메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 45, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 782-797

Setting Goals to Switch Between Tasks: Effect of Cue Transparency on Children's Cognitive Flexibility

Author keywords

cognitive flexibility; cue transparency; goal setting; preschoolers; task switching

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; ASSOCIATION; ATTENTION; CHILD; COLOR VISION; COMPREHENSION; FEMALE; HUMAN; LEARNING; MALE; MOTIVATION; PATTERN RECOGNITION; PRESCHOOL CHILD; PSYCHOMOTOR PERFORMANCE; REACTION TIME; SEMANTICS; SPEECH PERCEPTION;

EID: 65649125609     PISSN: 00121649     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0015409     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (102)

References (85)
  • 2
    • 0036150638 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Memory for goals: An activation-based model
    • Altmann E.M., and Trafton J.G. Memory for goals: An activation-based model. Cognitive Science 26 (2002) 39-83
    • (2002) Cognitive Science , vol.26 , pp. 39-83
    • Altmann, E.M.1    Trafton, J.G.2
  • 4
    • 0142153190 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Working memory: Looking back and looking forward
    • Baddeley A. Working memory: Looking back and looking forward. Nature Reviews 4 (2003) 829-839
    • (2003) Nature Reviews , vol.4 , pp. 829-839
    • Baddeley, A.1
  • 6
    • 2942590831 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Attention and inhibition in bilingual children: Evidence from the dimensional change card sort task
    • Bialystok E., and Martin M.M. Attention and inhibition in bilingual children: Evidence from the dimensional change card sort task. Developmental Science 7 (2004) 325-339
    • (2004) Developmental Science , vol.7 , pp. 325-339
    • Bialystok, E.1    Martin, M.M.2
  • 7
    • 0001801257 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The relationship between cognitive abilities and social abilities in childhood
    • Bonino S., and Cattelino E. The relationship between cognitive abilities and social abilities in childhood. International Journal of Behavioral Development 23 (1999) 19-36
    • (1999) International Journal of Behavioral Development , vol.23 , pp. 19-36
    • Bonino, S.1    Cattelino, E.2
  • 8
    • 27744487355 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the role of verbalization during task set selection: Switching or serial order control
    • Bryck B.L., and Mayr U. On the role of verbalization during task set selection: Switching or serial order control. Memory & Cognition 33 (2005) 611-623
    • (2005) Memory & Cognition , vol.33 , pp. 611-623
    • Bryck, B.L.1    Mayr, U.2
  • 9
    • 0035188245 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Executive functioning as a predictor of children's mathematics ability: Inhibition, switching, and working memory
    • Bull R., and Scerif G. Executive functioning as a predictor of children's mathematics ability: Inhibition, switching, and working memory. Developmental Neuropsychology 19 (2001) 273-293
    • (2001) Developmental Neuropsychology , vol.19 , pp. 273-293
    • Bull, R.1    Scerif, G.2
  • 10
    • 25444435120 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Developmentally sensitive measures of executive function in preschool children
    • Carlson S.M. Developmentally sensitive measures of executive function in preschool children. Developmental Neuropsychology 28 (2005) 595-616
    • (2005) Developmental Neuropsychology , vol.28 , pp. 595-616
    • Carlson, S.M.1
  • 11
    • 0035463817 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes in executive control across the life span: Examination of task-switching performance
    • Cepeda N.J., Kramer A.F., and Gonzalez de Sather J.C. Changes in executive control across the life span: Examination of task-switching performance. Developmental Psychology 37 (2001) 715-730
    • (2001) Developmental Psychology , vol.37 , pp. 715-730
    • Cepeda, N.J.1    Kramer, A.F.2    Gonzalez de Sather, J.C.3
  • 12
    • 38149131270 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Why do children perseverate when they seem to know better: Graded working memory, or directed inhibition?
