Anti-nociceptive properties of the xanthine oxidase inhibitor allopurinol in mice: Role of A1 adenosine receptors

British Journal of Pharmacology

Volumn 156, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 163-172

  Schmidt, A P ^a,b,c   Bohmer A E ^b   Antunes, C ^b   Schallenberger, C ^b   Porciuncula L O ^b   Elisabetsky, E ^b   Lara, D R ^d   Souza, D O ^b  

^a Avenida Ramiro Barcelos ^*  (Brazil)

^b FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF RIO GRANDE DO SUL   (Brazil)

^c HOSPITAL DE CLÍNICAS DE PORTO ALEGRE   (Brazil)

^d PONTIFICAL CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF RIO GRANDE DO SUL   (Brazil)

Author keywords

Adenosine; Allopurinol; Anti nociception; Guanosine; Pain; Purines; Xanthine oxidase

Indexed keywords

5 AMINO 2 (2 FURYL) 7 (2 PHENYLETHYL)PYRAZOLO[4,3 E][1,2,4]TRIAZOLO[1,5 C]PYRIMIDINE; 8 CYCLOPENTYL 1,3 DIPROPYLXANTHINE; ADENOSINE; ADENOSINE A1 RECEPTOR; ADENOSINE RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; ALLOPURINOL; BARBITURIC ACID DERIVATIVE; CAFFEINE; CAPSAICIN; GLUTAMIC ACID; GUANOSINE; URIC ACID; XANTHINE OXIDASE INHIBITOR; 1,3-DIPROPYL-8-CYCLOPENTYLXANTHINE; ADENOSINE A2 RECEPTOR; ANALGESIC AGENT; NALOXONE; NARCOTIC ANTAGONIST; PYRIMIDINE DERIVATIVE; TRIAZOLE DERIVATIVE; XANTHINE DERIVATIVE; XANTHINE OXIDASE;

ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL MODEL; ANTINOCICEPTION; ARTICLE; CEREBROSPINAL FLUID; CONTROLLED STUDY; DOSE RESPONSE; HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY; HOT PLATE TEST; MALE; MOTOR PERFORMANCE; MOUSE; NONHUMAN; PAIN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RECTUM TEMPERATURE; ROTAROD TEST; SLEEP TIME; STATISTICAL ANALYSIS; TAIL FLICK TEST; ANIMAL; DRUG ANTAGONISM; DRUG POTENTIATION; HEAT; INTRAPERITONEAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION; PAIN ASSESSMENT;

ADENOSINE; ALLOPURINOL; ANALGESICS; ANIMALS; CAPSAICIN; DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP, DRUG; GLUTAMIC ACID; HOT TEMPERATURE; INJECTIONS, INTRAPERITONEAL; MALE; MICE; NALOXONE; NARCOTIC ANTAGONISTS; PAIN; PAIN MEASUREMENT; PYRIMIDINES; RECEPTOR, ADENOSINE A1; RECEPTORS, ADENOSINE A2; TRIAZOLES; URIC ACID; XANTHINE OXIDASE; XANTHINES;

EID: 65549115472     PISSN: 00071188     EISSN: 14765381     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2008.00025.x     Document Type: Article

References (66)

