Rhizobium-legume symbioses: Molecular signals elaborated by rhizobia that are important for nodulati

Plant-Associated Bacteria

Volumn , Issue , 2006, Pages 57-104

  Krishnan, Hari B ^a   Bennett, John O ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 65949100262     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-4538-7_2     Document Type: Chapter

References (358)

1. Aizawa, S.-I. (2001). Bacterial flagella and type III secretion systems. Federation of European Microbiological Societies Microbiology, 36, 1436-1446.
2. Akakura, R., & Winans, S. C. (2002). Constitutive mutations of the OccR regulatory protein affect DNA bending in response to metabolites released from plant tumors. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 277, 5866-5874.
3. Albus, U., Baier, R., Holst, O., Pühler, A., & Niehaus, K. (2001). Suppression of an elicitor-induced oxidative burst in Medicago sativa cell cultures by Sinorhizobium meliloti lipopolysaccharides. New Phytologist, 151, 597-606.
4. Amann, G., Stetter, K. O., Llobete-Brossa, E., Amann, R., & Anton, J. (2000). Direct proof for the presence and expression of two 5% different 16S rRNA genes in individual cells of Haloarcula marismortui. Extremeophiles, 4, 373-376.
5. Amarger, N., Macheret, V., & Laguerre, G. (1997). Rhizobium gallicum sp. nov. and Rhizobium giardinii sp. nov., from Phaseolus vulgaris nodules. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, 47, 996-1006.
6. Annapurna, K., & Krishnan, H. B. (2003). Molecular aspects of soybean cultivar-specific nodulation by Sinorhizobium fredii USDA257. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 41, 1114-1123.
7. Ardourel, M., Demont, N., Debellé, F., Maillet, F., deBilly, F., Promé, J.-C., et al. (1994). Rhizobium meliloti lipooligosaccharide nodulation factors: Different structural requirements for bacterial entry into target root hair cells and induction of plant symbiotic developmental responses. Plant Cell, 6, 1357-1374.
8. Atkinson, E. M., Palcic, M. M., Hindsgaul, O., & Long, S. R. (1994). Biosynthesis of Rhizobium meliloti lipooligosaccharide nod factors: nodA is required for an N-acyltransferase activity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 91, 8418-8422.
9. Ausmees, N., Kobayashi, H., Deakin, W. J., Marie, C., Krishnan, H. B., Broughton, W. J., et al. (2004). Characterization of NopP, a type III secreted effector of Rhizobium sp. strain NGR234. Journal of Bacteriology, 186, 4774-4780.
10. Baev, N., Endre, G., Petrovics, G., Banfalvi, Z., & Kondorosi, Á. (1991). Six nodulation genes of nod box locus 4 in Rhizobium meliloti are involved in nodulation signal production: nodM codes for D-glucosamine synthetase. Molecular & General Genetics, 228, 113-124.
11. Baker, B., Zambryski, P., Staskawicz, B., & Dinesh-Kumar, S. P. (1997). Signaling in plant-microbe interactions. Science, 276, 726-733.
12. Barnett, M. J., Swanson, J. A., & Long, S. R. (1998). Multiple genetic controls on Rhizobium meliloti syrA, a regulator of exopolysaccharide abundance. Genetics, 148, 19-32.
13. Barnett, M. J., & Long, S. R. (1990). DNA sequence and translational product of a new nodulationregulatory locus: SyrM has sequence similarity to NodD proteins. Journal of Bacteriology, 172, 3695-3700.
14. Barny, M.-A., Schoonejans, E., Economou, A., Johnston, A. W.B., & Downie, J. A. (1996). The Cterminal domain of the Rhizobium leguminosarum chitin synthase NodC is important for function and determines the orientation of the N-terminal region in the inner membrane. Molecular Microbiology, 19, 443-453.
15. Bartsev, A. V., Deakin, W. J., Boukli, N. M., McAlvin, C. B., Stacey, G., Malnoe, P., et al. (2004). NopL, an effector protein of Rhizobium sp. NGR234, thwarts activation of plant defense reactions. Plant Physiology, 134, 871-879.
16. Batley, M., Redmond, J. W., Djordjevic, S. P., & Rolfe, B. G. (1987). Characterization of glycerophosphorylated cyclic β-1, 2-glucans from a fast growing Rhizobium species. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 901, 119-126.
17. Battisti, L., Lara, J. C., & Leigh, J. A. (1992). Specific oligosaccharide form of the Rhizobium meliloti exopolysaccharide promotes nodule invasion in alfalfa. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 89, 5625-5629.
18. Bec-Ferté, M. P., Krishnan, H. B., Promé, D., Savagnac, A., Pueppke, S. G., & Promé, J.-C. (1994). Structures of nodulation factors from the nitrogen fixing-fixing symbiont Rhizobium fredii USDA257. Biochemistry, 33, 11782-11788.
19. Bec-Ferté, M. P., Krishnan, H. B., Savagnac, A., Pueppke, S. G., & Promé, J.-C. (1996). Rhizobium fredii synthesizes an array of lipooligosaccharides, including a novel compound with glucose inserted into the backbone of the molecule. Federation of European Biological Societies Letters, 393, 273-279.
20. Becker, A., Kleickmann, A., Arnold, W., & Pühler, A. (1993). Analysis of the Rhizobium meliloti exoH/exoK/exoL fragment: ExoK shows homology to excreted endo-β-1, 3, -1, 4-glucanases and ExoH resembles membrane proteins. Molecular and General Genetics, 238, 145-154.
21. Becker, A., & Pühler, A. (1998). Production of exopolysaccharides, In H. P. Spaink, Á. Kondorosi, & P. J. J. Hooykaas (Eds.), The Rhizobiaceae: molecular biology of model plant-associated bacteria (97-118). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
22. Becker A., Rüberg S., Küster, H., Roxlau, A. A., Keller, M., Ivashina, T., et al. (1997). The 32-kilobase exp gene cluster of Rhizobium meliloti directing the biosynthesis of galactoglucan: genetic organization and properties of the encoded gene products. Journal of Bacteriology, 179, 1375-1384.
23. Becquart-de-Kozak, I., Reuhs, B. L., Buffard, D., Breda, C., Kim, J. S., Esnault, R., & Kondorosi, Á. (1997). Role of the K-antigen sub-group of capsular polysaccharide in the early recognition process between Rhizobium meliloti and alfalfa leaves. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 10, 114-123.
24. Beijerinck, M. W. (1888). Die Bacterien der Papilionaceen-Knöllchen. Botanische Zeitung, 46, 725-804.
25. Beijerinck, M. W. (1890). Künstliche Infection von Vicia faba mit Bacillus radicicola: Ernährungsbedingungen dieser Bacterie. Botanische Zeitung 48, 837-843.
26. Bellato, C., Krishnan, H. B., Cubo, T., Temprano, F., & Pueppke, S. G. (1997). The soybean cultivar specificity gene nolX is present, expressed in a nodD-dependent manner, and of symbiotic significance in cultivar- nonspecific strains of Rhizobium (Sinorhizobium) fredii. Microbiology, 143, 1381-1388.
27. Berck, S., Perret, X., Quesada-Vincens, D., Promé, J.-C., Broughton, W. J., & Jabbouri, S. (1999). NolL of Rhizobium sp. strain NGR234 is required for O-acetyltransferase activity. Journal of Bacteriology, 181, 957-964.
28. Berg, T. (2003). Modulation of protein-protein interactions with small organic molecules. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 42, 2462-2481.
29. Bhat, U. R., Carlson, R. W., Busch, M., & Mayer, H. (1991b). Distribution and phylogenetic significance of 27-hydroxy-octacosanoicacid in lipopolysaccharides from bacteria belonging to the alpha-2 subgroup of Proteobacteria. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, 41, 213-217.
30. Bhat, U. R., Forsberg, S. L., & Carlson, R. W. (1994). Structure of lipid A component of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. phaseoli lipopolysaccharide. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 269, 14402-14410.
31. Bhat, U. R., Mayer, H., Yokota, A., Hollingsworth, R. I., & Carlson, R W. (1991a). Occurrence of lipid A variants with 27-hydroxyoctacosanoic acid in lipopolysaccharides from members of the family of Rhizobiaceae. Journal of Bacteriology, 173, 2155-2159.
32. Bhagwat, A. A., Mithöfer, A., Pfeffer, P. E., Kraus, C., Spickers, N., Hotchkiss, A., et al. (1999). Further studies of the role of cyclic β-glucans in symbiosis. An ndvC mutant of Bradyrhizobium japonicum synthesizes cyclodecakis-(1→3)- β-glucosyl. Plant Physiology, 119, 1057-1064.
33. Blocker, A., Komoriya, K., & Aizawa, S.-I. (2003). Type III secretion systems and bacterial flagella: Insights into their function from structural similarities. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 100, 3027-3030.
34. Blocker, A., Noureddine, J., Eric, L., Pierre, G., Claude, E. F. P., Philippe, S., & Abdelmounaaim, A. (2001). Structure and composition of the Shigella flexneri needle complex, a part of its type III secretion. Molecular Microbiology, 39, 652-663.
35. Bloemberg, G. V., Kamst, E., Harteveld, M., van der Drift, K. M. G. M., Haverkamp, J., Thomas-Oates, J. E., et al. (1995). A central domain of Rhizobium NodE protein mediates host specificity by determining the hydrophobicity of fatty acyl moieties of nodulation factors. Molecular Microbiology, 16, 1123-1136.
36. Boros, I., Kiss, A., & Venetianer, P. (1979). Physical map of the seven ribosomal RNA genes of Escherichia coli. Nucleic Acids Research, 6, 1817-1830.
37. Borthakur, D., Barber, C. E., Lamb, J. W., Daniels, M. J., Downie, J. A., & Johnston, A. W. B. (1986). A mutation that blocks exopolysaccharide synthesis prevents nodulation of peas by Rhizobium leguminosarum but not of beans by R. phaseoli and is corrected by cloned genes from Rhizobium or the phytopathogen Xanthomonas. Molecular and General Genetics, 203, 320-323.
38. Breedveld, M. W., & Miller, K. J. (1994). Cyclic β-glucans of members of the family, Rhizobiaceae. Microbiology Review, 58, 145-151.
39. Brewin, N. J. (1998). Tissue and cell invasion by Rhizobium: The structure and development of infection threads and symbiosomes. In H. P. Spaink, Á. Kondorosi, & P. J. J. Hooykaas (Eds.), The Rhizobiaceae: molecular biology of model plant-associated bacteria (417-429). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
40. Broughton, W. J. (2003). Roses by other names: Taxonomy of the Rhizobiaceae. Journal of Bacteriology, 185, 2975-2979.
41. Broughton, W. J., Jabbouri, S., & Perret, X. (2000). Keys to symbiotic harmony. Journal of Bacteriology, 182, 5641-5652.
42. Broughton, W. J., Zhang, F., Perret, X., & Staehelin, C. (2003). Signals exchanged between legumes and Rhizobium: Agricultural uses and perspectives. Plant & Soil, 252, 129-137.
43. Burn, J., Rossen, L., & Johnston, A. W. B. (1987). Four classes of mutations in the nodD gene of Rhizobium leguminosaurm biovar viciae that affect its ability to autoregulate and/or activate other nod genes in the presence of flavonoid inducers. Genes and Development, 1, 456-464.
