Linker histone H1 is present in centromeric chromatin of living human cells next to inner kinetochore proteins

Nucleic Acids Research

Volumn 37, Issue 10, 2009, Pages 3391-3406

  Orthaus, S ^a   Klement, K ^a   Happel, N ^b   Hoischen, C ^a   Diekmann, S ^a,b  

^a FRITZ LIPMANN INSTITUTE   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY OF GÖTTINGEN   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CELL PROTEIN; CENTROMERE PROTEIN A; CENTROMERE PROTEIN B; CENTROMERE PROTEIN C; HISTONE H1; SATELLITE DNA; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ARTICLE; CELL CULTURE; CENTROMERE; CHROMATIN; CONTROLLED STUDY; FLUORESCENCE ANALYSIS; FLUORESCENCE RECOVERY AFTER PHOTOBLEACHING; FLUORESCENCE RESONANCE ENERGY TRANSFER; HELA CELL; HUMAN; HUMAN CELL; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY; INTERPHASE; NUCLEOSOME; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN BINDING; PROTEIN LOCALIZATION; PROTEIN PROTEIN INTERACTION; RNA INTERFERENCE;

AUTOANTIGENS; CENTROMERE; CENTROMERE PROTEIN B; CHROMATIN; CHROMOSOMAL PROTEINS, NON-HISTONE; FLUORESCENCE RESONANCE ENERGY TRANSFER; HELA CELLS; HISTONES; HUMANS; KINETOCHORES; MICROSCOPY, FLUORESCENCE; RNA INTERFERENCE;

VERTEBRATA;

EID: 67249123010     PISSN: 03051048     EISSN: 13624962     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkp199     Document Type: Article

References (116)

1. Roos,U.P. (1973) Light and electron microscopy of rat kangaroo cells in mitosis, II. Kinetochore structure and function. Chromosoma, 41 195-220.
2. Black,B.E., Foltz,D.R., Chakravarthy,S., Luger,K., Woods,V.L. Jr and Cleveland,D.W. (2004) Structural determinants for generating centromeric chromatin. Nature, 430, 578-582.
3. Conde e Silva,N.C., Black,B.E., Sivolob,A., Filipski,J., Cleveland,D.W. and Prunell,A. (2007) CENP-A-containing nucleosomes: Easier disassembly versus exclusive centromeric localization. J. Mol. Biol., 370 555-573.
4. Earnshaw,W.C. and Rothfield,N. (1985) Identification of a familiy of human centromere proteins using autoimmune sera from patients with scleroderma. Chromosoma, 91, 313-321.
5. Sugata,N., Munekata,E. and Todokoro,K. (1999) Characterisation of a novel kinetochore protein, CENP-H. J. Biol. Chem., 274, 27343-27346.
6. Sugata,N., Li,S., Earnshaw,W.C., Yen,T.J., Yoda,K., Masumoto,H., Munekata,E., Warburton,P.E. and Todokoro,K. (2000) Human CENP-H multimers colocalise with CENP-A and CENP-C at active centromere-kinetochore complexes. Hum. Mol. Genet., 9, 2919-926.
7. Nishihashi,A., Haraguchi,T., Hiraoka,Y., Ikemura,T., Regnier,V., Dodson,H., Earnshaw,W.C. and Fukagawa,T. (2002) CENP-I is essential for centromere function in vertebrate cells. Dev. Cell, 2, 463-476.
8. Foltz,D.R., Jansen,L.E.T., Black,B.E., Bailey,A.O., Yates,J.R. III and Cleveland,D.W. (2006) The human CENP-A centromeric complex. Nat. Cell Biol., 8, 458-469.
9. Okada,M., Cheeseman,I.M., Hori,T., Okawa,K., McLeod,I.X., Yates,J.R. III, Desai,A. and Fukagawa,T. (2006) The CENP-H-I complex is required for the efficient incorporation of newly synthesized CENP-A into centromeres. Nat. Cell Biol., 8, 446-457.
10. Cheeseman,I.M. and Desai,A. (2008) Molecular architecture of the kinetochore-microtubule interface. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol., 9 33-46.