1. Akdemir H, Asik Z, Pasaoǧlu H, Karaküçük I, Oktem IS, Koç RK (2001). The effect of allopurinol on focal cerebral ischaemia: an experimental study in rabbits. Neurosurg Rev 24 : 131 135.
2. Akhondzadeh S, Safarcherati A, Amini H (2005). Beneficial antipsychotic effects of allopurinol as add-on therapy for schizophrenia: a double blind, randomized and placebo controlled trial. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 29 : 253 259.
3. Alexander SP, Mathie A, Peters JA (2008). Guide to Receptors and Channels (GRAC), 3rd edition. Br J Pharmacol 153 : S1 S209.
4. Beirith A, Santos ARS, Calixto JB (2002). Mechanisms underlying the nociception and paw oedema caused by injection of glutamate into the mouse paw. Brain Res 924 : 219 228.
5. Bennett GJ (2000). Update on the neurophysiology of pain transmission and modulation: focus on the NMDA-receptor. J Pain Symptom Manage 19 : S2 S6.
6. Bhardwaj A, Northington FJ, Koehler RC, Stiefel T, Hanley DF, Traystman RJ (1995). Adenosine modulates N-methyl-D-aspartate-stimulated hippocampal nitric oxide production in vivo. Stroke 26 : 1627 1633.
7. Borges F, Fernandes E, Roleira F (2002). Progress towards the discovery of xanthine oxidase inhibitors. Curr Med Chem 9 : 195 217.
8. Brundege JM, Dunwiddie TV (1997). Role of adenosine as a modulator of synaptic activity in the central nervous system. Adv Pharmacol 39 : 353 391.
9. Brunstein MG, Ghisolfi ES, Ramos FL, Lara DR (2005). A clinical trial of adjuvant allopurinol therapy for moderately refractory schizophrenia. J Clin Psychiatry 66 : 213 219.
10. Calcagnetti DJ, Fleetwood SW, Holtzman SG (1990). Pharmacological profile of the potentiation of opioid analgesia by restraint stress. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 37 : 193 199.
11. Ceballos G, Tuttle JB, Rubio R (1994). Differential distribution of purine metabolizing enzymes between glia and neurons. J Neurochem 62 : 1144 1153.
12. Creese I, Burt DR, Snyder SH (1976). DA receptor binding predicts clinical and pharmacological potencies of antischizophrenic drugs. Science 192 : 481 483.
13. 2A receptor blockade. Purinergic Signal 1 : 111 134.
14. D'Amour FE, Smith DL (1941). A method for determining loss of pain sensation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 72 : 74 79.
15. Dall'Igna OP, Fett P, Gomes MW, Souza DO, Cunha RA, Lara DR (2007). Caffeine and adenosine A(2a) receptor antagonists prevent beta-amyloid (25-35)-induced cognitive deficits in mice. Exp Neurol 203 : 241 245.
16. Das DK, Engelman RM, Clement R, Otani H, Prasad MR, Rao PS (1987). Role of xanthine oxidase inhibitor as free radical scavenger. A novel mechanism of action of allopurinol and oxypurinol in myocardial salvage. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 148 : 314 319.
17. Daskalopoulou SS, Tzovaras V, Mikhailidis DP, Elisaf M (2005). Effect on serum uric acid levels of drugs prescribed for indications other than treating hyperuricaemia. Curr Pharm Des 11 : 4161 4175.
18. Day R, Birkett DJ, Hicks M, Miners JO, Graham GG, Brooks PM (1994). Allopurinol: new uses. Drugs 48 : 339 344.
19. Day RO, Graham GG, Hicks M, McLachlan AJ, Stocker SL, Williams KM (2007). Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of allopurinol and oxypurinol. Clin Pharmacokinet 46 : 623 644.
20. Dobolyi A, Reichart A, Szikra T, Nyitrai G, Kekesi KA, Juhasz G (2000). Sustained depolarisation induces changes in the extracellular concentrations of purine and pyrimidine nucleosides in the rat thalamus. Neurochem Int 37 : 71 79.
21. Domanski L, Sulikowski T, Safranow K, Pawlik A, Olszewska M, Chlubek D et al. (2006). Effect of trimetazidine on the nucleotide profile in rat kidney with ischemia-reperfusion injury. Eur J Pharm Sci 27 : 320 327.
22. Donnelly-Roberts D, McGaraughty S, Shieh CC, Honore P, Jarvis MF (2008). Painful purinergic receptors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 324 : 409 415.
