Review of the literature regarding early intervention for children and adolescents aged 0-15 experiencing a first-episode psychiatric disturbance

Early Intervention in Psychiatry

Volumn 2, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 212-224

  Leavey, JoAnn Elizabeth ^a,c   Flexhaug, Monica ^b   Ehmann, Tom ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

^b VANCOUVER COASTAL HEALTH   (Canada)

^c NONE   (Canada)

Author keywords

Adolescent psychiatry; Child psychiatry; Early intervention; Mental disorders diagnosed in childhood; Practice guidelines

Indexed keywords

ANXIETY DISORDER; ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER; AUTISM; BIPOLAR DISORDER; CHILD; CHILD PSYCHIATRY; CONDUCT DISORDER; CULTURAL FACTOR; DEMOGRAPHY; DEPRESSION; DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS; EARLY INTERVENTION; FAMILY HISTORY; GEOGRAPHY; HEALTH CARE ACCESS; HUMAN; MEDICAL PRACTICE; MENTAL DISEASE; MENTAL HEALTH CARE; MENTAL HEALTH SERVICE; MOOD DISORDER; ONSET AGE; OPPOSITIONAL DEFIANT DISORDER; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOPHARMACOTHERAPY; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SEX DIFFERENCE; SOCIAL STATUS; SUPPORT GROUP; TELEHEALTH; THERAPY DELAY;

ADOLESCENT; AGE OF ONSET; CANADA; CHILD; DELAYED DIAGNOSIS; EARLY DIAGNOSIS; FAMILY; FEMALE; HEALTH SERVICES ACCESSIBILITY; HUMANS; MALE; MENTAL DISORDERS; MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES; SEX FACTORS; SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS;

EID: 65249188418     PISSN: 17517885     EISSN: 17517893     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-7893.2008.00081.x     Document Type: Review

References (114)

