메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 39, Issue 8, 2009, Pages 925-933

Sexual recombination punctuated by outbreaks and clonal expansions predicts Toxoplasma gondii population genetics

Author keywords

Clonality; Outbreaks; Population genetics; Sexual recombination; Toxoplasma gondii; Virulence

Indexed keywords

CLONAL GROWTH; FELID; GENE FLOW; INFECTIOUS DISEASE; PARASITE; POPULATION GENETICS; POPULATION OUTBREAK; PROTOZOAN; SEXUAL REPRODUCTION;

EID: 65549091377     PISSN: 00207519     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2009.02.005     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (99)

References (107)
  • 1
    • 0036160204 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Microsatellite analysis of Toxoplasma gondii shows considerable polymorphism structured into two main clonal groups
    • Ajzenberg D., Banuls A.L., Tibayrenc M., and Darde M.L. Microsatellite analysis of Toxoplasma gondii shows considerable polymorphism structured into two main clonal groups. International Journal for Parasitology 32 (2002) 27-38
    • (2002) International Journal for Parasitology , vol.32 , pp. 27-38
    • Ajzenberg, D.1    Banuls, A.L.2    Tibayrenc, M.3    Darde, M.L.4
  • 4
    • 0031976764 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toxoplasma gondii in Vancouver Island cougars (Felis concolor vancouverensis): serology and oocyst shedding
    • Aramini J.J., Stephen C., and Dubey J.P. Toxoplasma gondii in Vancouver Island cougars (Felis concolor vancouverensis): serology and oocyst shedding. The Journal of Parasitology 84 (1998) 438-440
    • (1998) The Journal of Parasitology , vol.84 , pp. 438-440
    • Aramini, J.J.1    Stephen, C.2    Dubey, J.P.3
  • 6
    • 0030948740 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chronic infection with Toxoplasma gondii does not prevent acute disease or colonization of the brain with tissue cysts following reinfection with different strains of the parasite
    • Araujo F., Slifer T., and Kim S. Chronic infection with Toxoplasma gondii does not prevent acute disease or colonization of the brain with tissue cysts following reinfection with different strains of the parasite. The Journal of Parasitology 83 (1997) 521-522
    • (1997) The Journal of Parasitology , vol.83 , pp. 521-522
    • Araujo, F.1    Slifer, T.2    Kim, S.3
  • 11
    • 0036342974 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Population biology of Toxoplasma gondii and its relevance to human infection: do different strains cause different disease?
    • Boothroyd J.C., and Grigg M.E. Population biology of Toxoplasma gondii and its relevance to human infection: do different strains cause different disease?. Current Opinion in Microbiology 5 (2002) 438-442
    • (2002) Current Opinion in Microbiology , vol.5 , pp. 438-442
    • Boothroyd, J.C.1    Grigg, M.E.2
  • 12
    • 0031578297 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Outbreak of toxoplasmosis associated with municipal drinking water. The BC Toxoplasma investigation team
    • Bowie W.R., King A.S., Werker D.H., Isaac-Renton J.L., Bell A., Eng S.B., and Marion S.A. Outbreak of toxoplasmosis associated with municipal drinking water. The BC Toxoplasma investigation team. Lancet 350 (1997) 173-177
    • (1997) Lancet , vol.350 , pp. 173-177
    • Bowie, W.R.1    King, A.S.2    Werker, D.H.3    Isaac-Renton, J.L.4    Bell, A.5    Eng, S.B.6    Marion, S.A.7
  • 14
    • 0031807801 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multiple cases of acquired toxoplasmosis retinitis presenting in an outbreak
    • Burnett A.J., Shortt S.G., Renton J.I., King A., Weker D., and Bowie W.R. Multiple cases of acquired toxoplasmosis retinitis presenting in an outbreak. Opthalmology 105 (1998) 1032-1037