23. Eddy NB, Leimbach D (1953). Synthetic analgesics. II. Dithienylbutenyl- and dithienylbutylamines. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 107 : 385 393.
24. Enrico P, Esposito G, Mura MA, Migheli R, Serra PA, Desole MS et al. (1997). Effects of allopurinol on striatal dopamine, ascorbate and uric acid during an acute morphine challenge: ex vivo and in vivo studies. Pharmacol Res 35 (6 577 585.
25. Fredholm BB (1997). Purines and neutrophil leukocytes. Gen Pharmacol 28 : 345 350.
26. Garcia Garcia J, Martin Rollan C, Refoyo Enrinquez MA, Holgado Madruga M, Marino Hernandez E, Marcias Nuñez JF et al. (1990). Improved survival in intestinal ischemia by allopurinol not related to xanthine-oxidase inhibition. J Surg Res 48 : 144 146.
27. Gebicke-Haerter PJ, Christoffel F, Timmer J, Northoff H, Berger M, Van Calker D (1996). Both adenosine A1- and A2-receptors are required to stimulate microglial proliferation. Neurochem Int 29 : 37 42.
28. Hacimuftuoglu A, Handy CR, Goettl VM, Lin CG, Dane S, Stephens RL Jr. (2006). Antioxidants attenuate multiple phases of formalin-induced nociceptive response in mice. Behav Brain Res 173 : 211 216.
29. Inkster ME, Cotter MA, Cameron NE (2007). Treatment with the xanthine oxidase inhibitor, allopurinol, improves nerve and vascular function in diabetic rats. Eur J Pharmacol 561 : 63 71.
30. Khalil Z, Khodr B (2001). A role for free radicals and nitric oxide in delayed recovery in aged rats with chronic constriction nerve injury. Free Radic Biol Med 31 : 430 439.
31. Kim HK, Kim JH, Gao X, Zhou J-L, Lee I, Chung K et al. (2006). Analgesic effect of vitamin E is mediated by reducing central sensitization in neuropathic pain. Pain 122 : 53 62.
32. Kim P, Yaksh TL, Burnett PC, Blum MR, Sundt TM Jr. (1987a). Cerebrospinal fluid levels of uric acid in dogs and the effect of allopurinol. Brain Res 402 : 87 92.
33. Kim P, Yaksh TL, Romero SD, Sundt TM Jr. (1987b). Production of uric acid in cerebrospinal fluid after subarachnoid hemorrhage in dogs: investigation of the possible role of xanthine oxidase in chronic vasospasm. Neurosurgery 21 : 39 44.
34. Lara DR, Belmonte-de-Abreu P, Souza DO (2000). Allopurinol for refractory aggression and self-inflicted behaviour. J Psychopharmacol 14 : 81 83.
35. Lara DR, Brunstein MG, Ghisolfi ES, Lobato MI, Belmonte-de-Abreu P, Souza DO (2001a). Allopurinol augmentation for poorly responsive schizophrenia. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 16 : 235 237.
36. Lara DR, Schmidt AP, Frizzo ME, Burgos JS, Ramírez G, Souza DO (2001b). Effect of orally administered guanosine on seizures and death induced by glutamatergic agents. Brain Res 912 : 176 180.
37. Lara DR, Cruz MR, Xavier F, Souza DO, Moriguchi EH (2003). Allopurinol for the treatment of aggressive behaviour in patients with dementia. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 18 : 53 55.
38. Le Bars D, Gozariu M, Cadden SW (2001). Animal models of nociception. Pharmacol Rev 53 : 597 652.
39. Leal MB, Souza DO, Elisabetsky E (2000). Long-lasting ibogaine protection against NMDA-induced convulsions in mice. Neurochem Res 25 : 1083 1087.
40. Lee I, Kim HK, Kim JH, Chung K, Chung JM (2007). The role of reactive oxygen species in capsaicin-induced mechanical hyperalgesia and in the activities of dorsal horn neurons. Pain 133 : 9 17.
41. McGaraughty S, Cowart M, Jarvis MF (2001). Recent developments in the discovery of novel adenosine kinase inhibitors: mechanism of action and therapeutic potential. CNS Drug Rev 7 (4 415 432.
42. Machado-Vieira R, Lara DR, Souza DO, Kapczinski F (2001). Therapeutic efficacy of allopurinol in mania associated with hyperuricemia. J Clin Psychopharmacol 21 : 621 622.
43. Marro PJ, Mishra OP, Delivoria-Papadopoulos M (2006). Effect of allopurinol on brain adenosine levels during hypoxia in newborn piglets. Brain Res 1073-1074 : 444 450.
