Chapter 23 Screen-printed electrochemical (bio)sensors in biomedical, environmental and industrial applications

Comprehensive Analytical Chemistry

Volumn 49, Issue , 2007, Pages 497-557

  Hart, John P ^a   Crew, Adrian ^a   Crouch, Eric ^a   Honeychurch, Kevin C ^a   Pemberton, Roy M ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 67149126560     PISSN: 0166526X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/S0166-526X(06)49023-1     Document Type: Review

References (209)

1. Hart J.P., and Wring S.A. Recent developments in the design and application of screen-printed electrochemical sensors for biomedical, environmental and industrial analyses. TrAC 16 (1997) 89-103
2. Hart J.P., Crew A., Crouch E., Honeychurch K.C., and Pemberton R.M. Some recent designs and developments of screen-printed carbon electrochemical sensors/biosensors for biomedical, environmental and industrial analyses. Anal. Lett. 37 (2004) 789-830
3. Honeychurch K.C., and Hart J.P. Screen-printed electrochemical sensors for monitoring metal pollutants. TrAC 7/8 (2003) 456-469
4. Galán-Vidal C.A., Muñoz J., Domínguez C., and Alegret S. Chemical sensors, biosensors and thick-film technology. TrAC 14 (1995) 225-231
5. Alvarez-Icaza M., and Bilitewski U. Mass-production of biosensors. Anal. Chem. 65 (1993) A525-A533
6. Malhotra B.D., and Chaubey A. Biosensors for clinical diagnostics industry. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 91 (2003) 117-127
7. Weetall H.H. Chemical sensors and biosensors, update, what, where, when and how. Biosens. Bioelectron. 14 (1999) 237-242
8. Kissinger P.T. Electrochemical biosensors-promise vs. reality. Quim. Anal. 19 Suppl. 1 (2000) 5-7
9. WHO. Diabetes Action Now: An Initiative of the World Health Organisation and the International Diabetes Federation (2004), WHO, Geneva, Switzerland
10. Matthews D.R., Bown E., Watson A., Holman R.R., Steemson J., Hughs S., and Scott D. Pen-sized digital 30-second blood-glucose meter. Lancet 1 (1987) 778-779
11. Ricci F., and Palleschi G. Sensor and biosensor preparation, optimisation and applications of Prussian Blue modified electrodes. Biosens. Bioelectron. 21 (2005) 389-407
12. Gilmartin M.A.T., Ewen R.J., Hart J.P., and Honeybourne C.L. Voltammetric and photoelectron spectral elucidation of the electrocatalytic oxidation of hydrogen-peroxide at screen-printed carbon electrodes chemically-modified with cobalt phthalocyanine. Electroanalysis 7 (1995) 547-555
13. Wang K., Xu J.-J., and Chen H.-Y. A novel glucose biosensor based on the nanoscaled cobalt phthalocyanine-glucose oxidase biocomposite. Biosens. Bioelectron. 20 (2005) 1388-1396
14. Xu J.Z., Zhu J.J., Wu Q., Hu Z., and Chen H.Y. Direct electron transfer between glucose oxidase and multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Chin. J. Chem. 21 (2003) 1088-1091
15. Zhao Y.D., Zhang W.D., Chen H., and Luo Q.M. Direct electron transfer of glucose oxidase molecules adsorbed onto carbon nanotube powder microelectrode. Anal. Sci. 18 (2002) 939-941
16. Liu J.Q., Chou A., Rahmat W., Paddon-Row M.N., and Gooding J.J. Achieving direct electrical connection to glucose oxidase using aligned single walled carbon nanotube arrays. Electroanalysis 17 (2005) 38-46
17. Wedge R., Pemberton R.M., Hart J.P., and Luxton R. Recent developments towards disposable screen-printed biosensors incorporating a carbon ink modified with the redox mediator, Meldola's Blue. Analysis 27 (1999) 570-577
18. Memoli A., Annesini M.C., Mascini M., Papale S., and Petralito S. A comparison between different immobilised glucoseoxidase-based electrodes. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 29 (2002) 1045-1052
19. Crouch E., Cowell D.C., Hoskins S., Pittson R.W., and Hart J.P. A novel, disposable, screen-printed amperometric biosensor for glucose in serum fabricated using a water-based carbon ink. Biosens. Bioelectron. 21 (2005) 712-718
20. Crouch E., Cowell D.C., Hoskins S., Pittson R.W., and Hart J.P. Amperometric, screen-printed, glucose biosensor for analysis of human plasma samples using a biocomposite water-based carbon ink incorporating glucose oxidase. Anal. Biochem. 347 (2005) 17-23
21. 2 detection and for biosensors. Talanta 55 (2001) 605-611
22. Pravda M., O'Halloran M.P., Kreuzer M.P., and Guilbault G.G. Composite glucose biosensor based on screen-printed electrodes bulk modified with Prussian blue and glucose oxidase. Anal. Lett. 35 (2002) 959-970
23. Ricci F., Amine A., Palleschi G., and Moscone D. Prussian Blue based screen printed biosensors with improved characteristics of long-term lifetime and pH stability. Biosens. Bioelectron. 18 (2003) 165-174
24. Ricci F., Amine A., Tuta C.S., Ciucu A.A., Lucarelli F., Palleschi G., and Moscone D. Prussian Blue and enzyme bulk-modified screen-printed electrodes for hydrogen peroxide and glucose determination with improved storage and operational stability. Anal. Chim. Acta 485 (2003) 111-120
25. Lupu A., Compagnone D., and Palleschi G. Screen-printed enzyme electrodes for the detection of marker analytes during winemaking. Anal. Chim. Acta 513 (2004) 67-72
26. Ricci F., Moscone D., Tuta C.S., Palleschi G., Amine A., Poscia A., Valgimigli F., and Messeri D. Novel planar glucose biosensors for continuous monitoring use. Biosens. Bioelectron. 20 (2005) 1993-2000