1. AACAP Official Action. Summary of the practice parameters for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with schizophrenia. American academy of child and adolescent psychiatry. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2000; 39 (12): 1580-2.
2. Kazdin AE, Whitley MK. Comorbidity, case complexity, and effects of evidence- based treatment for children referred for disruptive behavior. J Consult Clin Psychol 2006; 74 (5): 455-67.
3. Costello EJ, Egger H, Angold A. 10-year research update review: The epidemiology of child and adolescent psychiatric disorders: I. Methods and public health burden. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2005; 44 (10): 972-86.
4. Norman RM, Malla AK. Duration of untreated psychosis: A critical examination of the concept and its importance. Psychol Med 2001; 31 (3): 381-400.
5. Offord D, Boyle CM, Szatmari P et al. Ontario Health Study. II. Six-month prevalence of disorder and rates of service utilization. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1987; 44 (9): 832-6.
6. Offord DR, Boyle MH, Fleming JE, Munroe-Blum H, Rae Grant NI. Ontario Child Health Study. Summary of selected results. Can J Psychiatry 1989; 34 (4): 483-91.
7. Steele M, Veitch WV. Child psychiatry practice patterns in Ontario. Can J Psychiatry 1999; 44: 788-92.
8. McGorry PD, Edwards J, Mihalopoulos C, Harrigan SM, Jackson HJ. EPPIC: an evolving system of early detection and optimal management. Schizophr Bull 1996; 22 (2): 305-26.
9. Larsen TK, Johannessen JO, Opjordsmoen S. First-episode schizophrenia with long duration of untreated psychosis. Pathways to care. Br J Psychiatry suppl 1996; 172 (33): 45-52.
10. Birchwood M, Todd P, Jackson C. Early intervention in psychosis. The critical period hypothesis. Br J Psychiatry Suppl 1998; 172 (33): 53-9.
11. Larsen TK, Moe LC, Vibe-Hansen L, Johannessen JO. Premorbid functioning versus duration of untreated psychosis in 1year outcome in first-episode psychosis. Schizophr Res 2000; 45 (1-2): 1-9.
12. Harrigan SM, McGorry PD, Krstev H. Does treatment delay in first-episode psychosis really matter?. Psychol Med 2003; 33 (1): 97-110.
13. Leavey J, Goering P, Macfarlane D, Bradley S, Cochrane J. The Gap: Moving Toward Youth-Centred Mental Health Care for Transitional Aged Youth (16-24). Report submitted to the Southwest District Health Councils. Health Systems Research Unit, CAMH, 2000.
14. Black K, Peters L, Rui Q, Milliken H, Whitehorn D, Kopala LC. Duration of untreated psychosis predicts treatment outcome in an early psychosis program. Schizophr Res. 2001; 47 (2-3): 215-22.
15. Harrison G, Hopper K, Craig T et al. Recovery from psychotic illness: A 15-and 25-year international follow-up study. Br J Psychiatry 2001; 178: 506-17.
16. Ehmann T, MacEwan GW, Honer WG, eds. Best Care in Early Psychosis Intervention: Global Perspectives. London: Taylor & Francis, 2004.
17. Harris MG, Henry LP, Harrigan SM et al. The relationship between duration of untreated psychosis and outcome: An eight-year prospective study. Schizophr Res 2005; 79 (1): 85-93.
18. Malla AK, Norman MG, Joober R. First-episode psychosis, early intervention, and outcome: What have we learned? Can J Psychiatry 2005; 50 (14): 881-91.
19. Frazier TW, Youngstrom EA. Evidence-based assessment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Using multiple sources of information. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2006; 45 (5): 614-20.
20. Goldner EM, Hsu L, Waraich P, Somers JM. Prevalence and incidence studies of schizophrenia disorders: A systematic review of the literature. Can J Psychiatry 2002; 47 (9): 833-43.
21. McClellan JM, Hamilton JD. An evidence-based approach to an adolescent with emotional and behavioral dysregulation. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2006; 45 (4): 489-93.
22. Thomas CR. Evidence-based practice for conduct disorder symptoms. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2006; 45 (1): 109-14.
23. Norman RM, Malla AK, Verdi MB, Hassall LD, Fazekas C. Understanding delay in treatment for first-episode psychosis. Psychol Med 2004; 34 (2): 255-66.
24. Health Canada. Best Practices: Treatment and Rehabilitation for Youth with Substance Use Problems. Canada's Drug Strategy Division: Health Canada: ON, Canada, 2001. [Cited 12 Aug 2006]AvailaHle from URL: http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ahc-asc/pubs/drugs-drogues/youth-jeunes/ index_e.html
