10.1416
47. M Calabrese N De Stefano M Atzori 2008 Extensive cortical inflammation is associated with epilepsy in multiple sclerosis J Neurol 255 581 586 10.1007/s00415-008-0752-7
48. MP Wattjes GG Lutterbey J Gieseke 2007 Double inversion-recovery brain imaging at 3.0 Tesla: diagnostic value in the detection of multiple sclerosis lesions AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 28 54 59 10.3174/ajnr.A0594
49. G Lutterbey MP Wattjes J Kandyba 2007 Clinical evaluation of a speed optimized T2 weighted fast spin echo sequence at 3.0 T using variable flip angle refocusing, half-Fourier acquisition and parallel imaging Br J Radiol 80 668 673 10.1259/bjr/88996134
50. PJ Pouwels JP Kuijer JP Mugler 3rd CR Guttmann F Barkhof 2006 Human gray matter: feasibility of a single-slap 3D double inversion recovery high spatial resolution MR imaging Radiology 241 873 879 10.1148/radiol.2413051182
51. JP Mugler S Bao RV Mulkern 2000 Optimized single-slab three-dimensional spin-echo MR imaging of the brain Radiology 216 891 899
52. F Bagnato JA Butman S Gupta 2006 In vivo detection of cortical plaques by MR imaging in patients with multiple sclerosis AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 27 2161 2167
53. RJ Mills CA Young ET Smith 2007 3D MRI in multiple sclerosis: a study of three sequences at 3 T Br J Radiol 80 307 320 10.1259/bjr/52670770
54. DH Miller AJ Thompson M Filippi 2003 Magnetic resonance studies of abnormalities in the normal appearing white matter and grey matter in multiple sclerosis J Neurol 250 1407 1419 10.1007/s00415-003-0243-9
55. E Pagani R Bammer MA Horsfield 2007 Diffusion MR imaging in multiple sclerosis: technical aspects and challenges AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 28 411 420
56. Y Ge RI Grossman JK Udupa 2001 Magnetization transfer ratio histogram analysis of gray matter in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 22 470 475
57. M Bester C Heesen S Schippling 2008 Early anisotropy changes in the corpus callosum of patients with optic neuritis Neuroradiology 50 549 557 10.1007/s00234-008-0377-7
58. KTM Fernando DJ Tozer KA Mizkiel 2005 Magnetization transfer histograms in clinically isolated syndromes suggestive of multiple sclerosis Brain 128 2911 2925 10.1093/brain/awh654
59. F Träber W Block R Lamerichs J Gieseke HH Schild 2004 1H metabolite relaxation times at 3.0 Tesla: measurements of T1 and T2 values in normal brain and determination of regional differences in transverse relaxation J Magn Reson Imaging 19 537 545 10.1002/jmri.20053
60. O Gonen S Gruber BS Mi 2001 Multivoxel 3D proton spectroscopy in the brain at 1.5 versus 3.0 T: signal-to-noise ratio and resolution comparison AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 22 1727 1731
61. A Bitsch H Bruhn V Vougioukas 1999 Inflammatory CNS demyelination: histopathologic correlation with in vivo quantitative proton MR spectroscopy AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 20 1619 1627
62. ML Simmons CG Frondonza JT Coyle 1991 Immunocytochemical localization of N-acetyl-aspartate with monoclonal antibodies Neuroscience 45 37 45 10.1016/0306-4522(91) 90101-S
63. DJ Rigotti M Inglese O Gonen 2007 Whole-brain N-acetylaspartate as a surrogate marker of neuronal damage in diffuse neurologic disorders AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 28 1843 1849 10.3174/ajnr.A0774
64. A Brand C Richter-Landsberg D Leibfritz 1993 Multinuclear NMR studies on the energy metabolism of glial and neuronal cells Dev Neurosci 15 289 298 10.1159/000111347
65. DT Chard CM Griffin MA McLean 2002 Brain metabolite changes in cortical grey and normal-appearing white matter in clinically early relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis Brain 125 2342 2352 10.1093/brain/awf240
66. P Kapeller MA McLean CM Griffin 2001 Preliminary evidence for neuronal damage in cortical grey and normal appearing white matter in short duration relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a quantitative MR spectroscopic imaging study J Neurol 248 131 138 10.1007/s004150170248