    • Cepeda N.J., and Munakata Y. Why do children perseverate when they seem to know better: Graded working memory, or directed inhibition?. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 14 (2007) 1058-1065
    • (2007) Psychonomic Bulletin & Review , vol.14 , pp. 1058-1065
    • Cepeda, N.J.1    Munakata, Y.2
  • 13
    • 38549160510 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Le développement de la flexibilité cognitive chez l'enfant préscolaire: Enjeux théoriques [The development of cognitive flexibility in preschoolers: Theoretical issues]
    • Chevalier N., and Blaye A. Le développement de la flexibilité cognitive chez l'enfant préscolaire: Enjeux théoriques [The development of cognitive flexibility in preschoolers: Theoretical issues]. L'Année Psychologique 106 (2006) 569-608
    • (2006) L'Année Psychologique , vol.106 , pp. 569-608
    • Chevalier, N.1    Blaye, A.2
  • 14
    • 43449087653 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cognitive flexibility in preschoolers: The role of representation activation and maintenance
    • Chevalier N., and Blaye A. Cognitive flexibility in preschoolers: The role of representation activation and maintenance. Developmental Science 11 (2008) 339-353
    • (2008) Developmental Science , vol.11 , pp. 339-353
    • Chevalier, N.1    Blaye, A.2
  • 15
    • 0002839675 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An embedded-processes model of working memory
    • Miyake A., and Shah P. (Eds), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom
    • Cowan N. An embedded-processes model of working memory. In: Miyake A., and Shah P. (Eds). Models of working memory: Mechanisms of active maintenance and executive control (1999), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom 62-101
    • (1999) Models of working memory: Mechanisms of active maintenance and executive control , pp. 62-101
    • Cowan, N.1
  • 17
  • 18
    • 33644893647 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neural evidence for dissociable components of task-switching
    • Crone E.A., Wendelken C., Donohue S.E., and Bunge S.A. Neural evidence for dissociable components of task-switching. Cerebral Cortex 16 (2006) 475-486
    • (2006) Cerebral Cortex , vol.16 , pp. 475-486
    • Crone, E.A.1    Wendelken, C.2    Donohue, S.E.3    Bunge, S.A.4
  • 19
    • 33745609502 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development of cognitive control and executive functions from 4 to 13 years: Evidence from manipulations of memory, inhibition, and task switching
    • Davidson M.C., Amso D., Anderson L.C., and Diamond A. Development of cognitive control and executive functions from 4 to 13 years: Evidence from manipulations of memory, inhibition, and task switching. Neuropsychologia 44 (2006) 2037-2078
    • (2006) Neuropsychologia , vol.44 , pp. 2037-2078
    • Davidson, M.C.1    Amso, D.2    Anderson, L.C.3    Diamond, A.4
  • 20
    • 0007299332 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The growth of flexible problem solving: Preschool children use changing verbal cues to infer multiple word meanings
    • Deák G.O. The growth of flexible problem solving: Preschool children use changing verbal cues to infer multiple word meanings. Journal of Cognition and Development 1 (2000) 157-191
    • (2000) Journal of Cognition and Development , vol.1 , pp. 157-191
    • Deák, G.O.1
  • 21
    • 77956744743 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The development of cognitive flexibility and language abilities
    • Kail R. (Ed), Academic Press, San Diego, CA
    • Deák G.O. The development of cognitive flexibility and language abilities. In: Kail R. (Ed). Advances in child development and behavior 31 (2003), Academic Press, San Diego, CA 271-327
    • (2003) Advances in child development and behavior , vol.31 , pp. 271-327
    • Deák, G.O.1
  • 22
    • 36749005797 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The early development of executive functions
    • Bialystok E., and Craik F.I.M. (Eds), Oxford University Press, Oxford, United Kingdom
    • Diamond A. The early development of executive functions. In: Bialystok E., and Craik F.I.M. (Eds). Lifespan cognition mechanisms of change (2006), Oxford University Press, Oxford, United Kingdom 70-95
    • (2006) Lifespan cognition mechanisms of change , pp. 70-95
    • Diamond, A.1
  • 23
    • 0036581518 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Conditions under which young children can hold two rules in mind and inhibit a prepotent response
    • Diamond A., Kirkham N.Z., and Amso D. Conditions under which young children can hold two rules in mind and inhibit a prepotent response. Developmental Psychology 38 (2002) 352-362