25. Klein DN, Dougherty LR, Olino TM. Toward guidelines for evidence-based assessment of depression in children and adolescents. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 2005; 34 (3): 412-32.
26. Kovacs M, Sherrill J, George CJ, Pollock M, Tumuluru RV, Ho V. Contextual emotion-regulation therapy for childhood depression: description and pilot testing of a new intervention. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2006; 45 (8): 892-903.
27. Menezes NM, Milovan E. First-episode psychosis: A comparative review of diagnostic evolution and predictive variables in adolescents versus adults. Can J Psychiatry 2000; 45 (8): 710-16.
28. Pavuluri MN, Herbener ES, Sweeney JA. Psychotic symptoms in pediatric bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord 2003; 80: 19-28.
29. Youngstrom EA, Findling RL, Youngstrom JK, Calabrese JR. Toward an evidence-based assessment of pediatric bipolar disorder. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 2005; 34 (3): 433-48.
30. Fleitlich-Bilyk B, Goodman R. Prevalence of child and adolescent psychiatric disorders in southeast Brazil. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2004; 43 (6): 727-34.
31. Silverman WK, Ollendick TH. Evidence-based assessment of anxiety and its disorders in children and adolescents. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 2005; 34 (3): 380-411.
32. Brownell MD, Yogendran MS. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in Manitoba children: Medical diagnosis and psychostimulant treatment rates. Can J Psychiatry 2001; 46 (3): 264-72.
33. Larun L, Nordheim LV, Ekeland E, Hagen KB, Heian F. Exercise in prevention and treatment of anxiety and depression among children and young people. Cochrane Database Sys Rev 2006; 3: CD004691.
34. Achenbach TM. Advancing assessment of children and adolescents: commentary on evidence-based assessment of child and adolescent disorders. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 2005; 34 (3): 541-7.
35. Beauchaine TP, Webster-Stratton C, Reid MJ. Mediators, moderators, and predictors of 1-year outcomes among children treated for early-onset conduct problems: A latent growth curve analysis. J Consult Clin Psychol 2005; 73 (3): 371-88.
36. Marmorstein NR. Relationships between anxiety and externalizing disorders in youth: The influences of age and gender. J Anxiety Dis 2007; 21: 420-32.
37. Minkoff K. Developing standards of care for individuals with co-occurring psychiatric and substance use disorders. Psychiatr Serv 2001; 52 (5): 597-9.
38. Mandell DS, Novak MM, Zubritsky CD. Factors associated with age of diagnosis among children with autism spectrum disorders. Pediatrics 2005; 116 (6): 1480-6.
39. Connor DF, Carleson GA, Chang KD et al. Juvenile maladaptive aggression: a review of prevention, treatment, and service configuration and a proposed research agenda. J Clin Psychiatry 2006; 67 (5): 808-20.
40. Jerrell JM, Shugart MA. Community-based care for youths with early and very-early onset bipolar I disorder. Bipolar Disord 2004; 6 (4): 299-304.
41. Kazdin AE. Treatments for aggressive and antisocial children. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 2000; 9 (4): 841-58.
42. Lundahl B, Risser HJ, Lovejoy MC. A meta-analysis of parent training: moderators and follow-up effects. Clin Psychol Rev 2006; 26 (1): 86-104.
43. McMahon RJ, Frick PJ. Evidence-based assessment of conduct problems in children and adolescents. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 2005; 34 (3): 477-505.
44. Post RM, Kowatch RA. The health care crisis of childhood-onset bipolar illness: Some recommendations for its amelioration. J Clin Psychiatry 2006; 67 (1): 115-25.
45. Strober M, Birmaher B, Ryan N et al. Pediatric bipolar disease: Current and future perspectives for study of its long-term course and treatment. Bipolar Disord 2006; 8 (4): 311-21.
46. Aronen ET, Soininen M. Childhood depressive symptoms predict psychiatric problems in young adults. Can J Psychiatry 2000; 45 (5): 465-70.
47. Cuijpers P, van Straten A, Smits N, Smit F. Screening and early psychological intervention for depression in schools. Systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2006; 15 (5): 300-7.
48. Federation of Families for Children's Mental Health (FFCMH) and Keys for Networking Inc (HKNI). Blamed and Ashamed. The Treatment Experiences of Youth with Co-occurring Substance Use and Mental Health Disorders. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Virginia: USA. [Cited 12 Aug 2006] Available from URL: http://www.mentalhealth.samhsa.gov/media/ken/pdf/KEN02-0129/ KEN02-0129.pdf