44. Büttner, D., & Bonas, U. (2002). Port of entry - The type III secretion translocon. Trends in Microbiology, 10, 186-192.
45. Büttner, D., & Bonas, U. (2003) Common infection strategies of plant and animal pathogenic bacteria. Current Opinion in Plant Biology, 6, 312-319.
46. Campbell, G. R. O., Reuhs, B. L., & Walker, G. C. (1998). Different phenotypic classes of Sinorhizobium meliloti mutants defective in synthesis of K antigen. Journal of Bacteriology, 180, 5432-5436.
47. Canter Cremers, H. C. J., Batley, M., Redmond, J., Eydems, L., Breedveld, M. W., Zevenhuizen, L. P. T. M., et al. (1990). Rhizobium leguminosarum exoB mutants are deficient in the synthesis of UDP-glucose 4-epimerase. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 265, 21122-21127.
48. Carbon, C., Philips, J., Fu, Z. Y., Squires, C., & Squires, C. L. (1979). The complete nucleotide sequence of ribosomal 16S rRNA from Escherichia coli. European Molecular Biology Organization Journal, 11, 4175-4185.
49. Cárdenas, L., Dominguez, J., Quinto, C., López-Lara, I. M., Lugtenberg, B. J. J., Spaink, H. P., et al. (1995). Isolation, chemical structure, and biological activity of the lipo-chitin oligosaccharide nodulation signals from Rhizobium etli. Plant Molecular Biology, 29, 453-464.
50. Cárdenas, L., Dominguez, J., Santana, O., & Quinto, C. (1996). The role of the nodI and nodJ genes in the transport of nod metabolites in Rhizobium etli. Gene, 173, 183-187.
51. Cárdenas, L., Vidali, L., Domínguez, J., Pérez, H., Sánchez, F., Hepler, P. K., & Quinto, C. (1998). Rearrangement of actin microfilaments in plant root hairs responding to Rhizobium etli nodulation signals. Plant Physiology, 116, 871-877.
52. Carlson, R. W., Garci, F., Noel, D., & Hollingsworth, R. (1989). The structures of the LPS core components from Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar phaseoli and two of its symbiotic mutants, CE 109, and CE 309. Carbohydrate Research, 195, 101-110.
53. Carlson, R. W., & Krishnaiah, B. S. (1992). Structures of the oligosaccharides obtained from the core regions of the lipopolysaccharides of Bradyrhizobium japonicum 61A101c and its symbiotically defective lipopolysachharide mutant, JS314. Carbohydrate Research, 231, 205-219.
54. Cedergren, R. A., Lee, J. G., Ross, K. L., & Hollingsworth, R. I. (1995). Common links in the structure and cellular-localization of Rhizobium chitolipooligosaccharides and general Rhizobium membrane phospholipids and glycolipid components. Biochemistry, 34, 4467-4477.
55. Cervantes, E., Sharma, S. B., Maillet, F., Vasse, J., Truchet, G., Rosenberg, C. (1989). The Rhizobiummeliloti host range nodQ gene encodes a protein which shares homology with translation elongation and initiation factors. Molecular Microbiology, 3, 745-756.
56. Chen, H., Batley, M., Redmond, J., & Rolfe, B. G. (1985). Alteration of effective nodulation properties of a fast-growing broad host range Rhizobium due to changes in exopolysaccharide synthesis. Journal of Plant Physiology, 120, 331-349.
57. Chen, W.-M., James, E. K., Prescott, A. R., Kierans, M., & Sprent, J. I. (2003). Nodulation of Mimosa spp. by the β-proteobacterium Ralstonia taiwanensis. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 16, 1051-1061.
58. Chen, W.-M., Laevens, S., Lee, T. M., Coenye, T., de Vos, P., Mergeay, M., et al. (2001). Ralstonia taiwanensis sp. nov., isolated from root nodules of Mimosa species and sputum of a cystic fibrosis patient. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 51, 1729-1735.
59. Chen, W.-M., Moulin, L., Bontemps, C., Vandamme, P., Béna, G., Boivin-Masson, C. (2003). Legume symbiotic nitrogen fixation by β-proteobacteria is widespread in nature. Journal of Bacteriology, 185, 7266-7272.
60. Chen, W.-X., Li, G.-S., Qi, Y.-L., Wang, E.-T., Yuan, H.-L., & Li, J.-L. (1991). Rhizobium huakuii sp. nov., isolated from the root nodules of Astragalus sinicus. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, 41, 275-280.
61. Chen, W.-X., Yan, G.-H., & Li, J.-L. (1988). Numerical taxonomic study of fast-growing soybean rhizobia and a proposal that Rhizobium fredii be assigned to Sinorhizobium gen. nov. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, 38, 392-397.
62. Chen, X.-C., Feng, J., Hou, B.-H., Li, F.-Q., Li, Q., & Hong, G.-F. (2005). Modulating DNA bending affects NodD-mediated transcriptional control in Rhizobium leguminosarum. Nucleic Acids Research, 33, 2540-2548.
63. Cheng, H.-P. & Walker, G. C. (1998). Succinoglycan is required for initiation and elongation of infection threads during nodulation of alfalfa by Rhizobium meliloti. Journal of Bacteriology, 180, 5183-5191.
64. Cilia, V., Lafay, B., & Christen, R. (1996). Sequence heterogeneities among 16S ribosomal RNA sequences, and their effect on phylogenetic analyses at the species level. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 13, 451-461.
65. Conville, P. S., & Witebsky, F. G. (2005). Multiple copies of the 16S rRNA gene in Nocardia nova isolates and implications for sequence-based identification procedures. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 43, 2881-2885.
66. Cornelis, G. R., & Van Gijsegem, F. (2000). Assembly and function of type III secretory systems. Annual Review of Microbiology, 54, 735-774.
67. Dale, C., Plague, G. R., Wang, B., Ochman, H., & Moran, N. (2002). Type III secretion systems and the evolution of mutualisic endosymbiosis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 99, 12397-12402.
68. Daniell, S., Takahashi, N., Wilson, R., Friedberg, D., Rosenshine, I., Booy, F. P., et al. (2001). The filamentous type III secretion translocon of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. Cellular Microbiology, 3, 865-871.
69. Davis, E. O., Evans, I. J., & Johnston, A. W. B. (1988). Identification of nodX, a gene that allows Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viciae strain TOM to nodulate Afghanistan peas. Molecular and General Genetics, 212, 531-535.
70. Davis, E. O., & Johnston, A. W. B. (1990). Analysis of three nodD genes in Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar phaseoli; nodD1 is preceded by nolE, a gene whose product is secreted from the cytoplasm. Molecular Microbiology, 4, 921-932.
71. Dazzo, F. B., Truchet, G. L., Hollingsworth, R. I., Hrabak, E. M., Pankratz, H. S., Philip-Hollingsworth, S., et al. (1991). Rhizobium lipopolysaccharide modulates infection thread development in white clover root hairs. Journal of Bacteriology, 173, 5371-5384.
72. Deakin, W. J., Marie, C., Saad, M. M., Krishnan, H. B., & Broughton, W. J. (2005). NopA Is associated with cell surface appendages produced by the type III secretion system of Rhizobium sp. strain NGR234. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 18, 499-507.
73. Debellé, F., Plazanet, C., Roche, P., Pujol, C., Savagnac, A., Rosenberg, C., et al. (1996). The NodA proteins of Rhizobium meliloti and Rhizobium tropici specify the N-acylation of Nod factors by different fatty acids. Molecular Microbiology, 22, 303-314.
74. Diebold, R., & Noel, K. D. (1989). Rhizobium leguminosarum exopolysaccharide mutants: biochemical and genetic analyses and symbiotic behavior on three hosts. Journal of Bacteriology, 171, 4821-4830.
75. De Lajudie, P., Laurent-Fulele, E., Willems, A., Torck, U., Coopman, R., Collins, M. D., et al. (1998). Allorhizobium undicola gen. nov. sp. nov., nitrogen-fixing bacteria that efficiently nodulate Neptunia natans in Senegal. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, 48, 1277-1290.
76. De Lajudie, P., Willems, A., Pot, B., Dewettinck, D., Maestrojuan, G., Neyra, M., et al. (1994). Polyphasic taxonomy of Rhizobia: Emendation of the genus Sinorhizobium and description of Sinorhizobium meliloti comb. nov., Sinorhizobium saheli sp. nov., and Sinorhizobium teranga sp. nov. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, 44, 715-733.
77. de Maagd, R. A., Wijfjes, A. H. M., Spaink, H. P., Ruiz-Sainz, J. E., Wijffelman, C. A., Okker, R. J. H., et al. (1989). NodO a new nod gene of the Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viciae sym plasmid PRL1JI encodes a secreted protein. Journal of Bacteriology, 171, 6764-6770.
78. Demont, N., Debellé, F., Aurelle, H., Dénarié, J., & Promé, J.-C. (1993). Role of the Rhizobium meliloti nodF and nodE genes in the biosynthesis of lipo-oligosaccharidic nodulation factors. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 268, 20134-20142.
79. Dénarié, J., & Cullimore, J. (1993). Lipo-oligosaccharide nodulation factors: A new class of signalling molecules mediating recognition and morphogenesis. Cell, 74, 951-954.
80. Dénarié, J., Debellé, F., & Promé, J.-C. (1996). Rhizobium lipo-chitooligosaccharide nodulation factors: Signaling molecules mediating recognition and morphogenesis. Annual Review of Biochemistry, 65, 503-535.
81. De Rijk, P., Wuyts, J., Van de Peer, Y., Winkelmans, T., & De Wachter, R. (2000). The European large subunit ribosomal RNA database. Nucleic Acids Research, 28, 177-178.
82. de Rudder, K. E. E., Sohlenkamp, C., & Geiger, O. (1999). Plant-exuded choline is used for rhizobial membrane lipid biosynthesis by phosphatidylcholine synthase. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 274, 20011-20016.
83. D'Haeze, W., & Holsters, M. (2002). Nod factor structures, responses, and perception during initiation of nodule development. Glycobiology, 12, 79-105.
84. D'Haeze, W., & Holsters, M. (2004). Surface polysaccharides enable bacteria to evade plant immunity. Trends in Microbiology, 12, 555-561.
85. Djordjevic, S. P., Chen, H., Batley, M., Redmond, J. W., & Rolfe, B. G. (1987). Nitrogen fixation ability of exopolysaccharide mutants of Rhizobium sp. NGR234 and Rhizobium trifolii is restored by the addition of homologous exopolysaccharides. Journal of Bacteriology, 169, 53-60.
86. Dobert, R. C., Breil, B. T., & Triplett, E. W. (1994). DNA sequence of the common nodulation genes of Bradyrhizobium elkanii and their phylogenetic relationship to those of other nodulating bacteria. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 7, 564-572.
87. Downie, J A. (1989). The nodL gene from Rhizobium leguminosarum is homolgous to the acetyl transferases encoded by lacA and cysE. Molecular Microbiology, 3, 1649-1651.
88. Downie, J. A., Knight, C. D., Johnston, A. W. B., & Rossen, L. (1985). Identification of genes and gene products involved in the nodulation of peas by Rhizobium leguminosarum. Molecular and General Genetics, 198, 255-262.