27. Wang J., and Zhang X. Screen printed cupric-hexacyanoferrate modified carbon enzyme electrode for single-use glucose measurements. Anal. Lett. 32 (1999) 1739-1749
28. Kröger S., Setford S.J., and Turner A.P.F. Assessment of glucose oxidase behaviour in alcoholic solutions using disposable electrodes. Anal. Chim. Acta 368 (1998) 219-231
29. 2 and glucose oxidase bulk-modified screen-printed carbon ink biosensor. Anal. Lett. 34 (2001) 2633-2647
30. Kotzian P., Brazdilova P., Kalcher K., and Vytras K. Determination of hydrogen peroxide, glucose and hypoxanthine using (bio)sensors based on ruthenium dioxide-modified screen-printed electrode. Anal. Lett. 38 (2005) 1099-1113
31. Kumar A.S., and Zen J.M. Electrochemical investigation of glucose sensor fabricated at copper-plated screen-printed carbon electrodes. Electroanalysis 14 (2002) 671-678
32. Wang J., and Musameh M. Carbon nanotube screen-printed electrochemical sensors. Analyst 129 (2004) 1-2
33. Guan W.-J., Li Y., Chen Y.-Q., Zhang X.-B., and Hu G.-Q. Glucose biosensor based on multi-wall carbon nanotubes and screen printed carbon electrodes. Biosens. Bioelectron. 21 (2005) 508-512
34. Gao Z., Xie F., Shariff M., Arshad M., and Ying J.Y. A disposable glucose biosensor based on diffusional mediator dispersed in nanoparticulate membrane on screen-printed carbon electrode. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 111-112 (2005) 339-346
35. Cui G., Yoo J.H., Woo B.W., Kim S.S., Cha G.S., and Nam H. Disposable amperometric glucose sensor electrode with enzyme-immobilized nitrocellulose strip. Talanta 54 (2001) 1105-1111
36. Zhang C.X., Gao Q., and Aizawa M. Flow injection analytical system for glucose with screen-printed enzyme biosensor incorporating Os-complex mediator. Anal. Chim. Acta 426 (2001) 33-41
37. Zhang C., Haruyama T., Kobatake E., and Aizawa M. Disposable electrochemical capillary-fill device for glucose sensing incorporating a water-soluble enzyme/mediator layer. Anal. Chim. Acta 442 (2001) 257-265
38. Ohfuji K., Sato N., Hamada-Sato N., Kobayashi T., Imada C., Okuma H., and Watanabe E. Construction of a glucose sensor based on a screen-printed electrode and a novel mediator pyocyanin from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Biosens. Bioelectron. 19 (2004) 1237-1244
39. Ge F., Zhang X.E., Zhang Z.P., and Zhang X.M. Simultaneous determination of maltose and glucose using a screen-printed electrode system. Biosens. Bioelectron. 13 (1998) 333-339
40. Hu T., Zhang X.E., Zhang Z.P., and Chen L.Q. A screen-printed disposable enzyme electrode system for simultaneous determination of sucrose and glucose. Electroanalysis 12 (2000) 868-870
41. Chen L.Q., Zhang X.E., Xie W.H., Zhou Y.F., Zhang Z.P., and Cass A.E.G. Genetic modification of glucose oxidase for improving performance of an amperometric glucose biosensor. Biosens. Bioelectron. 17 (2002) 851-857
42. Forrow N.J., and Bayliff S.W. A commercial whole blood glucose biosensor with a low sensitivity to hematocrit based on an impregnated porous carbon electrode. Biosens. Bioelectron. 21 (2005) 581-587
43. Bean L.S., Heng L.Y., Yamin B.M., and Ahmad M. Photocurable ferrocene-containing poly(2-hydroxyl ethyl methacrylate) films for mediated amperometric glucose biosensor. Thin Solid Films 477 (2005) 104-110
44. Hart J.P., Abass A.K., Honeychurch K.C., Pemberton R.M., Ryan S.L., and Wedge R. Sensors/biosensors, based on screen-printing technology for biomedical applications. Indian J. Chem., Sect. A 42 (2003) 709-718
45. Razumiene J., Gureviien V., Vilkanauskyt A., Marcinkeviien L., Bachmatova I., Mekys R., and Laurinaviius V. Improvement of screen-printed carbon electrodes by modification with ferrocene derivative. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 95 (2003) 378-383
46. Galán-Vidal C.A., Muñoz J., Domínguez C., and Alegret A. Glucose biosensor based on a reagentless graphite-epoxy screen-printable biocomposite. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 45 (1997) 55-62
47. Galán-Vidal C.A., Muñoz J., Dominguez C., and Alegret S. Glucose biosensor strip in a three electrode configuration based on composite and biocomposite materials applied by planar thick film technology. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 52 (1998) 257-263
48. MacLachlan J., Wotherspoon A.T., Ansell R.O., and Brooks C.J. Cholesterol oxidase: sources, physical properties and analytical applications. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 72 (2000) 169-195
49. Allain C.C., Poon L.S., Chan C.S., Richmond W., and Fu P.C. Enzymatic determination of total serum cholesterol. Clin. Chem. 20 (1974) 470-475
50. Gilmartin M.A.T., and Hart J.P. Fabrication and characterization of a screen-printed, disposable, amperometric cholesterol biosensor. Analyst 119 (1994) 2331-2336
51. Li G., Liao J.M., Hu G.Q., Ma N.Z., and Wu P.J. Study of carbon nanotube modified biosensor for monitoring total cholesterol in blood. Biosens. Bioelectron. 20 (2005) 2140-2144
52. Tan X., Li M., Cai P., Luo L., and Zou X. An amperometric cholesterol biosensor based on multiwalled carbon nanotubes and organically modified sol-gel/chitosan hybrid composite film. Anal. Biochem. 337 (2005) 111-120