11. Hemmerich,P., Weidtkamp-Peters,S., Hoischen,C., Schmiedeberg,L., Erliandri,I. and Diekmann,S. (2008) Dynamics of inner kinetochore assembly and maintenance in living cells. J. Cell Biol., 180 1101-1114.
12. Hellwig,D., Münch,S., Orthaus,S., Hoischen,C., Hemmerich,P. and Diekmann,S. (2008) Live-cell imaging reveals sustained centromere binding of CENP-T via CENP-A and CENP-B. J. Biophoton., 1 245-254.
13. van Hooser,A.A., Oki,I.I., Gregson,H.C., Starr,D.A., Yen,T.J., Goldberg,M.L., Yokomori,K., Earnshaw,W.C., Sullivan,K.F. and Brinkley,B.R. (2001) Specification of kinetochore-forming chromatin by the histone H3 variant CENP-A. J. Cell Sci., 114, 3529-3542.
14. Amor,D.J., Kalitsis,P., Sumer,H. and Choo,K.H.A. (2004) Building the centromere: From foundation proteins to 3D organisation. Trends Cell Biol., 14, 359-368.
15. Meluh,P.B., Yang,P., Glowczewski,L., Koshland,D. and Smith,M.M. (1998) Cse4p is a component of the core centromere of Sacharomyces cerevisiae. Cell, 94, 607-613.
16. Howman,E.V., Fowler,K.J., Newson,A.J., Redward,S., MacDonald,A.C., Kalitsis,P. and Choo,K.H.A. (2000) Early disruption of centromeric chromatin organisation in centromere protein A (CENP-A) null mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 97, 1148-1153.
17. Blower,M.D. and Karpen,G.H. (2001) The role of Drosophila CID in kinetochore formation, cell-cycle progress and heterochromatin interactions. Nat. Cell Biol., 3, 730-739.
18. Earnshaw,W.C., Sullivan,K.F., Machlin,P.S., Cooke,C.A., Kaiser,D.A., Pollard,T.D., Rothfield,N.F. and Cleveland,D.W. (1987) Molecular cloning of cDNA for CENP-B, the major human centromere autoantigen. J. Cell Biol., 104, 817-829.
19. Cooke,C.A., Bernat,R.L. and Earnshaw,W.C. (1990) CENP-B: A major centromere protein located beneath the kinetochore. J. Cell Biol., 110, 1475-1488.
20. Masumoto,H., Masukata,H., Muro,Y., Nozaki,N. and Okazaki,T. (1989) A human centromere antigen (CENP-B) interacts with a short specific sequence in alphoid DNA, a human centromeric satellite. J. Cell Biol. 109, 1963-1973.
21. Ikeno,M., Masumoto,H. and Okazaki,T. (1994) Distribution of CENP-B boxes reflected in CREST centromere antigenic sites on long-range α-satellite DNA arrays of human chromosome 21. Hum. Mol. Genet., 3, 1245-1257.
22. Yoda,K., Ando,S., Okuda,A., Kikuchi,A. and Okazaki,T. (1998) In vitro assembly of the CENP-B/α-satellite DNA/core histone complex: CENP-B causes nucleosome positioning. Genes Cells, 3, 533-548.
23. Ando,S., Yang,H., Nozaki,N., Okazaki,T. and Yoda,K. (2002) Cenp-A, Cenp-B and Cenp-C chromatin complex that contains the I-type alpha-satellite array constitutes the prekinetochore in HeLa cells. Mol. Cell Biol., 22, 2229-2241.
24. Tanaka,Y., Nureki,O., Kurumizaka,H., Fukai,S., Kawaguchi,S., Ikuta,M., Iwahara,J., Okazaki,T. and Yokoyama,S. (2001) Crystal structure of the CENP - B protein-DNA complex: The DNA-binding domains of CENP - B induce kinks in the CENP - B box DNA. EMBO J., 20, 6612-6618.
25. Ohzeki,J., Nakano,M., Okada,T. and Masumoto,H. (2002) CENP-B box is required for de novo centromere chromatin assembly on human alphoid DNA. J. Cell Biol., 159, 765-775.