    • (1998) Opthalmology , vol.105 , pp. 1032-1037
    • Burnett, A.J.1    Shortt, S.G.2    Renton, J.I.3    King, A.4    Weker, D.5    Bowie, W.R.6
  • 16
    • 0033945830 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biological and molecular characterizations of Toxoplasma gondii strains obtained from southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis)
    • Cole R.A., Lindsay D.S., Howe D.K., Roderick C.L., Dubey J.P., Thomas N.J., and Baeten L.A. Biological and molecular characterizations of Toxoplasma gondii strains obtained from southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis). The Journal of Parasitology 86 (2000) 526-530
    • (2000) The Journal of Parasitology , vol.86 , pp. 526-530
    • Cole, R.A.1    Lindsay, D.S.2    Howe, D.K.3    Roderick, C.L.4    Dubey, J.P.5    Thomas, N.J.6    Baeten, L.A.7
  • 20
    • 0026478014 scopus 로고
    • Isoenzyme analysis of 35 Toxoplasma gondii isolates and the biological and epidemiological implications
    • Darde M.L., Bouteille B., and Pestre-Alexandre M. Isoenzyme analysis of 35 Toxoplasma gondii isolates and the biological and epidemiological implications. The Journal of Parasitology 78 (1992) 786-794
    • (1992) The Journal of Parasitology , vol.78 , pp. 786-794
    • Darde, M.L.1    Bouteille, B.2    Pestre-Alexandre, M.3
  • 24
    • 0013816005 scopus 로고
    • Étude épidémiologique sur la toxoplasmose: de l'influence de la cuisson des viandes de boucherie sur la fréquence de l'infection humaine
    • Desmonts G., Couvreur J., Alison F., Baudelot J., Gerbeaux J., and Lelong M. Étude épidémiologique sur la toxoplasmose: de l'influence de la cuisson des viandes de boucherie sur la fréquence de l'infection humaine. Rev. Fr. Études Clin. Biol. 10 (1965) 952-958
    • (1965) Rev. Fr. Études Clin. Biol. , vol.10 , pp. 952-958
    • Desmonts, G.1    Couvreur, J.2    Alison, F.3    Baudelot, J.4    Gerbeaux, J.5    Lelong, M.6
  • 30
    • 0030301884 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Infectivity and pathogenicity of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts for cats
    • Dubey J.P. Infectivity and pathogenicity of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts for cats. Journal of Parasitology 82 (1996) 957-960
    • (1996) Journal of Parasitology , vol.82 , pp. 957-960
    • Dubey, J.P.1
  • 32
    • 0035111222 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oocyst shedding by cats fed isolated bradyzoites and comparision of infectivity of bradyzoites of the VEG strain Toxoplasma gondii to cats and mice
    • Dubey J.P. Oocyst shedding by cats fed isolated bradyzoites and comparision of infectivity of bradyzoites of the VEG strain Toxoplasma gondii to cats and mice. Journal of Parasitology 87 (2001) 215-219
    • (2001) Journal of Parasitology , vol.87 , pp. 215-219
    • Dubey, J.P.1
  • 35
    • 33746514490 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterization of Toxoplasma gondii isolates in free-range chickens from Chile, South America
    • Dubey J.P., Patitucci A.N., Su C., Sundar N., Kwok O.C., and Shen S.K. Characterization of Toxoplasma gondii isolates in free-range chickens from Chile, South America. Veterinary Parasitology 140 (2006) 76-82
    • (2006) Veterinary Parasitology , vol.140 , pp. 76-82
    • Dubey, J.P.1    Patitucci, A.N.2    Su, C.3    Sundar, N.4    Kwok, O.C.5    Shen, S.K.6
  • 37
    • 40949093186 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Isolation and genetic characterization of Toxoplasma gondii from raccoons (Procyon lotor), cats (Felis domesticus), striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis), black bear (Ursus americanus), and cougar (Puma concolor) from Canada