53. Foster R., Cassidy J., and O'Donoghue E. Electrochemical diagnostic strip device for total cholesterol and its subfractions. Electroanalysis 12 (2000) 716-721
54. Shumyantseva V., Deluca G., Bulko T., Carrara S., Nicolini C., Usanov S.A., and Archakov A. Cholesterol amperometric biosensor based on cytochrome P450scc. Biosens. Bioelectron. 19 (2004) 971-976
55. Xu P., Yano T., Yamamoto K., Suzuki H., and Kumagai H. Screening for bacterial strains producing lactate oxidase. J. Ferm. Bioeng. 81 (1996) 357-359
56. Zubay G.L., Parson W.W., and Vance D.E. Principles of Biochemistry (1995), Wm. C. Brown, Dubuque, US
57. Naka K. Enzyme confusion. Clin. Chem. 39 (1993) 2351
58. Newman J.D., White S.F., Tothill I.E., and Turner A.P. Catalytic materials, membranes, and fabrication technologies suitable for the construction of amperometric biosensors. Anal. Chem. 67 (1995) 4594-4599
59. Avramescu A., Noguer T., Magearu V., and Marty J.L. Chronoamperometric determination of d-lactate using screen-printed enzyme electrodes. Anal. Chim. Acta 433 (2001) 81-88
60. Avramescu A., Noguer T., Avramescu M., and Marty J.L. Screen-printed biosensors for the control of wine quality based on lactate and acetaldehyde determination. Anal. Chim. Acta 458 (2002) 203-213
61. Litescu S.C., Rotariu L., and Bala C. Immobilisation of lactate dehydrogenase on electro-polymerised Meldola blue matrix. Rev. Chim. 56 (2005) 57-60
62. Hart A.L., Matthews C., and Collier W.A. Estimation of lactate in meat extracts by screen-printed sensors. Anal. Chim. Acta 386 (1999) 7-12
63. Albareda-Sirvent M., and Hart A.L. Preliminary estimates of lactic and malic acid in wine using electrodes printed from inks containing sol-gel precursors. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 87 (2002) 73-81
64. Collier W.A., Lovejoy P., and Hart A.L. Estimation of soluble l-lactate in dairy products using screen-printed sensors in a flow injection analyser. Biosens. Bioelectron. 13 (1998) 219-225
65. Rohm I., Genrich M., Collier W., and Bilitewski U. Development of ultraviolet-polymerizable enzyme pastes: bioprocess applications of screen-printed l-lactate sensors. Analyst 121 (1996) 877-881
66. Zen J.-M., Tsai D.-M., and Kumar A.S. Flow injection analysis of ascorbic acid in real samples using a highly stable chemically modified screen-printed electrode. Electroanalysis 15 (2003) 1171-1176
67. 2 bulk modified screen printed electrode. Fresenius J. Anal. Chem. 368 (2000) 466-470
68. Lin J., Zhou D.M., Hocevar S.B., McAdams E.T., Ogorevc B., and Zhang X.J. Nickel hexacyanoferrate modified screen-printed carbon electrode for sensitive detection of ascorbic acid and hydrogen peroxide. Front. Biosci. 10 (2005) 483-491
69. Hart J.P., Pemberton R.M., Luxton R., and Wedge R. Studies towards a disposable screen-printed amperometric biosensor for progesterone. Biosens. Bioelectron. 12 (1997) 1113-1121
70. Pemberton R.M., Hart J.P., and Foulkes J.A. Development of a sensitive, selective electrochemical immunoassay for progesterone in cow's milk based on a disposable screen-printed amperometric biosensor. Electrochim. Acta 43 (1998) 3567-3574
71. Pemberton R.M., Hart J.P., Stoddard P., and Foulkes J.A. A comparison of 1-naphthyl phosphate and 4-aminophenyl phosphate as enzyme substrates for use with a screen-printed amperometric immunosensor for progesterone in cows' milk. Biosens. Bioelectron. 14 (1999) 495-503
72. Pemberton R.M., Hart J.P., and Mottram T.T. An electrochemical immunosensor for milk progesterone using a continuous flow system. Biosens. Bioelectron. 16 (2001) 715-723
73. Kreuzer M.P., McCarthy R., Pravda M., and Guilbault G.G. Development of electrochemical immunosensor for progesterone analysis in milk. Anal. Lett. 37 (2004) 943-956
74. Pemberton R.M., Mottram T.T., and Hart J.P. Development of a screen-printed carbon electrochemical immunosensor for picomolar concentrations of estradiol in human serum extracts. J. Biochem. Biophys. Methods 63 (2005) 201-212
75. Bagel O., Degrans C., Limoges B., Joannes M., Azek F., and Brossier P. Enzyme affinity assays involving a single-use electrochemical sensor. Applications to the enzyme immunoassay of human chorionic gonadotrophin hormone and nucleic acid hybridization of human cytomegalovirus DNA. Electroanalysis 12 (2000) 1447-1452
76. Wang J., Mo J.W., and Erdem A. Single-use thick-film electrochemical sensor for insulin. Electroanalysis 14 (2002) 1365-1368
77. Kreuzer M.P., O'Sullivan C.K., Pravda M., and Guilbault G.G. Development of an immunosensor for the determination of allergy antibody (IgE) in blood samples. Anal. Chim. Acta 442 (2001) 45-53
78. Wang J., Pamidi P.V.A., and Rogers K.R. Sol-gel-derived thick-film amperometric immunosensors. Anal. Chem. 70 (1998) 1171-1175
79. Darain F., Park S.-U., and Shim Y.-B. Disposable amperometric immunosensor system for rabbit IgG using a conducting polymer modified screen-printed electrode. Biosens. Bioelectron. 18 (2003) 773-780
80. Dequaire M., Degrand C., and Limoges B. An electrochemical metalloimmunoassay based on a colloidal gold label. Anal. Chem. 72 (2000) 5521-5528
81. Gao Q., Ma Y., Cheng Z.L., Wang W.D., and Yang M.R. Flow injection electrochemical enzyme immunoassay based on the use of an immunoelectrode strip integrate immunosorbent layer and a screen-printed carbon electrode. Anal. Chim. Acta 488 (2003) 61-70