    • (2002) Developmental Psychology , vol.38 , pp. 352-362
    • Diamond, A.1    Kirkham, N.Z.2    Amso, D.3
  • 24
    • 31344439444 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The switch task for children: Measuring mental flexibility in young children
    • Dibbets P., and Jolles J. The switch task for children: Measuring mental flexibility in young children. Cognitive Development 21 (2006) 60-71
    • (2006) Cognitive Development , vol.21 , pp. 60-71
    • Dibbets, P.1    Jolles, J.2
  • 26
    • 33750740419 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Infants flexibly use different dimensions to categorize objects
    • Ellis A.E., and Oakes L.M. Infants flexibly use different dimensions to categorize objects. Developmental Psychology 42 (2006) 1000-1011
    • (2006) Developmental Psychology , vol.42 , pp. 1000-1011
    • Ellis, A.E.1    Oakes, L.M.2
  • 27
    • 0037265289 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of inner speech in task switching: A dual-task investigation
    • Emerson M.J., and Miyake A. The role of inner speech in task switching: A dual-task investigation. Journal of Memory and Language 48 (2003) 148-168
    • (2003) Journal of Memory and Language , vol.48 , pp. 148-168
    • Emerson, M.J.1    Miyake, A.2
  • 28
    • 0001280128 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Individual differences in working memory capacity and what they tell us about controlled attention, general fluid intelligence, and functions of the prefrontal cortex
    • Miyake A., and Shah P. (Eds), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom
    • Engle R.W., Kane M.J., and Tuholski S.W. Individual differences in working memory capacity and what they tell us about controlled attention, general fluid intelligence, and functions of the prefrontal cortex. In: Miyake A., and Shah P. (Eds). Models of working memory (1999), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom 102-134
    • (1999) Models of working memory , pp. 102-134
    • Engle, R.W.1    Kane, M.J.2    Tuholski, S.W.3
  • 29
    • 0344608554 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Shape School: Assessing executive function in preschool children
    • Espy K.A. The Shape School: Assessing executive function in preschool children. Developmental Neuropsychology 13 (1997) 495-499
    • (1997) Developmental Neuropsychology , vol.13 , pp. 495-499
    • Espy, K.A.1
  • 30
    • 25444448487 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhibitory processes in young children and individual variation in short-term memory
    • Espy K.A., and Bull R. Inhibitory processes in young children and individual variation in short-term memory. Developmental Neuropsychology 28 (2005) 669-688
    • (2005) Developmental Neuropsychology , vol.28 , pp. 669-688
    • Espy, K.A.1    Bull, R.2
  • 31
    • 26444566128 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The development of a Trail Making Test for young children: The TRAILS-P
    • Espy K.A., and Cwik M.F. The development of a Trail Making Test for young children: The TRAILS-P. The Clinical Neuropsychologist 18 (2004) 1-12
    • (2004) The Clinical Neuropsychologist , vol.18 , pp. 1-12
    • Espy, K.A.1    Cwik, M.F.2
  • 32
    • 16844366352 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Private speech on an executive task: Relations with task difficulty and task performance
    • Fernyhough C., and Fradley E. Private speech on an executive task: Relations with task difficulty and task performance. Cognitive Development 20 (2005) 103-120
    • (2005) Cognitive Development , vol.20 , pp. 103-120
    • Fernyhough, C.1    Fradley, E.2
  • 33
    • 0013922206 scopus 로고
    • Spontaneous verbal rehearsal in a memory task as a function of age
    • Flavell J.H., Beach D.R., and Chinsky J.M. Spontaneous verbal rehearsal in a memory task as a function of age. Child Development 37 (1966) 283-299
    • (1966) Child Development , vol.37 , pp. 283-299
    • Flavell, J.H.1    Beach, D.R.2    Chinsky, J.M.3
  • 35
    • 33845993191 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Involuntary persistence and intentional reconfiguration in task-set switching
    • Monsell S., and Driver J. (Eds), MIT Press, Cambridge, MA
    • Goschke T. Involuntary persistence and intentional reconfiguration in task-set switching. In: Monsell S., and Driver J. (Eds). Attention and performance XVIII: Control of cognitive processes (2000), MIT Press, Cambridge, MA 331-355
    • (2000) Attention and performance XVIII: Control of cognitive processes , pp. 331-355
    • Goschke, T.1
  • 36
    • 34250927314 scopus 로고
    • On methods in the analysis of profile data