89. Dreyfus, B., Garcia, J. L., & Gillis, M. (1988). Characterization of Azorhizobium caulinodans gen. nov. a stem nodulating nitrogen-fixing bacterium isolated from Sesbania rostrata. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, 38, 89-98.
90. Duelli, D. M., & Noel, K. D. (1997). Compounds exuded by Phaseolus vulgaris that induce a modification of Rhizobium etli lipopolysaccharide. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 10, 903-910.
91. Dunlap, J., Minami, E., Bhagwat, A. A., Keister, D. L., Stacey, G. (1996). Nodulin gene expression by nodule development (ndv) mutants of Bradyrhizobium japonicum. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 9, 546-555.
92. Dylan, T., Ielpi, L., Stanfield, S., Kashyap, L., Douglas, C., Yanofsky, M., et al. (1986). Rhizobium meliloti genes required for nodule development are related to chromosomal virulence genes in Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences United States of America, 83, 4403-4407.
93. Dylan, T, Nagpal, P., Helinski, D. R., & Ditta, G. S. (1990) Symbiotic pseudorevertants of Rhizobium meliloti ndv mutants. Journal of Bacteriology, 172, 1409-1417.
94. Eardly, B. D., Wang, F.-S., van Berkum, P. (1996). Corresponding 16S rRNA gene segments in Rhizobiaceae and Aeromonas yield discordant phylogenies. Plant and Soil, 186, 69-74.
95. Ebel, J., & Cosio, E. G. (1994). Elicitors of plant defense responses. International Review of Cytology, 148, 1-36.
96. Economou, A., Hamilton, W. D. O., Johnston, A. W. B., & Downie, J. A. (1990). The Rhizobium modulation gene nodO encodes a Ca+2 binding protein that is exported without N-terminal cleavage and is homologous to hemolysin and related proteins. European Molecular Biology Organization Journal, 9, 349-354.
97. Egelhoff, T. T., & Long, S. R. (1985). Rhizobium meliloti nodulation genes: Identification of nodDABC gene products, purification of nodA protein, and expression of nodA in Rhizobium meliloti. Journal of Bacteriology, 164, 591-599.
98. Ehrhardt, D. W., Atkinson, E. M., & Long, S. R. (1992). Depolarization of alfalfa root hair membrane potential by Rhizobium meliloti Nod factors. Science, 256, 998-1000.
99. Felle, H. H., Kondorosi É., Kondorosi Á., & Schultze, M. (1998). The role of ion fluxes in Nod factor signalling in Medicago sativa. The Plant Journal, 13, 455-463.
100. Feng, J., Li, Q., Hu, H.-L., Chen, X.-C., & Hong, G.-F. (2003). Inactivation of the nod box distal halfsite allows tetrameric NodD to activate nodA transcription in an inducer-independent manner. Nucleic Acids Research, 31, 3143-3156.
101. Fernández-López, M., D'Haeze, W., Mergaert, P., Verplancke, C., Promé, J.-C., van Montagu, M., et al. (1996). Role of nodI and nodJ in lipo-oligosaccharide secretion in Azorhizobium caulinodans and Escherichia coli. Molecular Microbiology, 20, 993-1000.
102. Finan, T. M., Hirsch, A. M., Leigh, J. A., Johansen, E., Kuldau, G. A., Deegan, S., et al. (1985). Symbiotic mutants of Rhizobium meliloti that uncouple plant from bacterial differentiation. Cell, 40, 869-877.
103. Firmin, J. L., Wilson, K. E., Rossen, L., & Johnston, A. W. B. (1986). Flavonoid activation of nodulation genes in Rhizobium reversed by other compounds present in plants. Nature 324, 90-92.
104. Fisher, R. F., Egelhoff, T. T., Mulligan, J. T., & Long, S. R. (1988). Specific binding of proteins from Rhizobium meliloti cell-free extracts containing NodD to DNA sequences upstream of inducible nodulation genes. Genes and Development, 2, 282-293.
105. Fisher, R. F., & Long, S. R. (1993). Interactions of NodD at the nod box. NodD binds to two distinct sites on the same face of the helix and induces a bend in the DNA. Journal of Molecular Biology, 233, 336-348.
106. Folch-Mallol, J. L., Marroqui, S., Sousa, S., Manyani, H., López-Lara, I. M., van der Drift, K. M. G. M., et al. (1996). Characterization of Rhizobium tropicii CIAT899 nodulation factors: The role of nodH and nodPQ genes in their sulphation. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 9, 151-63.
107. Forsberg, A., & Wolf-Watz, H. (1988). The virulence protein Yop5 of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis is regulated at transcriptional level by plasmid-pIB1-encoded trans-acting elements controlled by temperature and calcium. Molecular Microbiology, 2, 121-133.
108. Forsberg, L. S., Bhat, U. R., & Carlson, R. W. (2000). Structural characterization of the O-antigenic polysaccharide of the lipopolysaccharide from Rhizobium etli strain CE3 a unique O-acetylated glycan of discrete size, containing 3-O-methyl-6-deoxy-L-talose and 2, 3, 4-tri-O-methyl-L-fucose. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 275, 18851-18863.
109. Fox, G. E., Stackebrandt, E., Hespell, R. B., Gibson, J., Maniloff, J., Dyer, T. A., et al. (1980). The phylogeny of prokaryotes. Science, 209, 457-463.
110. Frank, B. (1879). Über die Parasiten in den Wurzelanschwillungen der Papilionaceen. Botanische Zeitung, 37, 376-387.
111. Frank, B. (1889). Über die Pilzsymbiose der Leguminosen. Berichte der Deutschen Botanischen Gesellschaft, 7, 332-346.
112. Fraysse, N., Couderc, F., & Poinsot, V. (2003). Surface polysaccharide involvement in establishing the rhizobium-legume symbiosis European Journal of Biochemistry, 270, 1365-1380.
113. Fraysse, N., Jabbouri, S., Treilhou, M., Couderc, F., Poinsot, V. (2002). Symbiotic conditions induce structural modifications of Sinorhizobium sp. NGR234 surface polysaccharides. Glycobiology 12, 741-748.
114. Fred, E. B., Baldwin, I. L., & McCoy, E. (1932). Root nodule bacteria and leguminous plants. University of Wisconsin Studies in Science 5, Madison, Wisconsin.
115. Freiberg, C., Fellay, R., Bairoch, A., Broughton, W. J., Rosenthal, A., & Perret, X. (1997). Molecular basis of symbiosis between Rhizobium and legumes. Nature, 387, 394-401.
116. Galán, J. E., & Collmer, A. (1999). Type III secretion machines: bacterial devices for protein delivery into host cells. Science 284, 1322-1328.
117. Galibert, F., Finan, T. M., Long, S. R., Pühler, A., Abola, P., Ampe, F., et al. (2001). The composite genome of the legume symbiont Sinorhizobium meliloti. Science, 293, 668-672.
118. Gao, M., D'Haeze, W., De Rycke, R., Wolucka, B., & Holsters, M. (2001). Knockout of an Azorhizobial dTDP-L-rhamnose synthase affects lipopolysaccharide and extracellular polysaccharide production and disables symbiosis with Sesbania rostrata. Molecular Plant- Microbe Interactions, 14, 857-866.
119. Garcia, M., Dunlap, J., Loh, J., & Stacey, G. (1996). Phenotypic characterization and regulation of the nolA gene of Bradyrhizobium japonicum. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 9, 625-636.
120. Gaunt, M. W., Turner, S. L., Rigottier-Gois, L., Lloyd-Macgilp, S. A., & Young, J. P. W. (2001). Phylogenies of atpD and recA support the small subunit rRNA-based classification of rhizobia. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Bacteriology, 51, 2037-2048.
121. Gavin, A. C., Bösche, M., Krause, R., Grandi, P., Marzioch, M., Bauer, A. et al. (2002) Functional organization of the yeast proteome by systematic analysis of protein complexes. Nature, 415, 141-147.
122. Gehring, C. A., Irving, H. R., Kabbara, A. A., Parish, R. W., Boukli, N. M., & Broughton, W. J. (1997). Rapid, plateau-like increases in intracellular free calcium are associated with nod-factor-induced root hair deformation. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 10, 791-802.
123. Geiger, O., Glushka, J., Lugtenberg, B. J. J., Spaink, H. P., & Thomas-Oates, J. E. (1998). Rhizobial NodFE-dependent fatty acids which lack an α-βunsaturation are subject to differential transfer, leading to novel phospholipids. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 11, 33-44.
124. Geremia, R. A., Mergaert, P., Geelen, D., Van Montagu, M., & Holsters, M. (1994). The NodC protein of Azorhizobium caulinodans is an N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 91, 2669-2673.
125. Ghosh, P. (2004). Process of protein transport by the type III secretion system. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Review, 68, 771-795.
126. Gil-Serrano, A. M., González-Jiménez, I., Mateo, P. T., Bernabé, M., Jiménez-Barbero, J., Megias, M., et al. (1995). Structural analysis of the O-antigen of the lipopolysaccharide of Rhizobium tropici CIAT899. Carbohydrate Research, 275, 285-294.
127. Glazebrook, J., & Walker, G. C. (1989). A novel exopolysaccharide can function in place of calcofluorbinding exopolysaccharides in nodulation of alfalfa by Rhizobium meliloti. Cell, 56, 661-672.
128. Gluckman, M. A., Reuber, T. L., & Walker, G. C. (1993). Family of glycosyltransferases needed for the synthesis of succinoglycan by Rhizobium meliloti. Journal of Bacteriology, 175, 7033-7044.
129. Goethals, K., van Montagu, M., & Holsters, M. (1992). Conserved motifs in a divergent nod box of Azorhizobium caulinodans ORS571 reveal a common structure in promoters regulated by the LysR-type protein. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 89, 1646-1650.
130. González, J. E., York, G. M, & Walker, G. C. (1996). Rhizobium meliloti exopolysaccharides: Synthesis and symbiotic function. Gene, 179, 141-146.
131. Goosen-de Roo, L., de Maagd, R. A., & Lugtenberg, B. J. J. (1991). Antigenic changes in lipopolysaccharide I of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae in root nodules of Vicia sativa subsp. nigra occur during release from infection threads. Journal of Bacteriology, 173, 3177-3183.
132. Gophna, U., Ron, E. Z., & Graur, D. (2003). Bacterial type III secretion systems are ancient and evolved by multiple horizontal-transfer events. Gene, 312, 151-163.
133. Gore, R. S., & Miller, K. J. (1992). Cell surface carbohydrates of microaerobic, nitrogenase-active, continous cultures of Bradyrhizobium sp. strain 32H1. Journal of Bacteriology, 174, 7838-7840.
134. Gore, R. S., & Miller, K. J. (1993). Cyclic β-1, 6 -1, 3 glucans are synthesized by Bradyrhizobium japonicum bacteroids within soybean (Glycine max) root nodules. Plant Physiology, 102, 191-194.
135. Göttfert, M., Hitz, S., & Hennecke, H. (1990). Identification of nodS and nodU two inducible genes inserted between the Bradyrhizobium japonicum nodYABC and nodIJ genes. Molecular Plant- Microbe Interactions, 3, 308-316.