    • Dubey J.P., Quirk T., Pitt J.A., Sundar N., Velmurugan G., Kwok O.C.H., Leclair D., Hill R., and Su C. Isolation and genetic characterization of Toxoplasma gondii from raccoons (Procyon lotor), cats (Felis domesticus), striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis), black bear (Ursus americanus), and cougar (Puma concolor) from Canada. Journal of Parasitology 94 (2008) 42-45
    • (2008) Journal of Parasitology , vol.94 , pp. 42-45
    • Dubey, J.P.1    Quirk, T.2    Pitt, J.A.3    Sundar, N.4    Velmurugan, G.5    Kwok, O.C.H.6    Leclair, D.7    Hill, R.8    Su, C.9
  • 38
    • 33845708147 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biologic and genetic comparison of Toxoplasma gondii isolates in free-range chickens from the northern Para' state and the southern state Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil revealed highly diverse and distinct parasite populations
    • Dubey J.P., Sundar N., Gennari S.M., Minervino A.H.H., Farias N.A.R., Ruas J.L., dos Santos T.R.B., Cavalcante G.T., Kwok O.C.H., and Su C. Biologic and genetic comparison of Toxoplasma gondii isolates in free-range chickens from the northern Para' state and the southern state Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil revealed highly diverse and distinct parasite populations. Veterinary Parasitology 143 (2007) 182-188
    • (2007) Veterinary Parasitology , vol.143 , pp. 182-188
    • Dubey, J.P.1    Sundar, N.2    Gennari, S.M.3    Minervino, A.H.H.4    Farias, N.A.R.5    Ruas, J.L.6    dos Santos, T.R.B.7    Cavalcante, G.T.8    Kwok, O.C.H.9    Su, C.10
  • 41
    • 0016202847 scopus 로고
    • Ultrastructural study of early stages of asexual multiplication and microgametogony of Toxoplasma gondii in the small intestine of the cat
    • Ferguson D.J., Hutchison W.M., Dunachie J.F., and Siim J.C. Ultrastructural study of early stages of asexual multiplication and microgametogony of Toxoplasma gondii in the small intestine of the cat. Acta Pathologica et Microbiologica Scandinavica 82 (1974) 167-181
    • (1974) Acta Pathologica et Microbiologica Scandinavica , vol.82 , pp. 167-181
    • Ferguson, D.J.1    Hutchison, W.M.2    Dunachie, J.F.3    Siim, J.C.4
  • 43
    • 0036698250 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toxoplasma gondii and sex: essential or optional extra?
    • Ferguson D.J.P. Toxoplasma gondii and sex: essential or optional extra?. Trends in Parasitology 8 (2002) 354-359
    • (2002) Trends in Parasitology , vol.8 , pp. 354-359
    • Ferguson, D.J.P.1
  • 44
    • 30944461155 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic analysis of natural recombinant Brazilian Toxoplasma gondii strains by multilocus PCR-RFLP
    • Ferreira Ade M., Vitor R.W., Gazzinelli R.T., and Melo M.N. Genetic analysis of natural recombinant Brazilian Toxoplasma gondii strains by multilocus PCR-RFLP. Infection Genetics and Evolution 6 (2006) 22-31
    • (2006) Infection Genetics and Evolution , vol.6 , pp. 22-31
    • Ferreira Ade, M.1    Vitor, R.W.2    Gazzinelli, R.T.3    Melo, M.N.4
  • 45
    • 0014690334 scopus 로고
    • Toxoplasma gondii: fecal forms separated from eggs of the nematode Toxocara cati
    • Frenkel J.K., Dubey J.P., and Miller N.L. Toxoplasma gondii: fecal forms separated from eggs of the nematode Toxocara cati. Science (New York, N.Y.) 164 (1969) 432-433
    • (1969) Science (New York, N.Y.) , vol.164 , pp. 432-433
    • Frenkel, J.K.1    Dubey, J.P.2    Miller, N.L.3
  • 46
    • 0014934432 scopus 로고
    • Toxoplasma gondii in cats: fecal stages identified as coccidian oocysts
    • Frenkel J.K., Dubey J.P., and Miller N.L. Toxoplasma gondii in cats: fecal stages identified as coccidian oocysts. Science (New York, N.Y.) 167 (1970) 893-896
    • (1970) Science (New York, N.Y.) , vol.167 , pp. 893-896
    • Frenkel, J.K.1    Dubey, J.P.2    Miller, N.L.3