82. Wang J., Ibanez A., and Chatrathi M.P. Microchip-based amperometric immunoassays using redox tracers. Electrophoresis 23 (2002) 3744-3749
83. Diaz-Gonzalez M., Hernandez-Santos D., Gonzalez-Garcia M.B., and Costa-Garcia A. Development of an immunosensor for the determination of rabbit IgG using streptavidin modified screen-printed carbon electrodes. Talanta 65 (2005) 565-573
84. Gao Q., Qi B., Sha Y., and Yang X. Electrodepositing redox polymer on sandwich complex for the improvement of sensitivity in sandwich enzyme-linked immunoassay. Chem. Lett. 33 (2004) 1198-1199
85. Zhang Y., and Heller A. Reduction of the non-specific binding of a target antibody and of its enzyme-labeled detection probe enabling electrochemical immunoassay of an antibody through the 7 pg/mL-100 ng/mL (40 fM-400 pM) range. Anal. Chem. 77 (2005) 7758-7762
86. Evtugyn G., Mingaleva A., Budnikov H., Stoikova E., Vinter V., and Eremin S. Affinity biosensors based on disposable screen-printed electrodes modified with DNA. Anal. Chim. Acta 479 (2003) 125-134
87. Guan J.G., Miao Y.Q., and Chen J.R. Prussian blue modified amperometric FIA biosensor: one-step immunoassay for alpha-fetoprotein. Biosens. Bioelectron. 19 (2004) 789-794
88. Yu H., Yan F., Dai Z., and Ju H.X. A disposable amperometric immunosensor for alpha-1-fetoprotein based on enzyme-labeled antibody/chitosan-membrane-modified screen-printed carbon electrodes. Anal. Biochem. 331 (2004) 98-105
89. Sarkar P., Tothill I.E., Setford S.J., and Turner A.P.F. Screen-printed amperometric biosensors for the rapid measurement of l- and d-amino acids. Analyst 124 (1999) 865-870
90. Zen J.M.N., Hsu C.T., Kumar A.S., Lyuu H.J., and Lin K.Y. Amino acid analysis using disposable copper nanoparticle-plated electrodes. Analyst 129 (2004) 841-845
91. Vasjari M., Merkoci A., Hart J.P., and Alegret S. Amino acid determination using screen-printed electrochemical sensors. Microchim. Acta 150 (2005) 233-238
92. Grant S., Davis F., Law K., Barton A.C., Collyer S.D., Higson S.P.J., and Gibson T.D. Label-free and reversible immunosensor based upon an ac impedance interrogation protocol. Anal. Chim. Acta 537 (2005) 163-168
93. Sarkar P. One-step separation-free amperometric biosensor for the detection of protein. Microchem. J. 64 (2000) 283-290
94. Setford S.J., White S.F., and Bolbot J.A. Measurement of protein using an electrochemical bi-enzyme sensor. Biosens. Bioelectron. 17 (2002) 79-86
95. Sarkar P., and Turner A.P.F. Application of dual-step potential on single screen-printed modified carbon paste electrodes for detection of amino acids and proteins. Fresenius J. Anal. Chem. 364 (1999) 154-159
96. Sarkar P., Pal P.S., Ghosh D., Setford S.J., and Tothill I.E. Amperometric biosensors for detection of the prostate cancer marker (PSA). Int. J. Pharm. 238 (2002) 1-9
97. Guo Y., and Guadalupe A.R. Screen-printable surfactant-induced sol-gel graphite composites for electrochemical sensors. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 46 (1998) 213-219
98. Stone C.G., Cardosi M.F., and Davis J. A mechanistic evaluation of the amperometric response of reduced thiols in quinone mediated systems. Anal. Chim. Acta 491 (2003) 203-210
99. Ricci F., Arduini F., Amine A., Moscone D., and Palleschi G. Characterisation of Prussian blue modified screen-printed electrodes for thiol detection. J. Electroanal. Chem. 563 (2004) 229-237
100. Ricci F., Arduini F., Tuta C.S., Sozzo U., Moscone D., Amine A., and Palleschi P. Glutathione amperometric detection based on a thiol-disulfide exchange reaction. Anal. Chim. Acta 558 (2006) 164-170
101. Crowley E., O'Sullivan C., and Guilbault G.G. Amperometric immunosensor for granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor using screen-printed electrodes. Anal. Chim. Acta 389 (1999) 171-178
102. O'Regan T.M., Pravda M., O'Sullivan C.K., and Guilbault G.G. Development of a disposable immunosensor for the detection of human heart fatty-acid binding protein in human whole blood using screen-printed carbon electrodes. Talanta 57 (2002) 501-510
103. Fanjul-Bolado P., Gonzalez-Garia M.B., and Costa-Garcia A. Amperometric detection in TMB/HRP-based assays. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 382 (2005) 297-302
104. Diaz-Gonzalez M., Gonzalez-Garcia M.B., and Costa-Garcia A. Immunosensor for Mycobacterium tuberculosis on screen-printed carbon electrodes. Biosens. Bioelectron. 20 (2005) 2035-2043
105. Fanjul-Bolado P., Gonzalez-Garcia M.B., and Costa-Garcia A. 3-Indoxyl phosphate as an electrochemical substrate for horseradish peroxidase. Electroanalysis 16 (2003) 988-993
106. Fanjul-Bolado P., Gonzalez-Garcia M.B., and Costa-Garcia A. Voltammetric determination of alkaline phosphatase and horseradish peroxidase activity using 3-indoxyl phosphate as substrate. Application to immunoassay. Talanta 64 (2004) 452-457
107. Darain F., Park D.S., Park J.S., Chang S.C., and Shim Y.B. A separation-free amperometric immunosensor for vitellogenin based on screen-printed carbon arrays modified with a conductive polymer. Biosens. Bioelectron. 20 (2005) 1780-1787
108. Kelso E., McLean J., and Cardosi M.F. Electrochemical detection of secreted alkaline phosphatase: implications to cell based assays. Electroanalysis 12 (2000) 490-494