136. Göttfert, M., Röthlisberger, S., Kündig, C., Beck, C., Marty, R., & Henneke, H. (2001). Potential symbiosis-specific genes uncovered by sequencing a 410-kilobase DNA region of the Bradyrhizobium japonicum chromosome. Journal of Bacteriology, 183, 1405-1412.
137. Graham, P. H., Sadowsky, M. J., Keyser, H. H., Barnet, Y. M., Bradley, R. S., Cooper, J. E., et al. (1991). Proposed minimal standards for the description of new genera and species of root- And stem-nodulating bacteria. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, 41, 582-587.
138. Gray, J. X., Zhan, H., Levery, S. B., Battisti, L., Rolfe, B. G., & Leigh, J. A. (1991). Heterologous exopolysaccharide production in Rhizobium sp. strain NGR234 and consequences for nodule development. Journal of Bacteriology, 173, 3066-3077.
139. Györgypál, Z., Kiss, G. B., & Kondorosi, Á. (1991a). Transduction of plant signal molecules by the Rhizobium NodD proteins. BioEssays, 13, 575-581.
140. Györgypal, Z., Kondorosi, É., & Kondorosi, Á. (1991b). Diverse signal sensitivity of NodD protein homologs from narrow and broad host range rhizobia. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 4, 356-364.
141. Hanin, M., Jabbouri, S., Quesada-Vincens, D., Freiburg, C., Perret, X., Promé, J.-C., et al. (1997). Sulphation of Rhizobium sp. NGR234 Nod factors is dependent on noeE, a new host-specificity gene. Molecular Microbiology, 24, 1119-1129.
142. He, S. Y. (1998). Type III protein secretion systems in plant and animal pathogenic bacteria. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 36, 363-392.
143. Heddi, A., Grenier, A. M., Khatchadourian, C., Charles, H., & Nardon, P. (1999). Four intracellular genomes direct weevil biology: nuclear, mitochondrial, principal endosymbion and Wolbachia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 96, 6814-6819.
144. Hellriegel, H (1886). Welche Stickstoffquellen stehen der Pflanze zu Gebote? Zeitschrift des Vereins für Rübenzucker-Industrie des Deutschen Reichs, 38, 863-877.
145. Hellriegel, H, & Wilfarth, H. (1888). Untersuchungen über die Stickstoffnahrung der Gramineen und Leguminosen. Beilageheft zu der Zeitschrift des Vereins fur Rübenzucker-Industrie Deutschen Reichs, pp. 234, Buchdruckerei der Post, Kayssler & Co.
146. Henikoff, S., Haughn, G. W., Calvo, J. M., & Wallace, J. C. (1988). A large family of bacterial activator proteins. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 85, 6602-6066.
147. Her, G.-R., Glazebrook, J., Walker, G. C., & Reinhold, V. N. (1990). Structural studies of a novel exopolysaccharide produced by a mutant of Rhizobium meliloti strain Rm1021. Carbohydrate Research, 198, 305-312.
148. Hiltner, L. (1900). Über die ursachen, welche die Grösse, Zahl, Stellung und Wirkung der Wurzelknöllchen der Leguminosen bedingen. Arbeiten aus der Biologischen Abteilung für Land und Forstwirtschaft am Kaiserlichen Gesndheitsamte, 1, 177-222. Berlin, Germany.
149. Hiltner, L. & Stormer, K. (1903). Neue Untersuchungen über die wurzelknöllchen der Leguminosen und deren Erreger. Arbeiten aus der Biologischen Abteilung für Land und Forstwirtschaft am Kaiserlichen Gesndheitsamte, 3, 151-307. Berlin, Germany.
150. Ho, Y, Gruhler, A, Heilbut, A, Bader, G. D., Moore, L., Adams, S. L., et al. (2002). Systematic identification of protein complexes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by mass spectrometry. Nature, 415, 180-183.
151. Hogg, B., Davies, A. E., Wilson, K. E., Bisseling, T., & Downie, J.A. (2002). Competitive nodulation blocking of cv. Afghanistan pea is related to high levels of nodulation factors made by some strains of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 15, 60-68.
152. Hollingsworth R. I., & Carlson, R. W. (1989). 27-Hydroxyoctacosanoic acid is a major structural fatty acyl component of the lipopolysaccharide of Rhizobium trifolii ANU 843. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 264, 9300-9303.
153. Honma, M. A., & Ausubel, F. M. (1987). Rhizobium meliloti Has three functional copies of the nodD symbiotic regulatory gene. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the United States of America, 84, 8558-8562.
154. Hotter, G. S., & Scott, B. (1991). Exopolysaccharide mutants of Rhizobium loti are fully effective on a determinate nodulating host but are ineffective on an indeterminate nodulating host. Journal of Bacteriology, 173, 851-859.
155. Hueck, C. J. (1998). Type III protein secretion system in bacterial pathogens of animal and plants. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, 62, 379-433.
156. Huguet, E., & Bonas, U. (1997). hrpF of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesticatoria encodes an 87-kDa protein with homology to NolX of Rhizobium fredii. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions 10, 488-498.
157. Ielpi, L., Dylan, T., Ditta, G. S., Helinski, D. R., & Stanfield, S. W. (1990). The ndvB locus of Rhizobium meliloti encodes a 319-kDa protein involved in the production of β-(1→2)-glucan. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 265, 2843-2851.
158. Ingram-Smith, C., & Miller, K. J. (1998). Effects of ionic and osmotic strength on the glucosyltransferase of Rhizobium meliloti responsible for cyclic β-(1, 2)-glucan biosynthesis. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 64, 1290-1297.
159. Inon de Iannino, N., & Ugdale, R.A. (1993). Biosynthesis of cyclic beta-(1-3), beta-(1-6) glucan in Bradyrhizobium spp. Archives of Microbiology, 159, 30-38.
160. Jabbouri, S., Fellay, R., Talmont, F., Kamalaprija, P., Burger, U., Relic, B., et al. (1995). Involvement of nodS in N-methylation and nodU in 6-O-carbamoylation of Rhizobium sp. NGR234 Nod factors. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 270, 22968-22973.
161. Jabbouri, S., Relic, B., Hanin, M., Kamalaprija, P., Burger, U., Promé, D., et al. (1998). nolO and noeI (HsnIII) of Rhizobium sp. NGR234 are involved in 3-O-carbamoylation and 2-O-methylation of nod factors. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 273, 12047-12055.
162. Jaftha, J. B., Strijdom, B. W., & Steyn, P. L. (2002). Characterization of pigmented methylotrophic bacteria which nodulate Lotononis bainesii. Systematic and Applied Microbiology, 25, 440-449.
163. Jarvis, B. D. W., Pankhurst, C. E., & Patel, J. J. (1982). Rhizobium loti, a new species of legume root bacteria. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, 32, 378-380.
164. Jarvis, B. D. W., van Berkum, P., Chen, W.-X., Nour, S. M., Fernández, M. P., Cleyet-Marel, J. C., et al. (1997). Transfer of Rhizobium loti, Rhizobium huakuii, Rhizobium ciceri, Rhizobium mediterraneum, and Rhizobium tianshanense to Mesorhizobium gen. nov. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, 47, 895-898.
165. Jin, Q., & He, S. Y. (2001). Role of the Hrp pilus in type III protein secretion in Pseudomonas syringae. Science, 294, 2556-2558.
166. John, M., Röhrig, H., Schmidt, J., Wieneke, U., & Schell, J. (1993). Rhizobium NodB protein involved in modulation signal synthesis is a chitooligosacccharide deacetylase. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 90, 625-629.
167. John, M, Schmidt, J., Wieneke, U., Kruessmann, H.-D., & Schell, J. (1988). Transmembrane orientation and receptor-like structure of the Rhizobium meliloti common nodulation protein NodC. European Molecular Biology Organization Journal, 7, 583-588.
168. Jordan, D. C. (1980). Transfer of Rhizobium japonicum Buchanan to Bradyrhizobium gen. nov., a genus of slow-growing, root nodule bacteria from leguminous plants. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, 32, 136-139.
169. Jourand, P., Giraud, E., Béna, G., Sy, A., Willems, A., Gillis, M., et al. (2004). Methylobacterium nodulans sp. nov., for a group of aerobic, facultatively methylotrophic, legume root-noduleforming and nitrogen-fixing bacteria. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 54, 2269-2273.
170. Kamst, E., Bakkers, J., Quaedvlieg, N. E., Pilling, J., Kijne, J. W., Lugtenberg, B. J., Spaink, H. P. (1999). Chitin oligosaccharide synthesis by Rhizobia and Zebrafish embryos starts by glycosyl transfer to O4 of the reducing-terminal residue. Biochemistry, 38, 4045-52.
171. Kaneko, T., Nakamura, Y., Sato, S., Asamizu, E., Kato, T., Sasamoto, S., et al. (2000). Complete genome structure of the nitrogen-fixing symbiotic bacterium Mesorhizobium loti. DNA Research, 7, 331-338.
172. Kaneko, T., Nakamura, Y., Sato, S., Minamisawa, K., Uchiumi, T., Sasmoto, S., et al. (2002). Complete genomic sequence of nitrogen-fixing symbiotic bacterium Bradyrhizobium japonicum USDA110. DNA Research, 9, 189-197.
173. Kannenberg, E. L., Perotto, S., Bianciotto, V., Rathbun, E. A., & Brewin, N. J. (1994). Lipopolysaccharide epitope expression of Rhizobium bacteroids as revealed by in situ immunolabelling of pea root nodule sections. Journal of Bacteriology, 176, 2021-2032.
174. Kannenberg, E. L., Reuhs, B.L., Forsberg, L. S., & Carlson, R.W. (1998). Lipopolysaccharides and Kantigens: Their structures, biosynthesis, and functions. In H. P. Spaink, Á. Kondorosi, P. J. J. Hooykaas (Eds.) The Rhizobiaceae: Molecular biology of model plant-associated bacteria (119-54). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Press.
175. Kannenberg, E. L., & Carlson, R. W. (2001). Lipid A and O-chain modifications cause Rhizobium lipopolysaccharides to become hydrophobic during bacteroid development. Molecular Microbiology, 39, 379-391.
176. Karr, D. B., Liang, R. T., Reuhs, B L., & Emerich, D. W. (2000). Altered exopolysaccharides of Bradyrhizobium japonicum mutants correlate with impaired soybean lectin binding, but not with effective nodule formation. Planta, 211, 218-226.
177. Keyser, H. H., Bohlool, B. B., Hu, T. S., & Weber, D. F. (1982). Fast-growing rhizobia isolated from root nodules of soybean. Science, 215, 1631-1632.
178. Knight, C. D., Rossen, L., Robertson, J. G., Wells, B., & Downie, J. A. (1986). Nodulation inhibition by Rhizobium leguminosarum multicopy nodABC genes and analysis of early stages of plant infection. Journal of Bacteriology, 166, 552-558.
179. Kondorosi, É., Pierre, M., Cren, M., Haumann, U., Buire, M., Hoffmann, B., et al. (1991). Identification of NolR, a negative transacting factor controlling the nod regulon in Rhizobium meliloti. Journal of Molecular Biology, 222, 885-896.