  • 47
    • 0015784805 scopus 로고
    • Toxoplasma in and around us
    • Frenkel J.K. Toxoplasma in and around us. BioScience 23 (1973) 343-352
    • (1973) BioScience , vol.23 , pp. 343-352
    • Frenkel, J.K.1
  • 49
    • 34248382112 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toxoplasma gondii strains defective in oral transmission are also defective in developmental stage differentiation
    • Fux B., Nawas J., Khan A., Gill D.B., Su C., and Sibley L.D. Toxoplasma gondii strains defective in oral transmission are also defective in developmental stage differentiation. Infection and Immunity 75 (2007) 2580-2590
    • (2007) Infection and Immunity , vol.75 , pp. 2580-2590
    • Fux, B.1    Nawas, J.2    Khan, A.3    Gill, D.B.4    Su, C.5    Sibley, L.D.6
  • 51
    • 0035812705 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Success and virulence in Toxoplasma as the result of sexual recombination between two distinct ancestries
    • Grigg M.E., Bonnefoy S., Hehl A.B., Suzuki Y., and Boothroyd J.C. Success and virulence in Toxoplasma as the result of sexual recombination between two distinct ancestries. Science (New York, N.Y.) 294 (2001) 161-165
    • (2001) Science (New York, N.Y.) , vol.294 , pp. 161-165
    • Grigg, M.E.1    Bonnefoy, S.2    Hehl, A.B.3    Suzuki, Y.4    Boothroyd, J.C.5
  • 53
    • 0038392881 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sexual recombination and clonal evolution of virulence in Toxoplasma
    • Grigg M.E., and Suzuki Y. Sexual recombination and clonal evolution of virulence in Toxoplasma. Microbes and Infection/Institut Pasteur 5 (2003) 685-690
    • (2003) Microbes and Infection/Institut Pasteur , vol.5 , pp. 685-690
    • Grigg, M.E.1    Suzuki, Y.2
  • 54
    • 65549137825 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Population genetics, sex, and the emergence of clonal lines of Toxoplasma gondii
    • Ajioka, J.W, Soldati, D, Ed
    • Grigg, M.E., 2007. Population genetics, sex, and the emergence of clonal lines of Toxoplasma gondii. Toxoplasma - Molecular and Cellular Biology. Ajioka, J.W., Soldati, D. (Ed.), 227-240.
    • (2007) Toxoplasma - Molecular and Cellular Biology , pp. 227-240
    • Grigg, M.E.1
  • 56
    • 0344010124 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ocular toxoplasmosis: a global reassessment. Part I: epidemiology and course of disease
    • Holland G.N. Ocular toxoplasmosis: a global reassessment. Part I: epidemiology and course of disease. American Journal of Ophthalmology 136 (2003) 973-988
    • (2003) American Journal of Ophthalmology , vol.136 , pp. 973-988
    • Holland, G.N.1
  • 57
    • 0346729853 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ocular toxoplasmosis: a global reassessment. Part II: disease manifestations and management
    • Holland G.N. Ocular toxoplasmosis: a global reassessment. Part II: disease manifestations and management. American Journal of Ophthalmology 137 (2004) 1-17
    • (2004) American Journal of Ophthalmology , vol.137 , pp. 1-17
    • Holland, G.N.1
  • 58
    • 0028886480 scopus 로고
    • Toxoplasma gondii comprises three clonal lineages: correlation of parasite genotype with human disease
    • Howe D.K., and Sibley L.D. Toxoplasma gondii comprises three clonal lineages: correlation of parasite genotype with human disease. Journal of Infectious Diseases 172 (1995) 1561-1566
    • (1995) Journal of Infectious Diseases , vol.172 , pp. 1561-1566
    • Howe, D.K.1    Sibley, L.D.2
  • 59
    • 0030997436 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Determination of genotypes of Toxoplasma gondii strains isolated from patients with toxoplasmosis
    • Howe D.K., Honore S., Derouin F., and Sibley L.D. Determination of genotypes of Toxoplasma gondii strains isolated from patients with toxoplasmosis. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 35 (1997) 1411-1414