109. Bagel O., Limoges B., Schollhorn B., and Degrand C. Subfemtomolar determination of alkaline phosphatase at a disposable screen-printed electrode modified with a perfluorosulfonated ionomer film. Anal. Chem. 69 (1997) 4688-4694
110. Authier L., Schollhorn B., and Limoges B. Detection of cationic phenolic derivatives at a surfactant-doped screen-printed electrode for the sensitive indirect determination of alkaline phosphatase. Electroanalysis 10 (1998) 1255-1259
111. Pemberton R.M., Hart J.P., and Mottram T.T. An assay for the enzyme N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase (NAGase) based on electrochemical detection using screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCEs). Analyst 126 (2001) 1866-1871
112. Dequaire M., and Heller A. Screen-printing of nucleic acid detecting carbon electrodes. Anal. Chem. 74 (2002) 4370-4377
113. Wang J., Rincon O., Polsky R., and Dominguez E. Electrochemical detection of DNA hybridization based on DNA-templated assembly of silver cluster. Electrochem. Commun. 5 (2003) 83-86
114. Marrazza G., Chianella I., and Mascini M. Disposable DNA electrochemical sensor for hybridization detection. Biosens. Bioelectron. 14 (1999) 43-51
115. Mascini M., Palchetti I., and Marrazza G. DNA electrochemical biosensors. Fresenius J. Anal. Chem. 369 (2001) 15-22
116. Minunni M., Tombelli S., Mariotti E., Mascini M., and Mascini M. Biosensors as new analytical tools for detection of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs). Fresenius J. Anal. Chem. 369 (2001) 589-593
117. Kerman K., Morita Y., Takamura Y., and Tamiya E. Escherichia coli single-strand binding protein-DNA interactions on carbon nanotube-modified electrodes form a label-free electrochemical hybridization sensor. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 381 (2005) 1114-1121
118. Marrazza G., Chianella I., and Mascini M. Disposable DNA electrochemical biosensors for environmental monitoring. Anal. Chim. Acta 387 (1999) 297-307
119. Marrazza G., Chiti G., Mascini M., and Anichini M. Detection of human apolipoprotein E genotypes by DNA electrochemical biosensor coupled with PCR. Clin. Chem. 46 (2000) 31-37
120. Ye Y., and Ju H. Rapid detection of ssDNA and RNA using multi-walled carbon nanotubes modified screen-printed carbon electrode. Biosens. Bioelectron. 21 (2005) 735-741
121. Wang J., Xu D.K., Kawade A.N., and Polsky R. Metal nanoparticle-based electrochemical stripping potentiometric detection of DNA hybridization. Anal. Chem. 73 (2001) 5576-5581
122. Wang J., Xu D., Erdem A., Polsky R., and Salazar M.A. Genomagnetic electrochemical assays of DNA hybridization. Talanta 56 (2002) 931-938
123. Wang J., Rivas G., Parrado C., Cai X., and Flair M.N. Electrochemical biosensor for detecting DNA sequences from the pathogenic protozoan Cryptosporidium parvum. Talanta 44 (1997) 2003-2010
124. Wang J., Cai X., Rivas G., Shiraishi H., and Dontha N. Nucleic-acid immobilization recognition and detection at chronopotentiometric DNA chips. Biosens. Bioelectron. 12 (1997) 587-599
125. Hernandez-Santos D., Diaz-Gonzalez M., Gonzalez-Garcia M.B., and Costa-Garcia A. Enzymatic genosensor on streptavidin-modified screen-printed carbon electrodes. Anal. Chem. 76 (2004) 6887-6893
126. Hernandez-Santos D., Gonzalez-Garcia M.B., and Costa-Garcia A. Genosensor based on a platinum (II) complex as electrocatalytic label. Anal. Chem. 77 (2005) 2868-2874
127. Azek F., Grossiord C., Joannes M., Limoges B., and Brossier P. Hybridization assay at a disposable electrochemical biosensor for the attomole detection of amplified human cytomegalovirus DNA. Anal. Biochem. 284 (2000) 107-113
128. Shiddiky M.J.A., Park D.-S., and Shim Y.-B. Detection of polymerise chain reaction fragments using a conducting polymer-modified screen-printed electrode in a microfluidic device. Electrophoresis 26 (2005) 4656-4663
129. Marquette C.A., Lawrence M.F., and Blum L.J. DNA covalent immobilization onto screen-printed electrode networks for direct label-free hybridization detection of p53 sequences. Anal. Chem. 78 (2006) 959-964
130. Zen J.-M., Lai Y.-Y., Yang H.-H., and Kumar A.S. Multianalyte sensor for the simultaneous determination of hypoxanthine, xanthine and uric acid based on a preanodized nontronite-coated screen-printed electrode. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 84 (2002) 237-244
131. Chen J.-C., Chung H.-H., Hsu C.-T., Tsai D.-M., Kumar A.S., and Zen J.-M. A disposable single-use electrochemical sensor for the detection of uric acid in human whole blood. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 110 (2005) 364-369
132. Shih Y., Zen J.-M., and Yang H.-H. Determination of codeine in urine and drug formulations using a clay-modified screen-printed carbon electrode. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 29 (2002) 827-833
133. Ferancová A., Korgová E., Buzinkaiová T., Kutner W., Stěpánek I., and Labuda J. Electrochemical sensors using screen-printed carbon electrode assemblies modified with the β-cyclodextrin or carboxymethylated β-cyclodextrin polymer films for determination of tricyclic anti-depressive drugs. Anal. Chim. Acta 447 (2001) 47-54