26. Okamoto,Y., Nakano,M., Ohzeki,J., Larionov,V. and Masumoto,H. (2007) A minimal CENP-A core is required for nucleation and maintenance of a functional human centromere. EMBO J., 26, 1279-1291.
27. Okada,T., Ohzeki,J.I., Nakano,M., Yoda,K., Brinkley,W.R., Larionov,V. and Masumoto,H. (2007) CENP-B controls centromere formation depending on the chromatin context. Cell, 131, 1287-1300.
28. Pluta,A.F., Saitoh,N., Goldberg,I. and Earnshaw,W.C. (1992) Identification of a subdomain of CENP-B that is necessary and sufficient for localisation to the human centromere. J. Cell Biol., 116 1081-1093.
29. 2 terminus, which is separable from dimerizing activity. J. Cell Biol., 119, 1413-1427.
30. Kitagawa,K., Masumoto,H., Ikeda,M. and Okazaki,T. (1995) Analysis of protein-DNA and protein-protein interactions of centromere protein B (CENP-B) and properties of the DNA-CENP-B complex in the cell cycle. Mol. Cell Biol., 15, 1602-1612.
31. Tanaka,Y., Tachiwana,H., Yoda,K., Masumoto,H. and Okazaki,T. (2005) Human centromere protein B induces translational positioning of nucleosomes on α-satellite sequences. J. Biol. Chem., 280, 41609-41618.
32. Merry,D.E., Pathak,S., Hsu,T.C. and Brinkley,B.R. (1985) Ant-ikinetochore antibodies: Use as probes for inactive centromeres. Am. J. Hum. Genet., 37, 425-430.
33. Earnshaw,W.C. and Migeon,B.R. (1985) Three related centromere proteins are absent from the inactive centromere of a stable isodicentric chromosome. Chromosoma, 92, 290-296.
34. Earnshaw,W.C., Ratrie,H. 3rd and Stetten,G. (1989) Visualisation of centrometric proteins CENP-B and CENP-C on a stable dicentric chromosome in cytological spreads. Chromosoma, 98, 1-12.
35. Warburton,P.E., Cooke,C.A., Bourassa,S., Vafa,O., Sullivan,B.A., Stetten,G., Gimelli,G., Warburton,D., Tyler-Smith,C., Sullivan,K.F. et al. (1997) Immunolocalization of CENP-A suggests a distinct nucleosome structure at the inner kinetochore plate of active centromeres. Curr. Biol., 7, 901-904.
36. Hudson,D.F., Fowler,K.J., Earle,E., Saffery,R., Kalitsis,P., Trowell,H., Hill,J., Wereford,N.G., de Kretser,D.M., Cancilla,M.R. et al. (1998) Centromere protein B null mice are mitotically and meiotically normal but have lower body and testis weights. J. Cell Biol., 141, 309-319.
37. Earnshaw,W.C., Bernat,R.L., Cooke,C.A. and Rothfield,N.F. (1991) Role of the centromnere/kinetochore in cell cycle control. Cold Spring Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol., 56, 675-685.
38. Saitoh,H., Tomkiel,J., Cooke,C.A., Ratrie,H. 3rd, Maurer,M., Rothfield,N.F. and Earnshaw,W.C. (1992) CENP-C, an autoantigen in scleroderma, is a component of the human inner kinetochore plate. Cell, 70, 115-125.
39. Tomkiel,J., Cooke,C.A., Saitoh,H., Bernat,R.L. and Earnshaw,W.C. (1994) CENP-C is required for maintaining proper kinetochore size and for a timely transition to anaphase. J. Cell Biol., 125, 531-545.
40. Yang,C.H., Tomkiel,J., Saitoh,H., Johnson,D.H. and Earnshaw,W.C. (1996) Identification of overlapping DNA-binding and centromere-targeting domains in the human kinetochore protein CENP-C. Mol. Cell Biol., 16, 3576-3586.
41. Sugimot,K., Yata,H., Muro,Y. and Himeno,M. (1994) Human centromere protein C (CENP-C) is a DNA-binding protein which possesses a novel DNA-binding motif. J. Biochem., 116, 877-881.