    • (1997) Journal of Clinical Microbiology , vol.35 , pp. 1411-1414
    • Howe, D.K.1    Honore, S.2    Derouin, F.3    Sibley, L.D.4
  • 60
    • 0013855423 scopus 로고
    • Experimental transmission of Toxoplasma gondii
    • Hutchison W.M. Experimental transmission of Toxoplasma gondii. Nature 206 (1965) 961-962
    • (1965) Nature , vol.206 , pp. 961-962
    • Hutchison, W.M.1
  • 63
    • 0001637325 scopus 로고
    • Pathogénèse et anatomie pathologique de la macula dans un oeil de dimension normale et dans un oeil microphtalme avec parasite dans la rétine
    • Janku J. Pathogénèse et anatomie pathologique de la macula dans un oeil de dimension normale et dans un oeil microphtalme avec parasite dans la rétine. Casopis Lekaruv Ceskych 62 (1923) 1021-1027
    • (1923) Casopis Lekaruv Ceskych , vol.62 , pp. 1021-1027
    • Janku, J.1
  • 71
    • 0023948362 scopus 로고
    • Subcutaneous and intestinal vaccination with tachyzoites of Toxoplasma gondii and acquisition of immunity to peroral and congenital Toxoplasma challenge
    • McLeod R., Frenkel J.K., Estes R.G., Mack D.G., Eisenhauer P.B., and Gibori G. Subcutaneous and intestinal vaccination with tachyzoites of Toxoplasma gondii and acquisition of immunity to peroral and congenital Toxoplasma challenge. Journal of Immunology 140 (1988) 1632-1637
    • (1988) Journal of Immunology , vol.140 , pp. 1632-1637
    • McLeod, R.1    Frenkel, J.K.2    Estes, R.G.3    Mack, D.G.4    Eisenhauer, P.B.5    Gibori, G.6
  • 73
    • 0035089379 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Isolation and characterization of Sarcocystis from brain tissue of a free-living southern sea otter (Enhydra lutris nereis) with fatal meningoencephalitis
    • Miller M.A., Crosbie P.R., Sverlow K., Hanni K., Barr B.C., Kock N., Murray M.J., Lowenstine L.J., and Conrad P.A. Isolation and characterization of Sarcocystis from brain tissue of a free-living southern sea otter (Enhydra lutris nereis) with fatal meningoencephalitis. Parasitology Research 87 (2001) 252-257
    • (2001) Parasitology Research , vol.87 , pp. 252-257
    • Miller, M.A.1    Crosbie, P.R.2    Sverlow, K.3    Hanni, K.4    Barr, B.C.5    Kock, N.6    Murray, M.J.7    Lowenstine, L.J.8    Conrad, P.A.9
  • 78
    • 0001754793 scopus 로고
    • Sur une infection à corps de Leishman (ou organismes voisins) du gondii
    • Nicolle C., and Manceaux L. Sur une infection à corps de Leishman (ou organismes voisins) du gondii. C. R. Seances Acadamic Science 147 (1908) 763-766
    • (1908) C. R. Seances Acadamic Science , vol.147 , pp. 763-766
    • Nicolle, C.1    Manceaux, L.2
  • 82
    • 0020535024 scopus 로고
    • Toxoplasma gondii: genetic crosses reveal phenotypic suppression of hydroxyurea resistance by fluorodeoxyuridine resistance
    • Pfefferkorn E.R., and Kasper L.H. Toxoplasma gondii: genetic crosses reveal phenotypic suppression of hydroxyurea resistance by fluorodeoxyuridine resistance. Experimental Parasitology 55 (1983) 207-218
    • (1983) Experimental Parasitology , vol.55 , pp. 207-218
    • Pfefferkorn, E.R.1    Kasper, L.H.2
  • 86
    • 0017082313 scopus 로고
    • Virulence of different strains of Toxoplasma gondii and host response in mice
    • Reikvam A., and Lorentzen-Styr A.M. Virulence of different strains of Toxoplasma gondii and host response in mice. Nature 261 (1976) 508-509
    • (1976) Nature , vol.261 , pp. 508-509
    • Reikvam, A.1    Lorentzen-Styr, A.M.2
  • 88
    • 0005859461 scopus 로고
    • Toxoplasma and Obligate Intracellular Parasitism
    • Sabin A.B., and Olitsky P.K. Toxoplasma and Obligate Intracellular Parasitism. Science (New York, N.Y.) 85 (1937) 336-338