180. Kosslak, R. M., Bookland, R., Barkei, J., Paaren, H. E., & Appelbaum, E. R. (1987). Induction of Bradyrhizobium japonicum common nod genes by isoflavones isolated from Glycine max. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 84, 7428-7432.
181. Kovacs, L. G., Balatti, P. A., Krishnan, H. B., & Pueppke, S. G. (1995). Transcriptional organization and expression of nolXWBTUV, a locus that regulates cultivar-specific nodulation of soybean by Rhizobium fredii USDA257, Molecular Microbiology, 17, 923-933.
182. Krause, A., Doerfel, A., Göttfert, M., (2002). Mutational and transcriptional analysis of the type III secretion system of Bradyrhizobium japonicum. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 15, 1228-1235.
183. Krishnan, H. B. (2002). NolX of Sinorhizobium fredii USDA257, a type III-secreted protein involved in host range determination, is localized in the infection threads of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata [L.] Walp) and soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) nodules. Journal of Bacteriology, 184, 831-839.
184. Krishnan, H. B., Kuo, C.-L., & Pueppke, S. G. (1995). Elaboration of flavonoid-induced proteins by the nitrogen-fixing soybean symbiont Rhizobium fredii is regulated by both nodD1 and nodD2, and is dependent on the cultivar-specificity locus, nolXWBTUV. Microbiology, 141, 2245-2251.
185. Krishnan, H. B., Lewin, A., Fellay, R., Broughton, W. J., & Pueppke, S. G. (1992). Differential expression of nodS accounts for the varied abilities of Rhizobium fredii USDA257 and Rhizobium sp. strain NGR234 to nodulate Leucaena spp. Molecular Microbiology, 6, 3321-3330.
186. Krishnan, H. B., Lorio, J., Kim, W. S., Guoqiao, J., Kim, K.Y., DeBoer, M., et al. (2003). Extracellular proteins involved in soybean cultivar-specific nodulation are associated with pilus-like surface appendages and exported by a type III secretion system in Sinorhizobium fredii USDA257. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 16, 617-625.
187. Krishnan, H. B., & Pueppke, S. G. (1991). Sequence and analysis of the nodABC region of Rhizobium fredii USDA257, a nitrogen-fixing symbiont of the soybean and other legumes. Molecular Plant- Microbe Interactions, 5, 512-520.
188. Krishnan, H. B., & Pueppke, S. G. (1993). Flavonoid inducers of nodulation genes stimulate Rhizobium fredii USDA257 to export proteins into the environment. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 6, 107-113.
189. Krishnan, H. B., & Pueppke, S. G. (1994). Cultivar-specificity genes of the nitrogen-fixing soybean symbiont, Rhizobium fredii USDA257, also regulate nodulation of Erythrina spp. American Journal of Botany, 81, 38-45.
190. Kubori, T., Matsushima, Y., Nakamura, D., Uralili, J., Lara-Tejero, M., Sukhan, A., et al. (1998). Supramolecular structure of Salmonella typhimurium type III protein secretion system. Science, 280, 602-605.
191. Kuykendall, L. D., Saxena, B., Devine, T. E., & Udell, S. E. (1992). Genetic diversity in Bradyrhizobium japonicum Jordan 1982 and a proposal for Bradyrhizobium elkanii sp. nov. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 38, 501-505.
192. Kwon, S.-W., Park, J.-Y., Kim, J.-S., Kang, J.-W., Cho, Y.-H., Lim, C.-K., et al. (2005). Phylogenetic analysis of the genera Bradyrhizobium, Mesorhizobium, Rhizobium and Sinorhizobium on the basis of 16S rRNA gene and internally transcribed spacer region sequences. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 55, 263-270.
193. Laguerre, G., Geniaux, E., Mazurier, S. I., Rodríguez-Casartelli, R., & Amarger, N. (1993). Conformity and diversity among field isolates of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae, bv. trifolii, and bv. phaseoli revealed by DNA hybridization using chromosome and plasmid probes. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 39, 412-419.
194. Laguerre, G., Mavingui, P., Allard, R. R., Charnay, M. P., Louvrier, R., Mazurier, S. I., et al. (1996). Typing of rhizobia by PCR DNA fingerprinting and PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of chromosomal and symbiotic gene regions: Application to Rhizobium leguminosarum and its different biovars. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 62, 2029-2036.
195. Laguerre, G., Nour, S. M., Macheret, V., Sanjuan, J., Drouin, P., & Amarger, N. (2001). Classification of rhizobia based on nodC and nifH gene analysis reveals a close phylogenetic relationship among Phaseolus vulgaris symbionts. Microbiology, 147, 981-993.
196. Lamrabet, Y., Bellogin, R. A., Cubo, M. T., Espuny, R., Gil, A., Krishnan, H. B., et al. (1999). Mutation in GDP-fucose synthesis genes of Sinorhizobium fredii alters nod factors and significantly decreases competitiveness to nodulate soybeans. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 12, 207-217.
197. Laus, M. C., & Kijne, J. W. (2004). A fixer's dress code: Surface polysaccharides and host-plantspecificity in the root nodule symbiosis. Trends in Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, 16, 281-290.
198. Lee, C. A. (1997). Type III secretion systems: machines to deliver bacterial proteins into eukaryotic cells? Trends in Microbiology, 5, 148-156.
199. Leigh, J. A., Signer, E. R., & Walker, G. C. (1985). Exopolysaccharide-deficient mutants of Rhizobium meliloti that form ineffective nodules. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 82, 6231-6235.
200. Leigh, J. A., Reed, J. W., Hanks, J. F., Hirsch, A. M., & Walker, G. C. (1987). Rhizobium meliloti mutants that fail to succinylate their calcofluor-binding exopolysaccharide are defective in nodule invasion. Cell, 51, 579-588.
201. Lerouge, P., Roche, P., Faucher, C., Maillet, F., Truchet, G., Promé, J.-C., et al. (1990). Symbiotic host specificity of Rhizobium meliloti is determined by a sulphated and acylated glucosamine oligosaccharide signal. Nature, 344, 781-784.
202. Lewis-Henderson, W. R., & Djordjevic, M. A. (1991). NodT, a positively-acting cultivar specificity determinant controlling nodulation of Trifolium subterraneum by Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar trifolii. Plant Molecular Biology, 16, 515-526.
203. Lim, G., & Burton, J. C. (1982). Nodulation status of the Leguminosae. In: W. J. Broughton, (Ed.), Nitrogen Fixation. II. Rhizobium (1-34). Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.
204. Lindström, K. (1989). Rhizobium galegae, a new species of legume root nodule bacteria. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, 39, 365-367.
205. Ljunggren, H., & Fahraeus, G. (1959). Effect of Rhizobium polysaccharide on the formation of polygalacturonase in lucerne and clover. Nature, 184 (supplement 20), 1578-1580.
206. Lochowska, A., Iwanicka-Nowicka, R., Plochocka, D., & Hryniewicz, M. M. (2001). Functional dissection of the LysR-type CysB transcriptional regulator. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 276, 2098-2107.
207. Loh, J., Garcia, M., & Stacey, G. (1997). NodV and NodW, a second flavonoids recognition system regulating nod gene expression in Bradyrhizobium japonicum. Journal of Bacteriology, 179, 3013-3020.
208. Loh, J., Stacey, M. G., Sadowsky, M. J., & Stacey, G. (1999). The Bradyrhizobium japonicum nolA gene encodes three functionally distinct proteins. Journal of Bacteriology, 181, 1544-1554.
209. Lohnis, F., & Hansen, R. (1921). Nodule bacteria of leguminous plants. Journal of Agricultural Research, 20, 543-556.
210. Long, S. R. (1989). Rhizobium-legume nodulation: Life together in the underground. Cell, 56, 203-214.
211. Long, S., Reed, J. W., Himawan, J., & Walker, G. C. (1988). Genetic analysis of a cluster of genes required for synthesis of the calcofluor-binding expolysaccharide of Rhizobium meliloti. Journal of Bacteriology, 170, 4239-4248.
212. López-Lara, I. M., Sohlenkamp, C., & Geiger, O. (2003). Membrane lipids in plant-associated bacteria: Their biosyntheses and possible functions. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 16, 567-579.
213. López-Lara, I. M., van der Drift, K. M. G. M., van Brussel, A. A. N., Haverkamp, J., Lugtenberg, B. J. J., Thomas-Oates, J. E., et al. (1995). Induction of nodule primordia on Phaseolus and Acacia by lipo-chitin oligosaccharide nodulation signals from broad-host-range Rhizobium strain GRH2. Plant Molecular Biology, 29, 465-477.
214. Lorio, J. C., Kim, W. S., & Krishnan, H. B. (2004). NopB, a soybean cultivar-specificity protein from Sinorhizobium fredii USDA257, is a type III secreted protein. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 17, 1259-1268.
215. Lorquin, J., Lortet, G., Ferro, M., Méar, N., Dreyfus, B., Promé, J.-C., et al. (1997). Nod factors from Sinorhizobium saheli and S. teranga bv. sesbaniae are both arabinosylated and fucosylated, a structural feature specific to Sesbania rostrata symbionts. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 10, 879-90.
216. Ludwig, W., Amann, R., Martínez -Romero, E., Schönhuber, W., Bauer, S., Neef, A., et al. (1998). rRNA based identification and detection systems for rhizobia and other bacteria. Plant and Soil, 204, 1-19.
217. Macnab, R. M. (1999). The bacterial flagellum: reversible rotary propeller and type III export apparatus. Journal of Bacteriology, 181, 7149-7153.
218. Maidak, B. L., Olsen, G. J., Larsen, N., Overbeek, R., McCaughey, M. J., & Woese, C. R. (1996). The ribosomal database project (RDP). Nucleic Acids Research, 24, 82-85.
219. Maillet, F., Debellé, F., & Dénarié, J. (1990). Role of the nodD and syrM genes in the activation of the regulatory NodD3 and of the common and host-specific nod genes of Rhizobium meliloti. Molecular Microbiology, 4, 1975-1984.
220. Mapp, A. K. (2003). Regulating transcription: A chemical perspective. Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry, 1, 2217-2220.
221. Marie, C., Barny, M.-A., & Downie, J. A. (1992). Rhizobium-leguminosarum has two glucosamine synthases Glms and NodM required for nodulation and development of nitrogen fixing nodules. Molecular Microbiology, 6, 843-851.
222. Marie, C., Broughton, W. J., & Deakin, W. J. (2001). Rhizobium type III secretion systems: Legume charmers or alarmers? Current Opinion in Plant Biology, 4, 336-342.
223. Marie, C., Deakin, W. J., Ojanen-Reuhs, T., Diallo, E., Reuhs, B., Broughton, W. J., et al. (2004) TtsI, a key regulator of Rhizobium species NGR234 is required for type III-dependent protein secretion and synthesis of rhamnose-rich polysaccharides. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 17, 958- 966.
224. Marie, C., Deakin, W. J., Viprey, V., Kopciñska, J., Golinowski, W., Krishnan, H. B. et al. (2003). Characterization of Nops, nodulation outer proteins, secreted via the type III secretion system of NGR234. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 16, 743-751.