134. Luangaram K., Boonsua D., Soontornchai S., and Promptmas C. Development of an amperometric immunosensor for the determination of methamphetamine in urine. Biocatal. Biotransform. 20 (2002) 397-403
135. Pemberton R.M., and Hart J.P. Electrochemical behaviour of triclosan at a screen-printed carbon electrode and its voltammetric determination in toothpaste and mouthrinse products. Anal. Chim. Acta 390 (1999) 107-115
136. Butler D., Pravda M., and Guilbault G.G. Development of a disposable amperometric immunosensor for the detection of ecstasy and its analogues using screen-printed electrodes. Anal. Chim. Acta 556 (2006) 333-339
137. Barnes H.V. Clinical Medicine (1988), Year Book Medical Publisher, New York pp. 745-750
138. Bergamini M.F., Santos A.L., Stradiotto N.R., and Zanoni M.V.B. A disposable electrochemical sensor for the rapid determination of levodopa. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 39 (2005) 54-59
139. Fähnrich K.A., Pravda M., and Guilbault G.G. Disposable amperometric immunosensor for the detection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) using screen-printed electrodes. Biosens. Bioelectron. 18 (2003) 73-82
140. Kirsch N., Hart J.P., Bird D.J., Luxton R.W., and McCalley D.V. Towards the development of molecularly imprinted polymer based screen-printed sensors for metabolites of PAHs. Analyst 126 (2001) 1936-1941
141. Cheol Chang S., Rawson K., and McNeil C.J. Disposable tyrosinase-peroxidase bi-enzyme sensor for amperometric detection of phenols. Biosens. Bioelectron. 17 (2002) 1015-1023
142. Cummings E.A., Linquette-Mailley S., Mailley P., Cosnier S., Eggins B.R., and McAdams E.T. A comparison of amperometric screen-printed, carbon electrodes and their application to the analysis of phenolic compounds present in beers. Talanta 55 (2001) 1015-1027
143. Young S.J., Hart J.P., Dowman A.A., and Cowell D.C. The non-specific inhibition of enzymes by environmental pollutants: a study of a model system towards the development of electrochemical biosensor arrays. Biosens. Bioelectron. 16 (2001) 887-894
144. Kröger S., Turner A.P.F., Mosbach K., and Haupt K. Imprinted polymer based sensor system for herbicides using differential-pulse voltammetry on screen-printed electrodes. Anal. Chem. 71 (1999) 3698-3702
145. Boujtita M., Hart J.P., and Pittson R. Development of a disposable ethanol biosensor based on a chemically modified screen-printed electrode coated with alcohol oxidase for the analysis of beer. Biosens. Bioelectron. 15 (2000) 257-263
146. Abass A.K., Hart J.P., and Cowell D. Development of an amperometric sulphite biosensor based on sulphite oxidase with cytochrome c, as electron acceptor, and a screen-printed transducer. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 62 (2000) 148-153
147. Hart J.P., Abass A.K., and Cowell D. Development of disposable amperometric sulphur dioxide biosensors based on screen-printed electrodes. Biosens. Bioelectron. 17 (2002) 389-394
148. Giovanelli D., Lawrence N.S., Wilkins S.J., Jiang L., Jones T.G.J., and Compton R.G. Anodic stripping voltammetry of sulphide at a nickel film: towards the development of a reagentless sensor. Talanta 61 (2003) 211-220
149. Rodriguez B.B., Bolbot J.A., and Tothill I.E. Development of urease and glutamic dehydrogenase amperometric assay for heavy metals screening in polluted samples. Biosens. Bioelectron. 19 (2004) 1157-1167
150. Rodriguez B.B., Bolbot J.A., and Tothill I.E. Urease-glutamic dehydrogenase biosensor for screening heavy metals in water and soil samples. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 380 2 (2004) 284-292
151. Ogonczyk D., Tymecki Ł., Wzykiewicz I., Koncki R., and Galb S. Screen-printed disposable urease-based biosensors for inhibitive detection of heavy metal ions. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 106 (2005) 450-454
152. Palchetti I., Laschi S., and Mascini M. Miniaturised stripping-based carbon modified sensor for in field analysis of heavy metals. Anal. Chim. Acta 530 (2005) 61-67
153. Kadara R.O., Newman J.D., and Tothill I.E. Stripping chronopotentiometric detection of copper using screen-printed three-electrode system-application to acetic-acid bioavailable fraction from soil samples. Anal. Chim. Acta 493 (2003) 95-104
154. Yang C.-C., Kumar A.S., and Zen J.-M. Precise blood lead analysis using a combined internal standard and standard addition approach with disposable screen-printed electrodes. Anal. Biochem. 338 (2005) 278-283
155. Kadara R.O., and Tothill I.E. Stripping chronopotentiometric measurements of lead(II) and cadmium(II) in soils extracts and wastewaters using a bismuth film screen-printed electrode assembly. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 378 (2004) 770-775
156. Kadara R.O., and Tothill I.E. Resolving the copper interference effect on the stripping chronopotentiometric response of lead (II) obtained at bismuth film screen-printed electrode. Talanta 66 (2005) 1089-1093
157. Laschi S., Palchetti I., and Mascini M. Gold-based screen-printed sensor for detection of trace lead. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 114 (2006) 460-465
158. Yantasee W., Deibler L.A., Fryxell G.E., Timchalk C., and Lin Y. Screen-printed electrodes modified with functionalized mesoporous silica for voltammetric analysis of toxic metal ions. Electrochem. Commun. 7 (2005) 1170-1176