    • Greenhouse S.W., and Geisser S. On methods in the analysis of profile data. Psychometrika 24 (1959) 95-112
    • (1959) Psychometrika , vol.24 , pp. 95-112
    • Greenhouse, S.W.1    Geisser, S.2
  • 37
    • 0842325231 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Executive control emerging from dynamic interactions between brain systems mediating language, working memory and attentional processes
    • Gruber O., and Goschke T. Executive control emerging from dynamic interactions between brain systems mediating language, working memory and attentional processes. Acta Psychologica 115 (2004) 105-121
    • (2004) Acta Psychologica , vol.115 , pp. 105-121
    • Gruber, O.1    Goschke, T.2
  • 39
    • 25444466177 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessment of hot and cool executive function in young children: Age-related changes and individual differences
    • Hongwanishkul D., Happaney K.R., Lee W.S.C., and Zelazo P.D. Assessment of hot and cool executive function in young children: Age-related changes and individual differences. Developmental Neuropsychology 28 (2005) 617-644
    • (2005) Developmental Neuropsychology , vol.28 , pp. 617-644
    • Hongwanishkul, D.1    Happaney, K.R.2    Lee, W.S.C.3    Zelazo, P.D.4
  • 40
    • 0035732954 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Flexible Item Selection Task (FIST): A measure of executive function in preschoolers
    • Jacques S., and Zelazo P.D. The Flexible Item Selection Task (FIST): A measure of executive function in preschoolers. Developmental Neuropsychology 20 (2001) 573-591
    • (2001) Developmental Neuropsychology , vol.20 , pp. 573-591
    • Jacques, S.1    Zelazo, P.D.2
  • 41
    • 33947530721 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Language and the development of cognitive flexibility: Implications for theory of mind
    • Astington J.W., and Baird J.A. (Eds), Oxford University Press, Oxford, United Kingdom
    • Jacques S., and Zelazo P.D. Language and the development of cognitive flexibility: Implications for theory of mind. In: Astington J.W., and Baird J.A. (Eds). Why language matters for theory of mind (2005), Oxford University Press, Oxford, United Kingdom
    • (2005) Why language matters for theory of mind
    • Jacques, S.1    Zelazo, P.D.2
  • 42
    • 0037968236 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Working-memory capacity and the control of attention: The contributions of goal neglect, response competition, and task set to Stroop interference
    • Kane M.J., and Engle R.W. Working-memory capacity and the control of attention: The contributions of goal neglect, response competition, and task set to Stroop interference. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 132 (2003) 47-70
    • (2003) Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , vol.132 , pp. 47-70
    • Kane, M.J.1    Engle, R.W.2
  • 43
    • 34447262116 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Developmental changes in switching between mental task sets: The influence of verbal labeling in childhood
    • Karbach J., and Kray J. Developmental changes in switching between mental task sets: The influence of verbal labeling in childhood. Journal of Cognition and Development 8 (2007) 1-32
    • (2007) Journal of Cognition and Development , vol.8 , pp. 1-32
    • Karbach, J.1    Kray, J.2
  • 44
    • 0344926604 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Helping children apply their knowledge to their behavior on a dimension-switching task
    • Kirkham N.Z., Cruess L., and Diamond A. Helping children apply their knowledge to their behavior on a dimension-switching task. Developmental Science 6 (2003) 449-467
    • (2003) Developmental Science , vol.6 , pp. 449-467
    • Kirkham, N.Z.1    Cruess, L.2    Diamond, A.3
  • 45
    • 15544379825 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Involuntary retrieval in alphabetic-arithmetic tasks: Task-mixing and task-switching costs
    • Koch I., Prinz W., and Allport A. Involuntary retrieval in alphabetic-arithmetic tasks: Task-mixing and task-switching costs. Psychological Research 69 (2005) 252-261
    • (2005) Psychological Research , vol.69 , pp. 252-261
    • Koch, I.1    Prinz, W.2    Allport, A.3
  • 46
    • 65649137502 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kray, J., & Eber, J. (2003, September). Können Kinder semantische und symbolische Hinweisreize gleichermassen zur Steuerung von Handlungen nutzen wie junge und ältere Erwachsene? [Can children use semantic and symbolic cues to guide actions as young and older adults do?] Poster presented at the 16. Tagung der Fachgruppe Entwicklungspsychologie, Mainz, Germany.