225. Mathis, R., Van Gijsegem, F., De Rycke, R., D'Haeze, W., Van Maelsaeke, E., Anthonio, E., et al. (2005). Lipopolysaccharides as a communication signal for progression of legume endosymbiosis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 102, 2655-2660.
226. Martínez-Romero, E., Segovia, L., Marcante, F. M., Franco, A. A., Graham, P., Pardo, M. A. (1991). Rhizobium tropici, a novel species nodulating Phaseolus vulgaris L. beans and Leucaena sp. trees. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, 41, 417-426.
227. Meinhardt, L. W., Krishnan, H. B., Balatti, P. A., & Pueppke, S. G (1993). Molecular cloning and characterization of a sym plasmid locus that regulates cultivar-specific nodulation of soybean by Rhizobium fredii USDA257. Molecular Microbiology, 9, 17-29.
228. Mergaert, P., Ferro, M., D'Haeze, W., Van Montagu, M., Holsters, M., & Promé, J.-C. (1997a). Nod factors of Azorhizobium caulinodans strain ORS571 can be glycosylated with an arabinosyl group, a fucosyl group, or both. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 10, 683-687.
229. Mergaert, P., Van Montagu, M., & Holsters, M. (1997b). Molecular mechanisms of Nod factor diversity. Molecular Microbiology, 25, 811-817.
230. Mergaert, P., Van Montagu, M., & Holsters, M. (1997c). The nodulation gene nolK of Azorhizobium caulinodans is involved in the formation of GDP-fucose from GDP-mannose. Federation of European Biochemical Societies Letters, 409, 312-316.
231. Michiels, J., Dombrecht, B., Vermeiren, N., Xi., C.-W., Luyten, E., & Vanderleyden, J. (1998). Phaseolus vulgaris is a non-selective host for nodulation. Federation of European Microbiological Societies Microbiology Ecology, 26, 193-205.
232. Michiels, T., & Cornelis, G. (1988). Nucleotide sequence and transcription analysis of yop51 from Yersinia enterocolitica W22703. Microbial Pathogenesis, 5, 449-459.
233. Michiels, T., Wattiau, P., Brasseur, R., Ruysschaert, J.-M., Cornelis, G. (1990). Secretion of Yop proteins by Yersiniae. Infection and Immunity, 58, 2840-2849.
234. Miller, K. J., Hadley, J. A., & Gustine, D. L. (1994). Cyclic β-1, 6-1, 3-glucans of Bradyrhizobium japonicum USDA 110 elicit isoflavonoid production in the soybean (Glycine max) host. Plant Physiology, 104, 917-923.
235. Minami, E., Kouchi, H., Carlson, R. W., Cohn, J. R., Kolli, V. K., Day, R. B., et al. (1996). Cooperative action of lipo-chitin nodulation signals on the induction of the early nodulin, ENOD2, in soybean roots. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 9, 574-583.
236. Mithöfer, A. (2002). Suppression of plant defence in rhizobia-legume symbiosis. Trends in Plant Science, 7, 440-444.
237. Mithöfer, A., Bhagwat, A. A., Feger, M., & Ebel, J. (1996). Suppression of fungal β-glucan-induced plant defense in soybean (Glycine max L.) by cyclic 1, 3-1, 6-β-glucans from the symbiont Bradyrhizobium japonicum. Planta, 199, 270-275.
238. Moulin, L., Munive, A, Dreyfus, B., & Boivin-Masson, C. (2001). Nodulation of legumes by members of the β-subclass of Proteobacteria. Nature, 411, 948-950.
239. Mulligan, J. T., & Long, S. R. (1989). A family of activator genes regulates expression of Rhizobium meliloti nodulation genes. Genetics, 122, 7-18.
240. Niehaus, K., Kapp, D., & Pühler, A. (1993). Plant defence and delayed infection of alfalfa pseudonodules induced by an exopolysaccharide (EPS I)-deficient Rhizobium meliloti mutant. Planta, 190, 415-425.
241. Niehaus, K., Lagares, A., & Pühler, A. (1998). A Sinorhizobium meliloti lipopolysaccharide mutant induces effective nodules on the host plant Medicago sativa (alfalfa) but fails to establish a symbiosis with Medicago truncatula. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 11, 906-914.
242. Nguyen, L., Paulsen, I. T., Tchieu, J., Hueck, C. J., Saier, M. H. Jr. (2000). Phylogenetic analyses of the constituents of type III protein secretion systems. Journal of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology 2, 125-144.
243. Nobbe, F., Hiltner, L., & Schmid, E. (1895). Versuche über die Biolgie der Knöllchenbakterien der Leguminosen, insbesondere über die Frage der Arteinheit derselben. Bericht über die Tätigkeit der Landwirtschaftlichen Abteilung der Königlichen Versuchsstation für Pflanzenkultur zu Dresden, 45, 1-27.
244. Nour, S. M., Fernandez, M. P., Normand, P., & Cleyet-Marel, J. C. (1994). Rhizobium ciceri sp. nov., consisting of strains that nodulate chickpeas (Cicer arietinum L.). International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, 44, 511-522.
245. Nour, S. M., Cleyet-Marel, J. C., Normand, P., & Fernandez, M. P. (1995). Genomic heterogeneity of strains nodulating chickpeas (Cicer arietinum L.) and description of Rhizobium mediterraneum sp. nov. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, 45, 640-648.
246. Norris, V., Turnock, G. & Sigee, D. (1996). The Escherichia coli enzoskeleton. Molecular Microbiology, 19, 197-204.
247. Nübel, U., Engelen, B., Felske, A., Snaidr, J., Wieshuber, A., Amann, R. I., et al. (1996). Sequence heterogeneities of genes encoding 16S rRNAs in Paenibacillus polymyxa detected by temperature gradient gel electrophoresis. Journal of Bacteriology, 178, 5636-5643.
248. Ogawa, J., & Long, S. R. (1995) The Rhizobium meliloti groELc locus is required for regulation of early nod genes by the transcription activator NodD. Genes and Development, 9, 714-729.
249. Olsthoorn, M. M. A., López-Lara, I. M., Petersen, B. O., Bock, K., Haverkamp, J., Spaink, H. P., et al. (1998). Novel branched Nod factor structure results from β-(1 3) fucosyl transferase activity: The major lipo-chitin oligosaccharides from Mesorhizobium loti strain NZP2213 bear an β-(1 3) fucosyl substituent on a nonterminal backbone residue. Biochemistry, 37, 9024-9032.
250. Orgambide, G. C., Li, J., Hollingsworth, R. I., & Dazzo, F. B. (1995). Structurally diverse chitolipooligosaccharide Nod factors accumulate primarily in membranes of wild-type Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar trifolii. Biochemistry, 34, 3832-3840.
251. Orth, K., Xu, Z., Mudgett, M. B., Bao, Z. Q., Palmer, L. E., Bliska, J. B., et al. (2000). Disruption of signaling by Yersinia effector YopJ, a ubiquitin-like protein protease. Science, 290, 1594-1597.
252. Ovtsyna, A. O., Schultze, M., Tikhonovich, I. A., Spaink, H. P., Kondorosi, É., Kondorosi, Á., et al. (2000). Nod factors of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae and their fucosylated derivatives stimulate a Nod factor cleaving activity in pea roots and are hydrolyzed in vitro by plant chitinases at different rates. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 13, 799-807.
253. Page, A. L., & Parsot, C. (2002). Chaperones of the type III secretion pathway: jacks of all trades. Molecular Microbiology, 46, 1-11.
254. Parniske, M., & Downie, J. A. (2003). Locks, keys and symbioses. Nature, 425, 569-570.
255. Parniske, M., Schmidt, P. E., Kosch, K., & Müller, P. (1994). Plant defense response of host plants with determinate nodules induced by EPS-defective exoB mutants of Bradyrhizobium japonicum. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 7, 631-638.
256. Pellock, B. J., Cheng, H. P., & Walker, G. C. (2000). Alfalfa root nodule invasion efficiency is dependent on Sinorhizobium meliloti polysaccharides. Journal of Bacteriology, 182, 4310-4318.
257. Perotto, S., Brewin, N. J., & Kannenberg, E. L. (1994). Cytological evidence for a host defence response that reduces cell and tissue invasion in pea nodules by lipopolysaccharides-defective mutants of Rhizobium leguminosarum strain 3841. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 7, 99- 112.
258. Perret, X., Staehelin, C., & Broughton, W. J. (2000). Molecular basis of symbiotic promiscuity. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, 64, 180-201.
259. Peters, N. K., Frost, J. W., & Long, S. R. (1986). A plant flavone, luteolin, induces expression of Rhizobium meliloti nodulation genes. Science, 233, 977-980.
260. Peters, N. K., & Long, S. R. (1988). Alfalfa root exudates and compounds which promote or inhibit induction of Rhizobium meliloti nodulation genes. Plant Physiology, 88, 396-400.
261. Philip-Hollingsworth, S., Dazzo, F. B., & Hollingsworth, R. I. (1997). Structural requirements of Rhizobium chitolipooligosaccharides for uptake and bioactivity in legume roots as revealed by synthetic analogs and fluorescent probes. Journal of Lipid Research, 38, 1229-1241.
262. Philip-Hollingsworth, S., Hollingsworth, R. I., & Dazzo, F. B. (1991). N-acetylglutaminic acid: An extracellular nod signal of Rhizobium trifolii ANU843 that induces root hair branching and nodulelike primordia in white clover roots. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 266, 16854-16858.
263. Poinsot, V., Bélanger, E., Laberge, S., Yang, G.-P., Antoun, H., Cloutier, J., et al. (2001). Unusual methyl-branched α,β-unsaturated acyl chain substitutions in the Nod factors of an Arctic Rhizobium, Mesorhizobium sp. strain N33 (Oxytropis arctobia). Journal of Bacteriology, 183, 3721-3728.
264. Pollock T. J., van Workum, W. A. T., Thorne, L., Mikolajczak, M. J., Yamazaki, M., Kijne, J. W., et al. (1998). Assignment of biochemical functions to glycosyl transferase genes which are essential for biosynthesis of exopolysaccharides in Sphingomonas strain S88 and Rhizobium leguminosarum. Journal of Bacteriology, 180, 586-593.
265. Poupot, R., Martínez-Romero, E., Gautier, N., & Promé, J.-C. (1995). Wild type Rhizobium etli, a bean smbiont, produces acetyl-fucosylated, N-methylated and carbamoylated nodulation factors. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 270, 6050-6055.
266. Poupot, R., Martínez-Romero, E., & Promé, J.-C. (1993). Nodulation factors from Rhizobium tropici are sulfated or nonsulfated chitopentasaccharides containing an N-methyl-N-acylglucosamine terminus. Biochemistry, 32, 10430-10435.
267. Prazmowski, A. (1889). Das Wesen und die biologise Bedeutung der Wurzelknöllchen der Erbse. Berichte Botanisches Centralblatt, 39, 356-362.
268. Prazmowski, A. (1890). Die Wurzelknöllchen der Erbse. Bericht über die Tätigkeit der Landwirtschaftlichen Abteilung der Königlichen Versuchsstation für Pflanzenkultur zu Berlin, 37, 161-238.