49. Perwien AR, Kratochvil CJ, Faries DE, Vaughan BS, Spencer T, Brown RT. Atomoxetine treatment in children and adolescents with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: What are the long-term health-related quality-of-life outcomes?. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2006; 16 (6): 713-24.
50. Leavey JE. The meaning of mental illness to youth: Exploring the psychosocial effects of mental illness on identity and life cycle development in youth aged 17-24. National Library of Canada = Bibliothque nationale du Canada, 2004.
51. Leavey JE. Youth experiences of living with mental health problems: emergence, loss, adaptation and recovery (ELAR). Can J Commun Ment Health 2005; 24 (2): 109-26.
52. Mawle E, Griffiths P. Screening for autism in pre-school children in primary care: Systematic review of English Language tools. Int J Nurs Stud 2006; 43 (5): 623-36.
53. Fombonne E, Zakarian R, Bennett A, Meng L, McLean-Heywood D. Pervasive developmental disorders in Montreal, Quebec, Canada: Prevalence and links with immunizations. Paediatrics 2006; 118 (1): E139-50.
54. Lincoln C, Harrigan S, McGorry PD. Understanding the topography of the early psychosis pathways. An opportunity to reduce delays in treatment. Br J Psychiatry Suppl 1998; 172 (33): 21-5.
55. Dakof GA. Understanding gender differences in adolescent drug abuse: issues of comorbidity and family functioning. J Psychol Drugs 2000; 32 (1): 25-32.
56. District Health Councils of Southwest Region Ontario. Southwest Region Mental Health - Needs Assessment (Draft Consultation Document). London, ON: Southwest Region, Mental Health Planners Working Group, 1996.
57. Cyranowski JM, Frank E, Young E, Shear MK. Adolescent onset of the gender difference in lifetime rates of major depression: A theoretical model. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2000; 57 (1): 21-7.
58. Twenge JM, Nolen-Hoeksema S. Age, gender, race, socioeconomic status, and birth cohort differences on the children's depression inventory: A meta analysis. J Abnorm Psychol 2002; 111 (4): 578-88.
59. Dell CA, Ogborne A, Begin P et al. Youth Residential Solvent Treatment Program Design: An Examination of the Role of Program Length and Length of Client Stay. Select Sections. Ottawa: Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse, 2003.
60. Dretzke J, Frew E, Davenport C et al. The effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of parent training/education programmes for the treatment of conduct disorder, including oppositional defiant disorder, in children. Health Technol Assess 2005; 9 (50): Iii, ix-x, 1-233.
61. Slavkin ML. What every clinician needs to know about juvenile firesetters. Psychiatr Serv 2002; 53 (10): 1237-38.
62. Rowe CL, Liddle HA, Dakof GA. Classifying clinically referred adolescent substance abusers by level of externalizing and internalizing symptoms. J Child Adolesc Subst Abuse 2001; 11 (2): 41-65.
63. Slesnick N, Meyers RJ, Meade M, Segelken DH. Bleak and hopeless no more: engagement of reluctant substance-abusing runaway youth and their families. J Subst Abuse Treat 2000; 19 (3): 215-22.
64. Baydala L, Sherman J, Rasmussen C, Wikman E, Janzen H. AD/HD characteristics in Canadian aboriginal children. J Atten Disord 2006; 9 (4): 642-47.
65. Ebeling H, Tapanainen P, Joutsenoja A et al. A practice guideline for treatment of eating disorders in children and adolescents. Ann Med 2003; 35 (7): 488-501.
66. Martin H, Ammerman SD. Adolescents with eating disorders. Primary care screening, identification, and early intervention. Nurs Clin North Am 2002; 37 (3): 537-51.
67. Orr JM, Miller RB, Polson DM. Toward a standard of care for child ADHD: implications for marriage and family therapists. J Marital Fam Ther 2005; 31 (3): 191-205.
68. Sanders MR. Community-based parenting and family support interventions and the prevention of drug abuse. Addict Behav 2000; 25 (6): 929-42.
69. Wamboldt MZ, Wamboldt FS. Role of the family in the onset and outcome of childhood disorders: Selected research findings. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2000; 39 (10): 1212-19.
70. Fleischhaker C, Schulz E, Tepper K, Martin M, Henninghausen K, Remschmidt H. Long-term course of adolescent schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2005; 31 (3): 769-80.