    • Kray, J., & Eber, J. (2003, September). Können Kinder semantische und symbolische Hinweisreize gleichermassen zur Steuerung von Handlungen nutzen wie junge und ältere Erwachsene? [Can children use semantic and symbolic cues to guide actions as young and older adults do?] Poster presented at the 16. Tagung der Fachgruppe Entwicklungspsychologie, Mainz, Germany.
  • 47
    • 40549086324 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Verbal self-instructions in task switching: A compensatory tool for action-control in childhood and old age
    • Kray J., Eber J., and Karbach J. Verbal self-instructions in task switching: A compensatory tool for action-control in childhood and old age. Developmental Science 11 (2008) 223-236
    • (2008) Developmental Science , vol.11 , pp. 223-236
    • Kray, J.1    Eber, J.2    Karbach, J.3
  • 48
    • 0842303736 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Age differences in executive functioning across the lifespan: The role of verbalization in task preparation
    • Kray J., Eber J., and Lindenberger U. Age differences in executive functioning across the lifespan: The role of verbalization in task preparation. Acta Psychologica 115 (2004) 143-165
    • (2004) Acta Psychologica , vol.115 , pp. 143-165
    • Kray, J.1    Eber, J.2    Lindenberger, U.3
  • 49
    • 33748714354 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Language and action control: The acquisition of action goals in early childhood
    • Kray J., Eenshuistra R., Kerstner H., Weidema M., and Hommel B. Language and action control: The acquisition of action goals in early childhood. Psychological Science 17 (2006) 737-741
    • (2006) Psychological Science , vol.17 , pp. 737-741
    • Kray, J.1    Eenshuistra, R.2    Kerstner, H.3    Weidema, M.4    Hommel, B.5
  • 50
    • 33751193711 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of associative learning on age differences in task-set switching
    • Kray J., and Eppinger B. Effects of associative learning on age differences in task-set switching. Acta Psychologica 123 (2006) 187-203
    • (2006) Acta Psychologica , vol.123 , pp. 187-203
    • Kray, J.1    Eppinger, B.2
  • 51
    • 0033807696 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adult age differences in task switching
    • Kray J., and Lindenberger U. Adult age differences in task switching. Psychology and Aging 15 (2000) 126-147
    • (2000) Psychology and Aging , vol.15 , pp. 126-147
    • Kray, J.1    Lindenberger, U.2
  • 54
    • 34547662412 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use it or lose it: Examining preschoolers' difficulty in maintaining and executing a goal
    • Marcovitch S., Boseovski J.J., and Knapp R.J. Use it or lose it: Examining preschoolers' difficulty in maintaining and executing a goal. Developmental Science 10 (2007) 559-564
    • (2007) Developmental Science , vol.10 , pp. 559-564
    • Marcovitch, S.1    Boseovski, J.J.2    Knapp, R.J.3
  • 55
    • 0035084003 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Age differences in the selection of mental sets: The role of inhibition, stimulus ambiguity, and response-set overlap
    • Mayr U. Age differences in the selection of mental sets: The role of inhibition, stimulus ambiguity, and response-set overlap. Psychology and Aging 16 (2001) 96-109
    • (2001) Psychology and Aging , vol.16 , pp. 96-109
    • Mayr, U.1
  • 57
    • 0842329085 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inner speech as a retrieval aid for task goals: The effect of cue type and articulatory suppression in the random task cuing paradigm