269. Price, N. P. (1999). Carbohydrate determinants of Rhizobium-legume symbioses. Carbohydrate Research, 317, 1-9.
270. Price, N. P. J., Relic, B., Talmont, F., Lewin, A., Promé, D., Pueppke, S. G., et al. (1992). Broad-hostrange Rhizobium species strain NGR234 secretes a family of carbamoylated, and fucosylated, nodulation signals that are O-acetylated or sulphated. Molecular Microbiology, 6, 3575-84.
271. Pueppke, S. G. (1996). The genetic and biochemical basis for nodulation of legumes by rhizobia. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology, 16, 1-51.
272. Pueppke, S. G., & Broughton, W. J. (1999). Rhizobium sp. NGR234 and R. fredii USDA 257 share exceptionally broad, nested host-ranges. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 12, 293-318.
273. Pueppke, S. G., DeBoer M., He, X.-T., &. Krishnan, H. B. (1999). An isoflavone from soybean roots induces Sinorhizobium fredii strain USDA257 to produce pilus-like surface appendages. In E. Martinez & G. Hernandez (Eds.), Highlights of Nitrogen Fixation Research (131-134). New York: Plenum Press.
274. Quinto, C., Wijfjes, A. H. M., Bloemberg, G. V., Blok-Tip, L., López- Lara, I. M., Lugtenberg, B. J. J., et al. (1997). Bacterial nodulation protein NodZ is a chitin oligosaccharidefucosyltransferase which can also recognize related substrates of animal origin. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 94, 4336-4341.
275. Ramu, S. K., Peng, H. M., & Cook, D. R. (2002). Nod factor induction of reactive oxygen species production is correlated with expression of the early nodulin gene rip1 in Medicago truncatula. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 15, 522-528.
276. Redmond, J. W., Batley, M., Djordjevic, M. A., Innes, R. W., Kuempel, P. L., & Rolfe, B. G. (1986). Flavones induce expression of nodulation genes in Rhizobium. Nature 323, 632-636.
277. Reinhold, B. B., Chan, S. Y., Reuber, T. L., Marra, A., Walker, G. C., & Reinhold, V. N. (1994). Detailed structural characterization of succinoglycan, the major exopolysaccharide of Rhizobium meliloti Rm1021. Journal of Bacteriology, 176, 1997-2002.
278. Reuhs, B. L., Carlson, R. W., & Kim, J. S. (1993). Rhizobium fredii and Rhizobium meliloti produce 3-deoxy-D-manno-2-octulosonic acid-containing polysaccharides that are structurally analogous to group II K antigens (capsular polysaccharides) found in Escherichia coli. Journal of Bacteriology, 175, 3570-3580.
279. Reuhs, B. L., Geller, D. P., Kim, J. S., Fox, J. E., Kolli, V. S., & Pueppke, S. G. (1998). Sinorhizobium fredii and Sinorhizobium meliloti produce structurally conserved lipopolysaccharides and strainspecific K antigens. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 64, 4930-4938.
280. Reuhs, B. L., Kim, J. S., Badgett, A., & Carlson, R. W. (1994). Production of cell-associated polysaccharides of Rhizobium fredii USDA205 is modulated by apigenin and host root extract. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 7, 240-247.
281. Reuhs, B. L., Stephens, S. B., Geller, D. P., Kim, J. S., Glenn, J., Przytycki, J., et al. (1999). Epitope identification for a panel of anti-Sinorhizobium meliloti monoclonal antibodies and application to the analysis of K-antigen and lipopolysaccharides from bacteroids. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 65, 5186-5191.
282. Ritsema, T., Wijfjes, A. M. H., Lugtenberg, B. J. J., & Spaink, H. P. (1996). Rhizobium nodulation protein NodA is a host specific determinant of the transfer of fatty acids in Nod factor biosynthesis. Molecular and General Genetics, 251, 44-51.
283. Rivas, R., Velazquez, E., Willems, A., Vizcaíno, N., Subba-Rao, N. S., Mateos, P., et al. (2002). A new species of Devosia that forms a unique nitrogen-fixing root-nodule symbiosis with the aquatic legume Neptunia natans (L.f.) Druce. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 68, 5217-5222.
284. Rivas, R., Willems, A., Subba-Rao, N. S., Mateos, P. F., Dazzo, F. B., Kroppenstedt, R. M., et al. (2003). Description of Devosia neptuniae sp. nov. that nodulates and fixes nitrogen in symbiosis with Neptunia natans, an aquatic legume from India. Systematic and Applied Microbiology, 26, 47-53.
285. Rivilla, R., Sutton, J. M., & Downie, J. A. (1995). Rhizobium leguminosarum NodT is related to a family of outer-membrane transport proteins that includes TolC, PrtF, CyaE and AprF. Gene, 161, 27-31.
286. Roche, P., Debellé, F., Maillet, F., Lerouge, P., Faucher, C., Truchet, G., et al. (1991a). Molecular basis of symbiotic host specificity in Rhizobium meliloti: nodH and nodPQ genes encode the sulfation of lipo-oligosaccharide signals. Cell, 67, 1131-1143.
287. Roche, P., Lerouge P., Ponthus, C., & Promé, J.-C. (1991b). Structural determination of bacterial nodulation factors involved in the Rhizobium meliloti alfalfa symbiosis. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 266, 10933-10940.
288. Roche, P., Maillet, F., Plazanet, C., Debellé, F., Ferro, M., Truchet, G., et al. (1996). The common nodABC genes of Rhizobium meliloti are host-range determinants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 93, 15305-15310.
289. Röhrig, H., Schmidt, J., Wieneke, U., Kondorosi, É., Barlier, I., Schell, J., et al. (1994). Biosynthesis of lipooligosaccharide nodulation factors: Rhizobium NodA protein is involved in N-acylation of the chitooligosaccharide backbone. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 91, 3122-3126.
290. Roine, E., Wei, W., Yuan, J., Nurmiaho-Lassila, E.-L., Kalkkinen, N., Romantschuk, M., et al. (1997). Hrp pilus: An hrp-dependent bacterial surface appendage produced by Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 94, 3459-3464.
291. Rolfe, B. G., Carlson, R. W., Ridge, R. W., Dazzo, F. B., Mateos, P. F., & Pankhurst, C. E. (1996). Defective infection and nodulation of clovers by exopolysaccharide mutants of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology, 23, 285-303.
292. Rolin D. B., Pfeffer, P. E., Osman, S. F., Szwergold, B. S., Kappler, F., & Benesi, A. J. (1992) Structural studies of a phosphocholine substituted β-(1, 3);(1, 6) macrocyclic glucan from Bradyrhizobium japonicum USDA 110. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1116, 215-225.
293. Rostas, K., Kondorosi, É., Horvath, B., Simoncsits, A., & Kondorosi, Á. (1986). Conservation of extended promoter regions of nodulation genes in Rhizobium. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the United States of America, 83, 1757-1761.
294. Saad, M. M., Kobayashi, H., Marie, C., Brown, I. R., Mansfield, J. W., Broughton, W. J., et al. (2005). NopB, a Type III secreted protein of Rhizobium sp. strain NGR234, is associated with pilus-like surface appendages. Journal of Bacteriology, 187, 1173-1181.
295. Saler, M. H., Tam, R., Reizer, A., & Reizer, J. (1994). Two novel families of bacterial membrane proteins concerned with nodulation, cell division, and transport. Molecular Microbiology, 11, 841-847.
296. Sanjuan, J., Carlson, R. W., Spaink, H. P., Bhat, U. R., Barbour, W. M., Glushka, J., et al. (1992). A 2-O-methylfucose moiety is present in the lipo-oligosaccharide nodulation signal of Bradyrhizobium japonicum. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 89, 8789-8793.
297. Savouré, A., Sallaud, C., El-Turk, J., Zuanazzi, J., Ratet, P., Schultze, M., et al. (1997). Distinct response of Medicago suspension cultures and roots to Nod factors and chitin oligomers in the elicitation of defense-related responses. Plant Journal, 11, 277-287.
298. Schell, M. A. (1993). Molecular biology of the LysR family of transcriptional regulators. Annual Review of Microbiology, 47, 597-626.
299. Schlaman, H. R. M., Okker, R. J. H., & Lugtenberg, B. J. J. (1992). Regulation of nodulation gene expression by NodD in Rhizobia. Journal of Bacteriology, 174, 5177-5182.
300. Scholla, M. H., & Elkan, G. H. (1984). Rhizobium fredii sp. nov. a fast-growing species that effectively nodulates soybeans. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, 34, 484-486.
301. Schultze, M., Quiclet-Sire, B., Kondorosi, É., Virelizier, H., Glushka, J. N., Endre, G., et al. (1992). Rhizobium meliloti produces a family of sulfated lipo-oligosaccharides exhibiting different degrees of plant host specificity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 89, 192-196.
302. Schwedock, J. S., Liu, C., Leyh, T. S., & Long, S. R. (1994). Rhizobium meliloti NodP and NodQ form a multifunctional sulfate-activating complex requiring GTP for activity. Journal of Bacteriology, 176, 7055-7064.
303. Schwedock, J., & Long, S. R. (1989). Nucleotide sequence and protein products of two new nodulation genes of Rhizobium meliloti, nodP and nodQ. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions. 2, 181-194.
304. Segovia, L., Young, J. P. W., & Martínez-Romero, E. (1993). Reclassification of American Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar phaseoli type I strains as Rhizobium etli sp. nov. International Journal Systematic Bacteriology, 43, 374-377.
305. Sindhu, S. S., Brewin, N. J., & Kannenberg, E. L. (1990). Immunochemical analysis of lipopolysaccharides from free-living and endosymbiotic forms of Rhizobium leguminosarum. Journal of Bacteriology, 172, 1804-1813.
306. Snoeck, C., Luyten, E., Poinsot, V., Savagnac, A., Vanderleyden, J., & Promé, J.-C. (2001) Rhizobium sp. BR816 produces a complex mixture of known and novel lipochitooligosaccharide molecules. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 14, 678-684.
307. Sohlenkamp, C., López-Lara, I. M., & Geiger, O. (2003). Biosynthesis of phosphatidylcholine in bacteria. Progress in Lipid Research, 42, 115-62.
308. Spaink, H. P. (1992). Rhizobial lipo-oligosaccharide: Answers and questions. Plant Molecular Biology, 20, 977-986.
309. Spaink, H. P. (1996). Regulation of plant morphogenesis by lipo-chitin oligosaccharides. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences, 15, 559-82.
310. Spaink, H. P. (2000). Root nodulation and infection factors produced by rhizobial bacteria. Annual Review of Microbiology, 54, 257-288.
311. Spaink, H. P., Bloemberg, G. V., van Brussel, A. A. N., Lugtenberg, B. J. J., van der Drift, K. M. G. M., Haverkamp, J., et al. (1995a). Host specificity of Rhizobium leguminosarum is determined by the hydrophobicity of highly unsaturated fatty acyl moieties of the nodulation factors. Molecular Plant- Microbe Interactions, 8, 155-164.
312. Spaink, H. P., Sheeley, D. M., van Brussel, A. A. N., Glushka, J., York, W. S., Tak, T., et al. (1991). A novel highly unsaturated fatty acid moiety of lipo-oligosaccharide signals determines host specificity of Rhizobium. Nature, 354, 125-130.