42. Politi,V., Perini,G., Trazzi,S., Pliss,A., Rask,I., Earnshaw,W.C. and Della Valle,G. (2002) CENP-C binds the alpha-satellite DNA in vivo at specific centromere domains. J. Cell Sci., 115, 2317-2327.
43. Suzuki,N., Nagano,M., Nozaki,N., Egashira,S., Okazaki,T. and Masumoto,H. (2004) CENP-B interacts with CENP-C domains containing Mif2 regions responsible for centromere localization. J. Biol. Chem., 279 5934-5946.
44. Orthaus,S., Biskup,C., Hoffmann,B., Hoischen,C., Ohndorf,S., Benndorf,K. and Diekmann,S. (2008) Assembly of the inner kinetochore proteins CENP-A and CENP-B in living human cells. Chembiochem, 9, 77-92.
45. Noll,M. and Kornberg,R.D. (1977) Action of micrococcal nuclease on chromatin and the location of histone H1. J. Mol. Biol., 109 393-404.
46. Simpson,R.T. (1978) Structure of the chromatosome, a chromatin particle containing 160 base pairs of DNA and all the histones. Biochemistry 17, 5524-5531.
47. Luger,K., Mäder,A.W., Richmond,R.K., Sargent,D.F. and Richmond,T.J. (1997) Crystal structure of the nucleosome core particle at 2.8 Å resolution. Nature, 389, 251-260.
48. Carruthers,L.M. and Hansen,J.C. (2000) The core histone N-termini function independently of linker histones during chromatin condensation. J. Biol. Chem., 275, 37285-37290.
49. Woodcock,C.L., Skoutchi,A.I. and Fan,Y. (2006) Role of linker histone in chromatin structure and function: H1 stoichiometry and nucleosome repeat length. Chromosome Res., 14, 17-25.
50. Catez,F., Ueda,T. and Bustin,M. (2006) Determinants of histone H1 mobility and chromatin binding in living cells. Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol., 13, 305-310.
51. Widom,J. (1992) A relationship between the helical twist of DNA and the ordered positioning of nucleosomes in all eukaryotic cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 89, 1095-1099.
52. Dalal,Y., Wang,H., Lindsay,S. and Henikoff,S. (2007) Tetrameric structure of centromeric nucleosomes in interphase Drosophila cells. PLoS Biol., 5, e218.
53. Camahort,R., Li,B., Florens,L., Sanson,S.K., Washburn,M.P. and Gerton,J.L. (2007) Scm3 is essential to recruit the histone H3 variant Cse4 to centromeres and to maintain a functional kinetochore. Mol. Cell, 26, 853-865.
54. Mizuguchi,G., Xiao,H., Wisniewski,J., Smith,M.M. and Wu,C. (2007) Nonhistone Scm3 and histones CenH3-H4 assemble the core of centromere-specific nucleosomes. Cell, 129, 1153-1164.
55. Stoler,S., Rogers,K., Weitze,S., Morey,L., Fitzgerald-Hayes,M. and Baker,R.E. (2007) Scm3, an essential S. cerevisiae centromere protein required for G2/M progression and Cse4 localization. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 104, 10571-10576.
56. Dalal,Y., Furuyama,T., Vermaak,D. and Henikoff,S. (2007) Structure, dynamics and evolution of centromeric nucleosomes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 104, 15974-15981.
57. Thoma,F., Koller,T. and Klug,A. (1979) Involvement of histone H1 in the organisation of the nucleosome and of the salt dependent superstructure of chromatin. J. Cell Biol., 83, 403-427.
58. Ramakrishnan,V. (1997) Histone structure and the organuisation of the nucleosome. Annu. Rev. Biophys. Biomol. Struct., 26, 83-112.
59. Hansen,J.C. (2002) Conformational dynamics of the chromatin fiber in solution: Determinants, mechanisms, and functions. Annu. Rev. Biophys. Biomol. Struct., 31, 361-392.
60. Hendzel,M.J., Lever,M.A., Crawford,E. and Thǹg,J.P. (2004) The C-terminal domain is the primary determinant of histone H1 binding to chromatin in vivo. J. Biol. Chem., 279, 20028-20034.