    • Miyake A., Emerson M.J., Padilla F., and Ahn J.C. Inner speech as a retrieval aid for task goals: The effect of cue type and articulatory suppression in the random task cuing paradigm. Acta Psychologica 115 (2004) 123-142
    • (2004) Acta Psychologica , vol.115 , pp. 123-142
    • Miyake, A.1    Emerson, M.J.2    Padilla, F.3    Ahn, J.C.4
  • 58
    • 0034242442 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex "frontal lobe" tasks: A latent variable analysis
    • Miyake A., Friedman N.P., Emerson M.J., Witzki A.H., Howerter A., and Wager T.D. The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex "frontal lobe" tasks: A latent variable analysis. Cognitive Psychology 41 (2000) 49-100
    • (2000) Cognitive Psychology , vol.41 , pp. 49-100
    • Miyake, A.1    Friedman, N.P.2    Emerson, M.J.3    Witzki, A.H.4    Howerter, A.5    Wager, T.D.6
  • 60
    • 33746869849 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The chronometrics of task-set control
    • Duncan J., Phillips L., and McLeod P. (Eds), Oxford University Press, Oxford, United Kingdom
    • Monsell S. The chronometrics of task-set control. In: Duncan J., Phillips L., and McLeod P. (Eds). Measuring the mind: Speed, control, and age (2005), Oxford University Press, Oxford, United Kingdom 161-190
    • (2005) Measuring the mind: Speed, control, and age , pp. 161-190
    • Monsell, S.1
  • 62
    • 0035399857 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Graded representations in behavioral dissociations
    • Munakata Y. Graded representations in behavioral dissociations. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 5 (2001) 309-315
    • (2001) Trends in Cognitive Sciences , vol.5 , pp. 309-315
    • Munakata, Y.1
  • 63
    • 21744438988 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Executive function and children's understanding of false belief: How specific is the relation?
    • Müller U., Zelazo P.D., and Imrisek S. Executive function and children's understanding of false belief: How specific is the relation?. Cognitive Development 20 (2005) 173-189
    • (2005) Cognitive Development , vol.20 , pp. 173-189
    • Müller, U.1    Zelazo, P.D.2    Imrisek, S.3
  • 64
    • 7444256593 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interference control in a new rule use task: Age-related changes, labeling, and attention
    • Müller U., Zelazo P.D., Leone T., Hood S., and Rohrer L. Interference control in a new rule use task: Age-related changes, labeling, and attention. Child Development 75 (2004) 1-16
    • (2004) Child Development , vol.75 , pp. 1-16
    • Müller, U.1    Zelazo, P.D.2    Leone, T.3    Hood, S.4    Rohrer, L.5
  • 65
    • 65649146995 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pressley, M., & Hilden, K. (2006). Cognitive strategies: Production deficiencies and successful strategy instruction everywhere. In W. Damon & R. Lerner (Series Eds.) & D. Kuhn & R. Siegler (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology: 2. Cognition, perception, and language (6th ed., pp. 511-556). Hoboken NJ: Wiley.
    • Pressley, M., & Hilden, K. (2006). Cognitive strategies: Production deficiencies and successful strategy instruction everywhere. In W. Damon & R. Lerner (Series Eds.) & D. Kuhn & R. Siegler (Vol. Eds.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 2. Cognition, perception, and language (6th ed., pp. 511-556). Hoboken NJ: Wiley.