67. G Tedeschi S Bonavita HF McFarland N Richert JH Duyn JA Frank 2002 Proton MR spectroscopic imaging in multiple sclerosis Neuroradiology 44 37 42 10.1007/s002340100584
68. M Tiberio DT Chard DR Altmann 2006 Metabolite changes in early relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. A two year follow-up study J Neurol 253 224 230 10.1007/s00415-005-0964-z
69. SF Drehe-Kulaczewski G Helms P Dechent 2009 Serial proton MR spectroscopy and diffusion tensor imaging in infantile Balo's concentric sclerosis Neuroradiology 51 113 121 10.1007/s00234-008-0470-y
70. M Filippi M Bozzali M Rovaris 2003 Evidence for widespread axonal damage at the earliest clincial stage of multiple sclerosis Brain 126 433 437 10.1093/brain/awg038
71. A Tourbah JL Stievenart A Abanou 1999 Normal-appearing white matter in optic neuritis and multiple sclerosis: a comparative proton spectroscopy study Neuroradiology 41 738 743 10.1007/s002340050835
72. KTM Fernando MA McLean DT Chard 2004 Elevated white matter myo-inositol in clinical isolated syndromes suggestive of multiple sclerosis Brain 127 1361 1369 10.1093/brain/awh153
73. R Srinivasan D Vignerion N Sailasuta R Hurd S Nelson 2004 A comparative study of myo-inositol quantification using LC model at 1.5 T and 3.0 T with 3D 1H proton spectroscopic imaging of the human brain Magn Reson Imaging 22 523 528 10.1016/j.mri.2004.01.028
74. MP Wattjes M Harzheim G Lutterbey L Klotz HH Schild F Träber 2007 Axonal damage but no increased glial cell activity in the normal-appearing white matter of patients with clinically isolated syndromes suggestive of multiple sclerosis using high field magnetic resonance spectroscopy AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 28 1517 1522 10.3174/ajnr.A0594
75. MP Wattjes M Harzheim GG Lutterbey M Bogdanow S Schmidt HH Schild F Träber 2008 Prognostic value of high field proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in patients presenting with clinically isolated syndromes suggestive of multiple sclerosis Neuroradiology 50 123 129 10.1007/s00234-007- 0325-y
76. KTM Fernando DT Chard MA McLean 2006 Metabolite changes in the white matter 3 years after a clinically isolated syndrome suggestive of multiple sclerosis Mult Scler 12 S1 41
77. MP Wattjes M Harzheim GG Lutterbey M Bogdanow S Schmidt HH Schild F Träber 2008 High field MR imaging and 1H-MR spectroscopy in clinically isolated syndromes suggestive of multiple sclerosis: correlation between metabolic alterations and diagnostic MR imaging criteria J Neurol 255 56 63 10.1007/s00415-007-0666-9
78. R Hurd N Sailasuta R Srinivasan 2004 Measurement of brain glutamate using T2-averraged PRESS at 3 T Magn Reson Med 51 435 440 10.1002/mrm.20007
79. R Srinivasan N Sailasuta R Hurd S Nelson D Pelletier 2005 Evidence of elevated glutamate in multiple sclerosis using magnetic resonance spectroscopy at 3 T Brain 128 1016 1025 10.1093/brain/awh467
80. AF Marliani V Clementi L Albini-Riccoli 2007 Quantitative proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the human cervical spinal cord at 3 Tesla Magn Reson Med 57 160 163 10.1002/mrm.21113
81. M Rovaris A Gass R Bammer 2005 Diffusion MRI in multiple sclerosis Neurology 65 1526 1532 10.1212/01.wnl.0000184471.83948.e0
82. CE Lee LE Danielian D Thomasson EH Baker 2009 Normal regional fractional anisotropy and apparent diffusion coefficient of the brain measured on a 3 T MR scanner Neuroradiology 51 3 9 10.1007/s00234-008-0441-3
83. KP Pruessmann M Weiger MB Scheidegger P Boesinger 1999 SENSE : sensitivity encoding for fast MRI Magn Reson Med 42 952 962 10.1002/(SICI) 1522-2594(199911) 42:5<952::AID-MRM16>3.0.CO;2-S
84. T Jaermann G Crelier KP Pruessmann 2004 SENSE-DTI at 3 T Magn Reson Med 51 230 236 10.1002/mrm.10707
85. CK Kuhl J Gieseke M von Falkenhausen 2005 Sensitivity encoding for diffusion-weighted MR imaging at 3.0 T: intraindividual comparative study Radiology 234 517 526 10.1148/radiol.2342031626