61. 0 C-terminal domain. J. Biol. Chem., 279, 8701-8707.
62. Duggan,M.M. and Thomas,J.O. (2000) Two DNA binding sites on the globular domain of histone H5 are required for binding to both bulk and 5S reconstituted nucleosomes. J. Mol. Biol., 304, 21-33.
63. Thomas,J.O. (1999) Histone H1: Location and role. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol., 11, 312-317.
64. Travers,A.A. (1999) The location of linker histone in the nucleosome. Trends Biochem. Sci., 24, 4-7.
65. Sheng,S., Czajkowsky,D.M. and Shao,Z. (2006) Localisation of linker histone in Chromatosomes by cryo-atomic force microscopy. Biophys. J. 91, L35-L37.
66. Brown,D., Izard,T. and Misteli,T. (2006) Mapping the interaction surface of the linker H1 with the nucleosome of native chromatin in vivo. Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol., 13, 250-255.
67. Lever,M.A., Thǹg,J.P., Sun,X. and Hendzel,M.J. (2000) Rapid exchange of histone H1.1 on chromatin in living human cells. Nature, 408 873-876.
68. Misteli,T., Gunjan,A., Hock,R., Bustin,M. and Brown,D.T. (2000) Dynamic binding of histone H1 to chromatin in living cells. Nature, 408 877-881.
69. Kimura,H. and Cook,P.R. (2001) Kinetics of core histones in living human cells: Little exchange of H3 and H4 and some rapid exchange of H2B. J. Cell Biol., 153, 1341-1353.
70. Chen,D., Dundr,M., Wang,C., Leung,A., Lamond,A., Misteli,T. and Huang,S. (2005) Condensed mitotic chromatin is accessible to transcription factors and chromatin structural proteins. J. Cell Biol., 168 41-54.
71. Juan,L., Utley,R.T., Vignali,M., Bohm,L. and Workman,J.L. (1997) H1-mediated repression of transcription factor binding to a stably positioned nucleosome. J. Biol. Chem., 272, 3635-3640.
72. Parseghian,M.H. and Hamkalo,B.A. (2001) A compendium of the histone H1 family of somatic subtypes: An elusive cast of characters and their characteristics. Biochem. Cell Biol., 79, 289-304.
73. Khochbin,S. (2001) Histone H1 diversity: Bridging regulatory signals to linker histone function. Gene, 271, 1-12.
74. Izzo,A., Kamieniarz,K. and Schneider,R. (2008) The histone H1 family: specific members, specific functions? Biol. Chem., 389, 333-343.
75. Brown,D.T. (2003) Histone H1 and the dynamic regulation of chromatin function. Biochem. Cell Biol., 81, 221-227.
76. Harvey,A.C. and Downs,J.A. (2004) What functions do linker histones provide? Mol. Microbiol., 53, 771-775.
77. Henriques,J.P., Casar,J.C., Fuentealba,L., Carey,D.J. and Brandan,E. (2002) Extracellular matrix histone H1 binds to perlecan, is present in regenerating skeletal muscle and stimulates myoblast proliferation. J. Cell Sci., 115, 2041-2051.
78. Jedrusik,M.A., Vogt,S., Claus,P. and Schulze,E. (2002) A novel linker histone-like protein is associated with cytoplasmic filaments in C. elegans. J. Cell Sci., 115, 2881-2891.
79. Konishi,A., Shimizu,S, Hirota,J., Takao,T., Fan,Y., Matsuoka,Y., Zhang,L., Yoneda,Y., Fujii,Y., Skoultchi,A.I. et al. (2003) Involvement of histone H1.2 in apoptosis induced by DNA double-strand breaks. Cell, 114, 673-688.
80. Downs,J.A., Kosmidou,E., Morgan,A. and Jackson,S.P. (2003) Suppression of homologous recombination by the S. cerevisiae linker histone. Mol. Cell., 11, 1685-1692.
81. Happel,N., Doenecke,D., Sekeri-Pataryas,K.E. and Sourlingas,T.G. (2008) H1 histone subtype constitution and phosphorylation state of the ageing cell system of human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Exp. Gerontol., 43, 184-199.