  • 66
    • 0347293810 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Psychology Software Tools, Inc., Author, Pittsburgh, PA Available from http://www.pstnet.com
    • Psychology Software Tools, Inc. E-Prime Version 2.0 [Computer software] (2007), Author, Pittsburgh, PA. http://www.pstnet.com Available from http://www.pstnet.com
    • (2007) E-Prime Version 2.0 [Computer software]
  • 67
    • 23844490120 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Task switching across the life span: Effects of age on general and specific switch costs
    • Reimers S., and Maylor E.A. Task switching across the life span: Effects of age on general and specific switch costs. Developmental Psychology 41 (2005) 661-671
    • (2005) Developmental Psychology , vol.41 , pp. 661-671
    • Reimers, S.1    Maylor, E.A.2
  • 71
    • 2342660722 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of articulatory suppression on task-switching performance: Implications for models of working memory
    • Saeki E., and Saito S. Effect of articulatory suppression on task-switching performance: Implications for models of working memory. Memory 12 (2004) 257-271
    • (2004) Memory , vol.12 , pp. 257-271
    • Saeki, E.1    Saito, S.2
  • 72
    • 33748763859 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Priming cue encoding by manipulating transition frequency in explicitly cued task switching
    • Schneider D.W., and Logan G.D. Priming cue encoding by manipulating transition frequency in explicitly cued task switching. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 13 (2006) 145-151
    • (2006) Psychonomic Bulletin & Review , vol.13 , pp. 145-151
    • Schneider, D.W.1    Logan, G.D.2
  • 73
    • 33947540102 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Task switching versus cue switching: Using transition cuing to disentangle sequential effects in task-switching performance
    • Schneider D.W., and Logan G.D. Task switching versus cue switching: Using transition cuing to disentangle sequential effects in task-switching performance. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 33 (2007) 370-378
    • (2007) Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , vol.33 , pp. 370-378
    • Schneider, D.W.1    Logan, G.D.2
  • 75
    • 3943076517 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Object Classification Task for Children (OCTC): A measure of concept generation and mental flexibility in early childhood
    • Smidts D.P., Jacobs R., and Anderson V. The Object Classification Task for Children (OCTC): A measure of concept generation and mental flexibility in early childhood. Developmental Neuropsychology 26 (2004) 385-401
    • (2004) Developmental Neuropsychology , vol.26 , pp. 385-401
    • Smidts, D.P.1    Jacobs, R.2    Anderson, V.3
  • 76
    • 18744412971 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Attentional flexibility and perseveration: Developmental aspects in young children
    • Stahl L., and Pry R. Attentional flexibility and perseveration: Developmental aspects in young children. Child Neuropsychology 11 (2005) 175-189
    • (2005) Child Neuropsychology , vol.11 , pp. 175-189
    • Stahl, L.1    Pry, R.2
  • 78
  • 79
    • 34147106475 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • When knowledge is not enough: The phenomenon of goal neglect in preschool children
    • Towse J.N., Lewis C., and Knowles M. When knowledge is not enough: The phenomenon of goal neglect in preschool children. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 96 (2007) 320-332
    • (2007) Journal of Experimental Child Psychology , vol.96 , pp. 320-332
    • Towse, J.N.1    Lewis, C.2    Knowles, M.3
  • 80
    • 65649086241 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sequential effects in task-cueing with explicit and transition cues: In search of differential control demands
    • September, Poster presented at the, Marseille, France
    • Van Loy, B., Liefooghe, B., & Vandierendonck, A. (2007, September). Sequential effects in task-cueing with explicit and transition cues: In search of differential control demands. Poster presented at the 15th meeting of the European Society for Cognitive Psychology, Marseille, France.
    • (2007) 15th meeting of the European Society for Cognitive Psychology
    • Van Loy, B.1    Liefooghe, B.2    Vandierendonck, A.3
  • 81
    • 0003699388 scopus 로고
    • MIT Press, Cambridge, MA (Original work published 1934)
    • Vygotsky L.S. Thought and language (1962), MIT Press, Cambridge, MA (Original work published 1934)
    • (1962) Thought and language
    • Vygotsky, L.S.1
  • 83
    • 34250669214 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Dimensional Change Card Sort (DCCS): A method of assessing executive function in children
    • Zelazo P.D. The Dimensional Change Card Sort (DCCS): A method of assessing executive function in children. Nature Protocols 1 (2006) 297-301
    • (2006) Nature Protocols , vol.1 , pp. 297-301
    • Zelazo, P.D.1
  • 84
    • 0029692978 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An age-related dissociation between knowing rules and using them
    • Zelazo P.D., Frye D., and Rapus T. An age-related dissociation between knowing rules and using them. Cognitive Development 11 (1996) 37-63
    • (1996) Cognitive Development , vol.11 , pp. 37-63
    • Zelazo, P.D.1    Frye, D.2    Rapus, T.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.