    • (1937) Science (New York, N.Y.) , vol.85 , pp. 336-338
    • Sabin, A.B.1    Olitsky, P.K.2
  • 91
    • 33846322896 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toxoplasma co-opts host gene expression by injection of a polymorphic kinase homologue
    • Saeij J.P., Coller S., Boyle J.P., Jerome M.E., White M.W., and Boothroyd J.C. Toxoplasma co-opts host gene expression by injection of a polymorphic kinase homologue. Nature 445 (2007) 324-327
    • (2007) Nature , vol.445 , pp. 324-327
    • Saeij, J.P.1    Coller, S.2    Boyle, J.P.3    Jerome, M.E.4    White, M.W.5    Boothroyd, J.C.6
  • 92
    • 0014271555 scopus 로고
    • The fine structure and reproduction of Toxoplasma gondii
    • Sheffield H.G., and Melton M.L. The fine structure and reproduction of Toxoplasma gondii. The Journal of Parasitology 54 (1968) 209-226
    • (1968) The Journal of Parasitology , vol.54 , pp. 209-226
    • Sheffield, H.G.1    Melton, M.L.2
  • 93
    • 0026706230 scopus 로고
    • Virulent strains of Toxoplasma gondii comprise a single clonal lineage
    • Sibley L.D., and Boothroyd J.C. Virulent strains of Toxoplasma gondii comprise a single clonal lineage. Nature 359 (1992) 82-85
    • (1992) Nature , vol.359 , pp. 82-85
    • Sibley, L.D.1    Boothroyd, J.C.2
  • 94
    • 0026482435 scopus 로고
    • Generation of a restriction fragment length polymorphism linkage map for Toxoplasma gondii
    • Sibley L.D., LeBlanc A.J., Pfefferkorn E.R., and Boothroyd J.C. Generation of a restriction fragment length polymorphism linkage map for Toxoplasma gondii. Genetics 132 (1992) 1003-1015
    • (1992) Genetics , vol.132 , pp. 1003-1015
    • Sibley, L.D.1    LeBlanc, A.J.2    Pfefferkorn, E.R.3    Boothroyd, J.C.4
  • 96
    • 53849092760 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Population structure of Toxoplasma gondii: clonal expansion driven by infrequent recombination and selective sweeps
    • Sibley L.D., and Ajioka J.W. Population structure of Toxoplasma gondii: clonal expansion driven by infrequent recombination and selective sweeps. Annual Review of Microbiology 62 (2008) 329-351
    • (2008) Annual Review of Microbiology , vol.62 , pp. 329-351
    • Sibley, L.D.1    Ajioka, J.W.2
  • 98
    • 0343175803 scopus 로고
    • Un nuovo protozoa parassita de' conigli. incontrato nelle lesioni anatomiche d'une malattia che ricorda in molti punti il Kala-azar dell' uomo Nota preliminare pel
    • Splendore A. Un nuovo protozoa parassita de' conigli. incontrato nelle lesioni anatomiche d'une malattia che ricorda in molti punti il Kala-azar dell' uomo Nota preliminare pel. Revista da Sociedade Scientifica de Sao Paulo 3 (1908) 109-112
    • (1908) Revista da Sociedade Scientifica de Sao Paulo , vol.3 , pp. 109-112
    • Splendore, A.1
  • 102
    • 33744977445 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii by multilocus PCR-RFLP markers: a high resolution and simple method for identification of parasites
    • Su C., Zhang X., and Dubey J.P. Genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii by multilocus PCR-RFLP markers: a high resolution and simple method for identification of parasites. International Journal for Parasitology 36 (2006) 841-848
    • (2006) International Journal for Parasitology , vol.36 , pp. 841-848
    • Su, C.1    Zhang, X.2    Dubey, J.P.3
  • 107
    • 0344288760 scopus 로고
    • Human Toxoplasmosis: Occurrence in Infants as an Encephalomyelitis Verification by Transmission to Animals
    • Wolf A., Cowen D., and Paige B. Human Toxoplasmosis: Occurrence in Infants as an Encephalomyelitis Verification by Transmission to Animals. Science (New York, N.Y.) 89 (1939) 226-227
    • (1939) Science (New York, N.Y.) , vol.89 , pp. 226-227
    • Wolf, A.1    Cowen, D.2    Paige, B.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.