159. Honeychurch K.C., Hart J.P., and Kirsch N. Voltammetric, chromatographic and mass spectral elucidation of the redox reactions of 1-hydroxypyrene occurring at a screen-printed carbon electrode. Electrochim. Acta 49 (2004) 1141-1149
160. Kirsch N., Honeychurch K.C., Hart J.P., and Whitcombe M.J. Voltammetric determination of urinary 1-hydroxypyrene using molecularly imprinted polymer-modified screen-printed carbon electrodes. Electroanalysis 17 (2005) 571-578
161. Sherma J. Pesticides. Anal. Chem. 67 (1995) 1R-20R
162. Garrido E.M., Delerue-Matos C., Lima J.L.F.C., and Brett A.M.O. Electrochemical methods in pesticides control. Anal. Lett. 37 (2004) 1755-1791
163. Rodriguez-Mozaz S., Marco M.-P., Lopez de Alda M.J., and Barceló D. Biosensors for environmental monitoring of endocrine disruptors: a review article. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 378 (2004) 588-598
164. Grosmanová Z., Krejčí J., Týnek J., Cuhra P., and Baršová S. Comparison of biosensoric and chromatographic methods for the detection of pesticides. Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. 85 (2005) 885-893
165. Mulchandani A., Chen W., Mulchandani P., Wang J., and Rogers K.R. Biosensors for direct determination of organophosphate pesticides. Biosens. Bioelectron. 16 (2001) 225-230
166. Montesinos T., Pérez-Munguia S., Valdez F., and Marty J.-L. Disposable cholinesterase biosensor for the detection of pesticides in water-miscible organic solvents. Anal. Chim. Acta 431 (2001) 231-237
167. Hart J.P., and Wring S.A. Recent developments in the design and application of screen-printed electrochemical sensors for biomedical, environmental and industrial analyses. TrAC 16 (1997) 89-103
168. Ciucu A., and Ciucu C. Organic phase amperometric biosensor for detection of pesticides. Roum. Biotechnol. Lett. 7 (2002) 667-676
169. Hart J.P., and Hartley I.C. Voltammetric and amperometric studies of thiocholine at a screen-printed carbon electrode chemically modified with cobalt phthalocyanine: studies towards a pesticide sensor. Analyst 119 (1994) 259-263
170. Suprun E., Evtugyn G., Budnikov H., Ricci F., Moscone D., and Pelleschi G. Acetylcholinesterase sensor based on screen-printed carbon electrode modified with Prussian blue. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 383 (2005) 597-604
171. Gogol E.V., Evtugyn G.A., Marty J.-L., Budnikov H.C., and Winter V.G. Amperometric biosensors based on Nafion coated screen-printed electrodes for the determination of cholinesterase inhibitors. Talanta 53 (2000) 379-389
172. Bachmann T.T., Leca B., Vilatte F., Marty J.-F., Fournier D., and Schmid R.F. Improved multianalyte detection of organophosphates and carbamates with disposable multielectrode biosensors using recombinant mutants of Drosophila acetylcholinesterase and artificial neural networks. Biosens. Bioelectron. 15 (2000) 193-201
173. Andreescu S., Fournier D., and Marty J.-L. Development of highly sensitive sensor based on bioengineered acetylcholinesterase immobilized by affinity method. Anal. Lett. 36 (2003) 1865-1885
174. Bucur B., Andreescu S., and Marty J.-L. Affinity methods to immobilize acetylcholinesterases for manufacturing biosensors. Anal. Lett. 37 (2004) 1571-1588
175. Bonnet C., Andreescu S., and Marty J.-L. Adsorption: an easy and efficient immobilisation of acetylcholinesterase on screen-printed electrodes. Anal. Chim. Acta 481 (2003) 209-211
176. Deo R.P., Wang J., Block I., Mulchandani A., Joshi K.A., Trojanowicz M., Scholz F., Chen W., and Lin Y. Determination of organophosphate pesticides at a carbon nanotube/organophosphorus hydrolase electrochemical biosensor. Anal. Chim. Acta 530 (2005) 185-189
177. Lin Y., Lu F., and Wang J. Disposable carbon nanotube modified screen-printed biosensor for amperometric detection of organophosphorus pesticides and nerve agents. Electroanalysis 16 (2004) 145-149
178. Del Carlo M., Mascini M., Pepe A., Diletti G., and Compagnone D. Screening of food samples for carbamate and organophosphate pesticides using an electrochemical bioassay. Food Chem. 84 (2004) 651-656
179. Del Carlo M., Pepe A., Mascini M., De Gregorio M., Visconti A., and Compagnone D. Determining pirimiphos-methyl in durum wheat samples using an acetylcholinesterase inhibition assay. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 381 (2005) 1367-1372
180. Longobardi F., Solfrizzo M., Compagnone D., Del Carlo M., and Visconti A. Use of electrochemical biosensor and gas chromatography for determination of dichlorvos in wheat. J. Agric. Food Chem. 53 (2005) 9389-9394
181. Schulze H., Scherbaum E., Anastassiades M., Vorlova S., Schmid R.D., and Bachmann T.T. Development, validation, and application of an acetylcholinesterase-biosensor test for the direct detection of insecticide residues in infant food. Biosens. Bioelectron. 17 (2002) 1095-1105
182. Schulze H., Vorlová S., Villatte F., Bachmann T.T., and Schmid R.D. Design of acetylcholinesterases for biosensor applications. Biosens. Bioelectron. 18 (2003) 201-209
183. Boublik Y., Saint-Aguet P., Lougarre A., Arnaud M., Villatte F., Estrada-Mondaca S., and Fournier D. Acetylcholinesterase engineering for detection of insecticide residues. Protein Eng. 15 (2002) 43-50