71. Kumra S, Shaw M, Merka P, Nakayama E, Augustin R. Childhood-onset schizophrenia: Research update. Can J Psychiatry 2001; 46 (10): 923-30.
72. Veenstra-Vanderweele J, Christian SL, Cook EH Jr. Autism as a paradigmatic complex genetic disorder. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 2004; 5: 379-405.
73. Coon H. Current perspectives on the genetic analysis of autism. Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet 2006; 142 (1): 24-32.
74. Maier W, Hofgen B, Zobel A, Rietschel M. Genetic models of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: Overlapping inheritance or discrete genotypes?. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2005; 255 (3): 159-66.
75. Malhotra AK, Murphy GM Jr, Kennedy JL. Pharmacogenetics of psychotropic drug response. Am J Psychiatry 2004; 161 (5): 780-96.
76. Hirshfeld-Becker DR, Biederman J, Faraone SV, Segool N, Buchwald J, Rosenbaum JF. Lack of association between behavioral inhibition and psychosocial adversity factors in children at risk for anxiety disorders. Am J Psychiatry 2004; 161 (3): 547-55.
77. Alberta Alcohol and Drug Abuse Commission (AADAC). Youth Detoxification and Residential Treatment Literature Review: Best and Promising Practices in Adolescent Substance Use Treatment. Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, 2006. [Cited 7 Sep 2006] Available from URL: http://corp.aadac.com/content/corporate/research/ youth_detox_residential_treatment_lit_review_final_report.pdf
78. Lyneham HJ, Rapee RM. Evaluation of therapist-supported parent-implemented CBT for anxiety disorders in rural children. Behav Res Ther 2006; 44 (9): 1287-300.
79. Williams JG, Higgins JP, Brayne CE. Systematic review of prevalence studies of autism spectrum disorders. Arch Dis Child 2006; 91 (1): 8-15.
80. Lee M. Telehealth in Canada: Clinical Networking, Eliminating Distances. CANARIE: Canada. 1997. [Cited 11 Sep 2006] AvailHble from URL: http://www.ifla.org/documents/infopol/canada/ihac9702.pdf
81. Health Canada. Telemental Health in Canada: A Status Report. Health and Information Highway Division, Health Canada: ON, Canada. 2004. [Cited 11 Sep 2006] Available from URL: http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hcs-sss/alt_formats/ iacb-dgiac/pdf/pubs/2004-tele-mental/2004-tele-mental_e.pdf
82. Greenberg N, Boydell K. Assessing Program Outcomes for Pediatric Telepsychiatry in Ontario. Report prepared for the Division of Child Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, The Telepsychiatry Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, 2005.
83. Southern Alberta Child & Youth Health Network (SACYHN). Enhancing Paediatric Care: Piikani & Kainai Nations and the Alberta Children's Hospital using Telehealth. SACYHN: Calgary, Canada, 2005. [Cited 12 Jun 2006] Available from URL: http://www.sacyhn.ca
84. Trumper R. Health Status and Health Needs of Aboriginal Children and Youth Literature Review. SACYHN: Calgary, Canada, 2004. [Cited 12 Jun 2006] Available from URL: http://www.sacyhn.ca
85. McGorry P. Psychoeducation in first-episode psychosis: A therapeutic process. Psychiatry 1995; 58 (4): 313-28.
86. Kongetiman L, Eskow E. Enhancing Cultural Competency: A Resource Kit for Health Care Professionals. Calgary, Canada: Calgary Health Region, 2005.
87. Gowers S, Bryant-Waugh R. Management of child and adolescent eating disorders: The current evidence base and future directions. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2004; 45 (1): 63-83.
88. Kowatch RA, Youngstrom EA, Danielyan A, Findling RL. Review and meta-analysis of the phenomenology and clinical characteristics of mania in children and adolescents. Bipolar Disord 2005; 7 (6): 483-96.
89. Mash EJ, Hunsley J. Evidence-based assessment of child and adolescent disorders: Issues and challenges. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 2005; 34 (3): 362-79.
90. Mick E, Biederman J, Pandina G, Faraone SV. A preliminary meta-analysis of the child behavior checklist in pediatric bipolar disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2003; 53 (11): 1021-27.
91. Stewart SE, Geller DA, Jenike M et al. Long-term outcome of pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder: A meta-analysis and qualitative review of the literature. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2004; 110 (1): 4-13.
92. Thomas CR. Evidence-based practice for conduct disorder symptoms. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2006; 45 (1): 109-14.