82. Ausio,J. (2006) Histone variants - the structure behind the function. Brief Funct. Genomic. Proteomic., 5, 228-243.
83. Albig,W., Meergans,T. and Doenecke,D. (1997) Characterization of the H1.5 gene completes the set of human H1 subtype genes. Gene, 184, 141-148.
84. Takami,Y., Nishi,R. and Nakayama,T. (2000) Histone H1 variants play individual roles in transcription regulation in the DT40 chicken B cell line. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 268, 501-508.
85. Fan,Y., Nikitina,T., Morin-Kensicki,E.M., Zhao,J., Magnuson,T.R., Woodcock,C.L. and Skoultchi,A.I. (2003) H1 linker histones are essential for mouse development and affect nucleosome spacing in vivo. Mol. Cell Biol., 23, 4559-4572.
86. Bustin,M., Catez,F. and Lim,J.-H. (2005) The dynamics of histone H1 function in chromatin. Mol. Cell, 17, 617-620.
87. Funayama,R., Saito,M., Tanobe,H. and Ishikawa,F. (2006) Loss of linker histone H1 in cellular senescence. J. Cell Biol., 175, 869-880.
88. Parseghian,M.H., Newcomb,R.L. and Hamkalo,B.A. (2001) Distribution of somatic H1 subtypes is non-random on active vs. inactive chromatin II: Distribution in human adult fibroblasts. J. Cell. Biochem., 83, 643-659.
89. Stoldt,S., Wenzel,D., Schulze,E., Doenecke,D. and Happel,N. (2007) G1 phase-dependent nucleolar accumulation of human histone H1x. Biol. Cell, 99, 541-552.
90. Hu,C.D. and Kerppola,T.K. (2003) Simultaneous visualization of multiple protein interactions in living cells using multicolor fluorescence complementation analysis. Nat. Biotechnol., 21, 539-545.
91. Shyu,Y.J., Liu,H., Deng,X. and Hu,C.D. (2006) Identification of new fluorescent protein fragments for bimolecular fluorescence complementation analysis under physiological conditions. Biotechniques, 40, 61-66.
92. Kerppola,T.K. (2008) Bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) analysis as a probe of protein interactions in living cells. Annu. Rev. Biophys., 37, 465-487.
93. Kenworthy,A. (2001) Imaging protein-protein interactions using fluorescence resonance energy transfer microscopy. Methods, 24 289-296.
94. Karpova,T.S., Baumann,C.T., He,L., Wu,X., Grammer,A., Lipsky,P., Hager,G.L. and McNally,J.G. (2003) Fluorescence resonance energy transfer from cyan to yellow fluorescent protein detected by acceptor photobleaching using confocal microscopy and a single laser. J. Microscopy, 209, 56-70.
95. Wieland,G., Orthaus,S., Ohndorf,S., Diekmann,S. and Hemmerich,P. (2004) Functional complementation of human centromere Protein A (CENP-A) by Cse4 from S. cerevisiae. Mol. Cell Biol., 24, 6620-6630.
96. Meergans,T., Albig,W. and Doenecke,D. (1997) Varied expression patterns of human H1 histone genes in different cell lines. DNA Cell Biol., 16, 1041-1049.
97. Parseghian,M.H., Newcomb,R.L., Winokur,S.T. and Hamkalo,B.A. (2000) The distribution of somatic H1 subtypes is non-random on active vs. inactive chromatin: Distribution in human fetal fibroblasts. Chromosome Res., 8, 405-424.
98. Kerppola,T.K. (2006) Design and implementation of bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assays for the visualization of protein interactions in living cells. Nat. Protoc., 1, 1278-1286.
99. Hu,C.D., Chinenov,Y. and Kerppola,T.K. (2002) Visulisation of interactions among bZIP and Rel family proteins in living cells using bimolecular fluorescence complementation. Mol. Cell, 9, 789-798.
100. Patterson,G.H., Knobel,S.M., Sharif,W.D., Kain,S.R. and Piston,D.W. (1997) Use of the green fluorescent protein and its mutants in quantitative fluorescence microscopy. Biophys. J., 73, 2782-2790.