313. Spaink, H. P., Weinman, J., Djordjevic, M. A., Wijffelman, C. A., Okker, R. J. H., & Lugtenberg, B. J. J. (1989). Genetic analysis and cellular localization of the Rhizobium host-specificity-determining NodE protein European Molecular Biology Organization Journal, 8, 2811-2818.
314. Spaink, H. P., Wijffelman, C. A., Pees, E., Okker, R. J. H., & Lugtenberg, B. J. J. (1987). Rhizobium nodulation gene nodD as a determinant of host specificity. Nature, 328, 337-340.
315. Spaink, H. P., Wijfjes, A. H. M., & Lugtenberg, B. J. J. (1995b). Rhizobium NodI and NodJ proteins play a role in the efficiency of secretion of lipochitin oligosaccharides. Journal of Bacteriology, 177, 6276-6281.
316. Stacey, G., Luka, S., Sanjuan, J., Banfalvi, Z., Nieuwkoop, A. J., Chun, J. Y., et al. (1994). nodZ, a unique host-specific nodulation gene, is involved in the fucosylation of the lipooligosaccharide nodulation signal of Bradyrhizobium japonicum. Journal of Bacteriology, 176, 620-633.
317. Staehelin, C., Granado, J., Müller, J., Wiemken, A., Mellor, R. B., Felix, G., et al. (1994). Perception of Rhizobium nodulation factors by tomato cells and inactivation by root chitinases. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 91, 2196-2200.
318. Staehelin, C., Schultze, M., Kondorosi, É., & Kondorosi, Á. (1995). Lipo-chitooligosaccharide nodulation signals from Rhizobium meliloti induce their rapid degradation by the host plant alfalfa. Plant Physiology, 108, 1607-1614.
319. Staehelin, C., Schultze, M., Kondorosi, É., Mellor, R. B., Boller, T., & Kondorosi, Á. (1994). Structural modifications in Rhizobium meliloti Nod factors influence their stability against hydrolysis by root chitinases. Plant Journal, 5, 319-330.
320. Stokkermans, T. J. W., Orlando, R., Kolli, V. S. K., Carlson, R. W., & Peters, N. K. (1996). Biological activities and structures of Bradyrhizobium elkanii low abundance lipo chitin-oligosaccharides. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 9, 298-304.
321. Sullivan, J. T., Trzebiatowski, J. R., Cruickshank, R. W., Gouzy, J., Brown, S. D., Elliot, R. M., et al. (2002). Comparative sequence analysis of the symbiosis island of Mesorhizobium loti strain R7A. Journal of Bacteriology, 184, 3086-3095.
322. Swanson, J. A., Mulligan, J. T., & Long, S. R. (1993). Regulation of syrM and nodD3 in Rhizobium meliloti. Genetics, 134, 435-444.
323. Sy, A., Giraud, E., Jourand, P., Garcia, N. Willems, A., De Lajudie, P., et al. (2001). Methylotrophic Methylobacterium bacteria nodulate and fix nitrogen in symbiosis with legumes. Journal of Bacteriology, 183, 214-220.
324. Terefework, Z., Paulin, L., Suomalainen, S., Nick, G., & Lindström, K. (1998). Phylogeny of Rhizobium galegae compared with other rhizobia and agrobacteria. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, 48, 349-356.
325. Timmers, A. C. J., Auriac, M. C., & Truchet, G. (1999). Refined analysis of early symbiotic steps of the Rhizobium medicago interaction in relationship with microtubular cytoskeleton rearrangements. Development, 126, 3617-3628.
326. Trinick, M. J. (1973). Symbiosis between Rhizobium and the non-legume, Trema aspera. Nature 244, 459-460.
327. Truchet, G., Roche, P., Lerouge, P., Vasse, J., Camut, S., de Billy, F., et al. (1991). Sulphated lipooligosaccharide signals of Rhizobium meliloti elicit root nodule organogenesis in alfalfa. Nature, 351, 670-673.
328. Tully, R. E., Keister, D. L., & Gross, K. C. (1990). Fractionation of the β-linked glucans of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and their response to osmotic potential. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 56, 1518-1522.
329. Viprey, V., Del Greco, A., Golinowski, W., Broughton, W. J., & Perret, X. (1998). Symbiotic implications of type III protein secretion machinery in Rhizobium. Molecular Microbiology, 28, 1381-1389.
330. van Berkum, P., & Eardly, B. D. (2002). The aquatic budding bacterium Blastobacter denitrificans is a nitrogen fixing symbiont of Aeschynomene indica. Applied and Enviornmental Microbiology, 68, 1132-1136.
331. van Berkum, P., & Fuhrmann, J. J. (2000). Evolutionary relationships among the soybean Bradyrhizobia reconstructed from 16S rRNA gene and internally transcribed spacer region sequence divergence. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 50, 2165-2172.
332. van Berkum, P., Terefework, Z., Paulin, L., Suomalainen, S., Lindström, K., & Eardly, B. D. (2003). Discordant phylogenies within the rrn loci of rhizobia. Journal of Bacteriology, 185, 2988-2998.
333. van Brussel, A. A. N., Bakhuizen, R., Van Spronsen, P. C., Spaink, H. P., Tak, T., Lugtenberg, B. J. J., et al. (1992). Induction of preinfection thread structures in the leguminous host plant by mitogenic lipo-oligosaccharides of Rhizobium. Science, 257, 70-72.
334. Vandamme, P., Goris, J., Chen, W. M., & Willems, A. (2002). Burkholderia tuberum sp. nov. and Burkholderia phymatum sp. nov., nodulate the roots of tropical legumes. Systematic and Applied Microbiology, 25, 507-12.
335. Vandamme, P., Pot, B., Gillis, M., de Vos, P., Kersters, K., & Swings, J. (1996). Polyphasic taxonomy, a consensus approach to bacterial systematics. Microbiological Reviews, 60, 407-438.
336. Van de Peer, Y., De Rijk, P., Wuyts, J., Winkelmans, T., De Wachter, R. (2000). The European small subunit ribosomal RNA database. Nucleic Acids Research, 28, 175-176.
337. van der Drift, K. M. G. M., Spaink, H. P., Bloemberg, G. V., van Brussel, A. A. N., Lugtenberg B. J. J., Haverkamp, J., et al. (1996). Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii produces lipo-chitin oligosaccharides with nodE-dependent highly unsaturated fatty acyl moieties: An electrospray ionisation and collision induced dissociation tandem mass spectrometric study. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 271, 22563-22569.
338. van Workum, W. A. T., Canter Cremers, H. C. J., Wijfjes, A. H. M., van der Kolk, C., & Kijne, J. W. (1997). Cloning and characterization of four genes of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii involved in exopolysaccharide production and nodulation. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 10, 290-301.
339. van Workum, W. A. T., & Kijne, J. W. (1998). Biosynthesis of rhizobial exopolysaccharides and their role in the root nodule symbiosis of leguminous plants. In J. T. Romeo, K. R. Downum, R. Verpoorte, Recent Advances in Phytochemistry (vol 32), Phytochemical Signals and Plant-Microbe Interactions (139-66). New York: Plenum Press.
340. van Workum, W. A. T., van Slageren, S., van Brussel, A. A. N. & Kijne, J.W. (1998) Role of exopolysaccharides of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae as host plant-specific molecules required for infection thread formation during nodulation of Vicia sativa. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 11, 1233-1241.
341. Vasse, J., de Billy, F., & Truchet, G. (1993). Abortion of infection during the Rhizobium meliloti-alfalfa symbiotic interactions is accompanied by a hypersensitive reaction. Plant Journal, 4, 555-566.
342. Viprey, V., Del Greco, A., Golinowski, W., Broughton, W. J., & Perret, X. (1998). Symbiotic implications of type III protein secretion machinery in Rhizobium. Molecular Microbiology, 28, 1381-1389.
343. Wais, R. J., Galera, C., Oldroyd, G., Catoira, R., Penmetsa, R. V., Cook, D., et al. (2002a). Genetic analysis of calcium spiking responses in nodulation mutants of Medicago truncatula. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the United States of America, 97, 13407-13412.
344. Wais, R. J., Keating, D. H., & Long, S. R. (2002b). Structure-function analysis of Nod factor-induced root hair calcium spiking in Rhizobium-legume symbiosis. Plant Physiology, 128, 1-14.
345. Wang, Y., & Hollingsworth, R. I. (1994) The structure of the O-antigenic chain of the lipopolysaccharide of Rhizobium trifolii 4s. Carbohydrate Research, 260, 305-317.
346. Wang L., & Winans S. C. (1995). The sixty nucleotide of OccR operator contains a subsite essential and sufficient for OccR binding and a second subsite required for ligand-responsive DNA bending. Journal of Molecular Biology, 253, 691-702.
347. Weerasinghe, R., Bird, D. M., & Allen, N. S. (2005). Root-knot nematodes and bacterial Nod factors elicit common signal transduction events in Lotus japonicus. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the United States of America, 102, 3147-3152.
348. White, F. F., Yang, B., & Johnson, L. B. (2000). Prospects for understanding avirulence gene function. Current Opinion in Plant Biology, 3, 291-298.
349. Wilson, J. K., 1939. Leguminous plants and their associated organisms. Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station Memorandum 221. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press.
350. Yang, W.-C., Canter-Cremers, H. C. J., Hogendijk, P., Katinakis, P., Wijffelman, C. A., Franssen, H., et al. (1992). In-situ localization of chalcone synthase mRNA in pea root nodule development. Plant Journal, 2, 143-151.
351. Yang, G.-P., Debellé, F., Savagnac, A., Ferro, M., Schiltz, O., Maillet, F. et al. (1999). Structure of the Mesorhizobium huakuii and Rhizobium galegae Nod factors: A cluster of phylogenetically related legumes are nodulated by rhizobia producing Nod factors with α,β-unsaturated N-acyl substitutions. Molecular Microbiology, 34, 227-237.
352. Yap, W. H., Zhang, Z., & Wang, Y. (1999). Distinct types of rRNA operons exist in the genome of the actinomycete Thermomonospora chromogena. Journal of Bacteriology, 181, 5201-5209.
353. Yeh, K.-C., Peck, M. C., & Long, S. R. (2002). Luteolin and GroESL modulate in vitro activity of NodD. Journal of Bacteriology, 184, 525-530.
354. Young, J. P. W. (1996). Phylogeny and taxonomy of rhizobia. Plant and Soil, 186, 45-52.
355. Young, J. M., Park, D.-C., & Weir, B. S. (2004). Diversity of 16S rDNA sequences of Rhizobium spp. implications for species determinations. Federation of European Microbiological Societies Microbiology Letters, 238, 125-131.
356. Young, J. P. W., Downer, H. L., & Eardly, B. D. (1991). Phylogeny of the phototrophic Rhizobium strain BTAi1 by polymerase chain reaction-based sequencing of a 16S rRNA gene segment. Journal of Bacteriology, 173, 2271-2277.
357. Young, J. P. W., & Haukka, K. E. (1996). Diversity and phylogeny of rhizobia. New Phytologist, 133, 87-94.
358. Young, G. M., Schmiel, D. H., & Miller, V. L. (1999). A new pathway for the secretion of virulence factors by bacteria: The flagellar export apparatus functions as a protein secretion system. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the United States of America, 96, 6456-6461.