184. Nunes G.S., Montesinos T., Marques P.B.O., Fournier D., and Marty J.-F. Acetylcholine enzyme sensor for determining methamidophos insecticide: evaluation of some genetically modified acetylcholinesterases from Drosophila melanogaster. Anal. Chim. Acta 434 (2001) 1-8
185. Avramescu A., Andreescu S., Noguer T., Bala C., Andreescu D., and Marty J.-L. Biosensors designed for environmental and food quality control based on screen-printed graphite electrodes with different configurations. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 374 (2002) 25-32
186. Schulze H., Muench S.B., Villatte F., Schmid R.D., and Bachmann T.T. Insecticide detection through protein engineering of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis acetylcholinesterase B. Anal. Chem. 77 (2005) 5823-5830
187. Crew A., Hart J.P., Wedge R., and Marty J.-L. A screen-printed, amperometric, biosensor array for the detection of organophosphate pesticides based on inhibition of wild type, and mutant acetylcholinesterases, from Drosophila melanogaster. Anal. Lett. 37 (2004) 1601-1610
188. Luxton R., and Hart J.P. The rapid detection of pesticides in food. In: Tothill I.E. (Ed). Rapid and On-Line Instrumentation for Food Quality Assurance (2003), Woodhead Publishing Limited/CRC Press, Cambridge 55-74
189. Luxton R., and Hart J.P. The rapid detection of pesticide residues. In: Watson D.H. (Ed). Pesticide, Veterinary and Other Residues in Food (2004), Woodhead Publishing Limited/CRC Press, Cambridge 294-313
190. Luxton R., and Hart J.P. The rapid detection of pesticide residues. In: Jongen W. (Ed). Improving the Safety of Fresh Fruit and Vegetables (2005), Woodhead Publishing Limited/CRC Press, Cambridge 156-176
191. Ross G. The public health implications of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the environment. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 59 (2004) 275-291
192. Centi S., Laschi S., and Fránekand M. Mascini M. A disposable immunomagnetic electrochemical sensor based on functionalised magnetic beads and carbon-based screen-printed electrodes (SPCEs) for the detection of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Anal. Chim. Acta 538 (2005) 205-212
193. Honeychurch K.C., Hart J.P., Pritchard P.R.J., Hawkins S.J., and Ratcliffe N.M. Development of an electrochemical assay for 2,6-dinitrotoluene, based on a screen-printed carbon electrode, and its potential application in bioanalysis, occupational and public health. Biosens. Bioelectron. 19 (2003) 305-312
194. Wang J., Lu F., MacDonald D., Lu J., Ozsoz M.E.S., and Rogers K.R. Screen-printed voltammetric sensor for TNT. Talanta 46 (1998) 1405-1412
195. Wang J., Thongngamdee S., and Kumar A. Highly stable voltammetric detection of nitroaromatic explosives in the presence of organic surfactants at a polyphenol-coated carbon electrode. Electroanalysis 16 (2004) 1232-1235
196. Todd E.C.D. Domoic acid and amnesic shellfish poisoning-a review. J. Food Prot. 56 (1993) 69-83
197. Kania M., Kreuzer M., Moore E., Pravda M.B., Hock B., and Guillbault G. Development of polyclonal antibodies against domoic acid for their use in electrochemical biosensors. Anal. Lett. 36 9 (2003) 1851-1863
198. Micheli L., Radoi A., Guarrina R., Massaud R., Bala C., Moscone D., and Palleschi G. Disposable immunosensor for the determination of domoic acid in shellfish. Biosens. Bioelectron. 20 (2004) 190-196
199. Beyene N.W., Moderegger H., and Kalcher K. Development of an amperometric biosensor for β-N-oxalyl-l-α,β-diaminopropionic acid (β-ODAP). Electroanalysis 16 4 (2004) 268-274
200. Moges G., Wodajo N., Gorton L., Yigzaw Y., Kalcher K., Belay A., Akalu G., Nair B.M., and Solomon T. Glutamate oxidase advances the selective bioanalytical detection of the neurotoxic amino acid beta-ODAP in grass pea: a decade of progress. Pure Appl. Chem. 76 (2004) 765-775
201. Alarcon S.H., Micheli L., Palleschi G., and Compagnone D. Development of an electrochemical immunosensor for Ochratoxin A. Anal. Lett. 37 (2004) 1545-1558
202. 1. Anal. Lett. 39 (2006) 1573-1586
203. 1 in barley. Anal. Chim. Acta 520 (2004) 159-164
204. Micheli L., Grecco R., Badea M., Moscone D., and Palleschi G. An electrochemical immunosensor for aflatoxin M1 determination in milk using screen-printed electrodes. Biosens. Bioelectron. 21 (2005) 588-596
205. Pemberton R.M., Amine A., and Hart J.P. Voltammetric behaviour of chlorophyll a at a screen-printed carbon electrode and its potential role as a biomarker for monitoring fecal contamination. Anal. Lett. 37 (2004) 1625-1643
206. Kwan R.C.H., Leung H.F., Hon P.Y.T., Barford J.P., and Renneberg R. A screen-printed biosensor using pyruvate oxidase for rapid determination of phosphate in synthetic wastewater. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 66 (2005) 377-383
207. Kwan R.C.H., Leung H.F., Hon P.Y.T., Cheung H.C.F., Hirota K., and Renneberg R. Amperometric biosensor for determining human salivary phosphate. Anal. Biochem. 343 (2005) 263-267
208. Hart J.P., Serban S., Jones L.J., Biddle N., Pittson R., and Drago G.A. Selective and rapid biosensor integrated into a commercial hand-held instrument for the measurement of ammonium ion in sewage effluent. Anal. Lett. 39 (2006) 1657-1667
209. http://www.uniscan.co.uk/potentiostat.html [accessed 6/03/06].