86. A Ceccarelli MA Rocca E Pagani 2008 The topographical distribution of tissue injury in benign MS at 3 T: a multiparametric MRI study Neuroimage 15 39 1499 1509 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.11.002
87. A Ceccarelli MA Rocca A Falini 2007 Normal appearing white and grey matter damage in multiple sclerosis in MS: a volumetric and diffusion tensor MRI study at 3.0 Tesla J Neurol 254 513 518 10.1007/s00415-006-0408-4
88. DS Reich KM Zackowski EM Gordon-Lipkin SA Smith 2008 Corticospinal tract abnormalities are associated with weakness in multiple sclerosis AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 29 333 339 10.3174/ajnr.A0788
89. RT Naismith J Xu NT Tutlam 2009 Disability in optic neuritis correlates with diffusion tensor-derived directional diffusivities Neurology 72 589 594 10.1016/j.ejrad.2008.02.044
90. A Rovira A León 2008 MR in the diagnosis and monitoring of multiple sclerosis: an overview Eur J Radiol 67 409 414 10.1016/j.ejrad.2008.02. 044
91. MA Rocca M Filippi 2007 Functional MRI in multiple sclerosis J Neuroimaging 1 36 41
92. MA Rocca E Pagani M Absinta 2007 Altered functional and structural connectivities in patients with MS: a 3-T study Neurology 69 2136 2145 10.1212/01.wnl.0000295504.92020.ca
93. MA Rocca P Tortorella A Ceccarelli 2008 The "mirror-neuron- system" in MS. A 3 Tesla fMRI study Neurology 70 255 262 10.1212/01.wnl.0000284667.29375.7e
94. JC Bot F Barkhof G Lycklama à Nijeholt 2002 Differentiation of multiple sclerosis from other inflammatory disorders and cerebrovascular disease: value of spinal MR imaging Radiology 223 46 56 10.1148/radiol. 2231010707
95. CM Dalton PA Brex KA Miszkiel 2003 Spinal cord MRI in clinically isolated optic neuritis J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 74 1577 1580 10.1136/jnnp. 74.11.1577
96. GJ Lycklama à Nijeholt E Bergers W Kamphorst 2001) Post-mortem high-resolution MRI of the spinal cord in multiple sclerosis: a correlative study with conventional MRI, histopathology and clinical phenotype Brain 124 154 166
97. JCJ Bot ELA Blezer W Kamphorst 2004 The spinal cord in multiple sclerosis: relationship of high-spatial-resolution quantitative MR imaging findings to histopathologic results Radiology 233 531 540 10.1148/radiol. 2332031572
98. JP Mottershead K Schmierer M Clemence 2003 High field MRI correlates of myelin content and axonal density in multiple sclerosis-a post-mortem study of the spinal cord J Neurol 250 1293 1301 10.1007/s00415-003-0192-3
99. CP Gilmore JJG Geurts N Evangelou 2009 Spinal cord grey matter lesions in multiple sclerosis detected by post-mortem high field MR imaging Mult Scler 15 180 188 10.1177/1352458508096876
100. JJG Geurts EL Blezer H Vrenken 2008 Does high-field MR imaging improve cortical lesion detection in multiple sclerosis J Neurol 255 183 191 10.1007/s00415-008-0620-5
101. A Kangarlu EC Bourekas A Ray-Chaudhury KW Rammohan 2007 Cerebral cortical lesions in multiple sclerosis detected by MR imaging at 8 Tesla AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 28 262 266
102. Y Ge VM Zohrabian RI Grossman 2008 Seven-Tesla magnetic resonance imaging: new vision of microvascular abnormalities in multiple sclerosis Arch Neurol 65 812 816 10.1001/archneur.65.6.812
103. EC Tallentyre MJ Brookes JE Dixon 2008 Demonstrating the perivascular distribution of MS lesions in vivo with 7-Tesla MRI Neurology 70 2076 2078 10.1212/01.wnl.0000313377.49555.2e
104. KE Hammond JM Lupo D Xu 2008 Development of a robust method for generating 7.0 T multichannel phase images of the brain with application to normal volunteers and patients with neurological diseases Neuroimage 39 1682 1692 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.10.037
105. KE Hammond M Metcalf L Carvajal 2008 Quantitative in vivo magnetic resonance imaging of multiple sclerosis at 7 Tesla with sensitivity to iron Ann Neurol 64 707 713 10.1002/ana.21582