44. Ogata T, Schubert P (1996). Programmed cell death in rat microglia is controlled by extracellular adenosine. Neurosci Lett 218 : 91 94.
45. Oses JP, Leke R, Portela LV, Lara DR, Schmidt AP, Casali EA et al. (2004). Biochemical brain markers and purinergic parameters in rat CSF after seizure induced by pentylenetetrazol. Brain Res Bull 64 : 237 242.
46. Oses JP, Viola GG, de Paula Cognato G, Júnior VH, Hansel G, Böhmer AE et al. (2007). Pentylenetetrazol kindling alters adenine and guanine nucleotide catabolism in rat hippocampal slices and cerebrospinal fluid. Epilepsy Res 75 : 104 111.
47. Pacher P, Nivorozhkin A, Szabó C (2006). Therapeutic effects of xanthine oxidase inhibitors: renaissance half a century after the discovery of allopurinol. Pharmacol Rev 58 : 87 114.
48. Peana AT, Rubattu P, Piga GG, Fumagalli S, Boatto G, Pippia P et al. (2006). Involvement of adenosine A1 and A2A receptors in (-)-linalool-induced anti-nociception. Life Sci 78 : 2471 2474.
49. Pinelli A, Trivulzio S, Malvezzi L, Zecca L (1991). Potentiation of the analgesic effects of tryptophan by allopurinol in rats. Arzneimittelforschung 41 : 809 811.
50. Ralevic V, Burnstock G (1998). Receptors for purines and pyrimidines. Pharmacol Rev 50 : 413 492.
51. Reilly PM, Schiller HJ, Bulkley GB (1991). Pharmacologic approach to tissue injury mediated by free radicals and other reactive oxygen metabolites. Am J Surg 161 : 488 503.
52. Rundles RW (1982). The development of allopurinol. Arch Intern Med 145 : 89 94.
53. Sakurada T, Katsumata K, Yogo H, Tan-No K, Sakurada S, Kisara K (1993). Anti-nociception induced by CP 96345, a non-peptide NK-1 receptor antagonist, in the formalin and capsaicin tests. Neurosci Lett 151 : 142 145.
54. Sawynok J (1998). Adenosine receptor activation and nociception. Eur J Pharmacol 347 : 1 11.
55. Sawynok J, Liu XJ (2003). Adenosine in the spinal cord and periphery: release and regulation of pain. Prog Neurobiol 69 : 313 340.
56. Schmidt AP, Lara DR, Maraschin JF, Perla AS, Souza DO (2000). Guanosine and GMP prevent seizures induced by quinolinic acid in mice. Brain Res 864 : 40 43.
57. Schmidt AP, Lara DR, Souza DO (2007). Proposal of a guanine-based purinergic system in the mammalian central nervous system. Pharmacol Ther 116 : 401 416.
58. Schmidt AP, Böhmer AE, Leke R, Schallenberger C, Antunes C, Pereira ML et al. (2008). Anti-nociceptive effects of intracerebroventricular administration of guanine-based purines in mice: evidences for the mechanism of action. Brain Res 1239 : 50 58.
59. Sollevi A (1997). Adenosine for pain control. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand Suppl 110 : 135 136.
60. Tada H, Morooka K, Arimoto K, Matsuo T (1991). Clinical effects of allopurinol on intractable epilepsy. Epilepsia 32 : 279 283.
61. Van Waeg G, Loof L, Groth T, Niklasson F (1988). Allopurinol kinetics in humans as a means to assess liver function: evaluation of allopurinol loading test. Scand J Clin Lab Med 48 : 45 57.
62. Vinadé ER, Schmidt AP, Frizzo MES, Izquierdo I, Elizabetsky E, Souza DO (2003). Chronically administered guanosine is anticonvulsant, amnesic and anxiolytic in mice. Brain Res 977 : 97 102.
63. Wada Y, Hasegawa H, Nakamura M, Yamaguchi N (1992). Anticonvulsant effect of allopurinol on hippocampal-kindled seizures. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 42 : 899 901.
64. Yamamoto I, Kimura T, Tateoka Y, Watanabe K, Kang Ho I (1987). Hypnotic activity of N3-benzilthymidine on mice. Life Sci 41 : 2791 2797.
65. Zagnoni PG, Bianchi A, Zolo P, Canger R, Cornaggia C, D'Alessandro P et al. (1994). Allopurinol as add-on therapy in refractory epilepsy: a double-blind placebo-controlled randomized study. Epilepsia 35 : 107 112.
66. Zimmermann M (1983). Ethical guidelines for investigations of experimental pain in conscious animals. Pain 16 : 109 110.