101. Creemers,T.M., Lock,A.J., Subramaniam,V., Jovin,T.M. and Völker,S. (1999) Three photoconvertible forms of green fluorescent protein identified by spectral hole-burning. Nat. Struct. Biol., 6, 557-560.
102. Malvezzi-Campeggi,F., Jahnz,M., Heinze,K.G., Dittrich,P. and Schwille,P. (2001) Light-induced flickering of DsRed provides evidence for distinct and interconvertible fluorescent states. Biophys. J., 81, 882-887.
103. Volkmer,A., Subramaniam,V., Birch,D. and Jovin,T. (2000) One-and two-photon excited fluorescence lifetimes and anisotropy decays of green fluorescent proteins. Biophys. J., 78, 1589-1598.
104. Tramier,M., Zahid,M., Mevel,J.C., Masse,M.J. and Coppey-Moisan,M. (2006) Sensitivity of CFP/YFP and GFP/mCherry pairs to donor photobleaching on FRET determination by fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy in living cells. Microsc. Res. Tech., 69, 933-939.
105. Cheeseman,I.M., Hori,T., Fukagawa,T. and Desai,A. (2008) KNL1 and the CENP-H/I/K comoplex coordinately direct kinetochore assembly in vertebrates. Mol. Biol. Cell, 19, 587-594.
106. Vila,R., Ponte,I., Collado,M., Arrondo,J.L., Jimenez,M.A., Rico,M. and Suau,P. (2001) DNA-induced alpha-helical structure in the NH2-terminal domain of histone H1. J. Biol. Chem., 276, 46429-46435.
107. Vila,R., Ponte,I., Jimenez,M.A., Rico,M. and Suau,P. (2002) An inducible helix-Gly-Gly-helix motif in the N-terminal domain of histone H1e: A CD and NMR study. Protein Sci., 11, 214-220.
108. Alexandrov,I.A., Mashkova,T.D., Akopian,T.A., Medvedev,L.I., Kisselev,L.L., Mitkevich,S.P. and Yurov,Y.B. (1991) Chromosome-specific alpha satellites: Two distinct families on human chromosome 18. Genomics, 11, 15-23.
109. Fan,Y., Nikitina,T., Zhao,J., Fleury,T.J., Bhattacharyya,R., Bouhassira,E.E., Stein,A., Woodcock,C.L. and Skoultchi,A.I. (2005) Depletion of histone H1 in mammals alters global chromatin structure but causes specific changes in gene regulation. Cell, 123, 1119-1212.
110. Obuse,C., Yang,H., Nozaki,N., Goto,S., Okazaki,T. and Yoda,K. (2004) Proteomics analysis of the centromere complex from HeLa interphase cells: UV-damaged DNA binding protein 1 (DDB-1) is a component of the CEN-complex, while BMI-1 is transiently co-localised with the centromeric region in interphase. Genes Cells, 9, 105-120.
111. Happel,N., Schulze,E. and Doenecke,D. (2005) Characterisation of human histone H1x. Biol. Chem., 386, 541-551.
112. Takata,H., Matsunaga,S., Moriomoto,A., Ono-Maniwa,R., Uchiyama,S. and Fukui,K. (2007) H1x with different properties from other linker histones is required for mitotic progression. FEBS Lett., 581, 3783-3788.
113. Gilbert,N. and Allan,J. (2001) Distinctive higher-order chromatin structure at mammalian centromeres. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 98, 11949-11954.
114. Segal,E., Fondufe-Mittendorf,Y., Chen,L., Thastroem,A., Field,Y., Moore,I.K., Wang,J.-P. and Widom,J. (2006) A genomic code for nucleosome positioning. Nature, 442, 772-778.
115. Black,B.E., Jansen,L.E.T., Maddox,P.S., Foltz,D.R., Desai,A.B., Shah,J.V. and Cleveland,D.W. (2007) Centromere identity maintained by nucleosomes assembled with histone H3 containing the CENP-A targeting domain. Mol. Cell, 25, 309-322.
116. Earnshaw,W.C. (1987) Anionic regions in nuclear proteins. J. Cell Biol., 105, 1479-1482.