93. Pratt BM, Woolfenden SR. Interventions for preventing eating disorders in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2002; 2: CD002891.
94. Green J, Goldwyn R. Annotation: Attachment disorganization and psychopathology: New findings in attachment research and their potential implications for developmental psychopathology in childhood. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2002; 43 (7): 835-46.
95. Michael KD, Crowley SL. How effective are treatments for child and adolescent depression? A meta-analytic review. Clin Psychol Rev 2002; 22 (2): 247-69.
96. Schapman-Williams AM, Lock J, Couturier J. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for adolescents with binge eating syndromes: A case series. Int J Eat Disord 2006; 39 (3): 252-5.
97. Lock J, Couturier J, Agras WS. Comparison of long-term outcomes in adolescents with anorexia nervosa treated with family therapy. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2006; 45 (6): 666-72.
98. Leslie LK, Weckerly J, Plemmons D, Landsverk J, Eastman S. Implementing the American Academy of Paediatrics attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder diagnostic guidelines in primary care settings. Paediatrics 2004; 114 (1): 129-40.
99. Wren FJ, Bridge JA, Birmaher B. Screening for childhood anxiety symptoms in primary care: Integrating child and parent reports. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2004; 43 (11): 1364-71.
100. Gillham JE, Hamilton J, Freres DR, Patton K, Gallop R. Preventing depression among early adolescents in the primary care setting: A randomized controlled study of the Penn Resiliency Program. J Abnorm Child Psychol 2006; 34 (2): 203-19.
101. Lyons JS, Shaw MF. CommAntary: Creating order out of chaos: a response to 'Lining Up for Children's Mental Health Services. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2002; 41 (4): 376-77.
102. Rapee RM, Abbott MJ, Lyneham HJ. Bibliotherapy for children with anxiety disorders using written materials for parents: A randomized controlled trial. J Consult Clin Psych 2006; 74 (3): 436-44.
103. Robinson DG, Woerner MG, Delman HM, Kane M. Pharmacological treatments for first-episode schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2005; 31 (3): 705-22.
104. American Academy of Paediatrics (AAP). Committee on Quality Improvement, Subcommittee on Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Clinical practice guideline: Diagnosis and evaluation of the child with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Paediatrics 2000; 105 (5): 1158-70.
105. Biederman J, Faraone SV, Monuteaux MC, Grossbard JR. How informative are parent reports of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms for assessing outcome in clinical trials of long-acting treatments? A pooled analysis of parents' and teachers' reports. Paediatrics 2004; 113 (6): 1667-71.
106. American Academy of Paediatrics (AAP). Subcommittee on attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder, committee on quality improvement clinical practice guideline: Treatment of the child with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. Paediatrics 2001; 108 (4): 1033-44.
107. Rushton JL, Fant KE, Clark SJ. Use of practice guidelines in the primary care of children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Paediatrics 2004; 114 (1): E23-8.
108. Brown RT, Amler RW, Freeman WS et al. Treatment of attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder: Overview of the evidence. Paediatrics 2005; 115: e749-57.
109. Lampert LT. Identification and management of schizophrenia in childhood. J Child Adolesc Psychiatr Nurs 2001; 14 (2): 73-80.
110. Biederman J, Mick E, Faraone SV, Spencer T, Wilens TE, Wozniak J. Current concepts in the validity, diagnosis and treatment of paediatric bipolar disorder. Int J Neuropsychcopharmcol 2003; 6: 293-300.
111. Biederman J, Mick E, Wozniak J, Monuteaux MC, Galdo M, Faraone V. Can a subtype of conduct disorder linked to bipolar disorder be identified? Integration of findings from the Massachusetts General Hospital Pediatric Psychopharmacology Research Program. Biol Psychiatry 2003; 53 (11): 952-60.
112. Kowatch RA, Fristad M, Birmaher B et al. Treatment guidelines for children and adolescents with bipolar disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2005; 44 (3): 213-35.
113. Rajeev J, Srinath S, Girimaji S, Seshadri SP, Singh P. A systematic chart review of the naturalistic course and treatment of early-onset bipolar disorder in a child and adolescent psychiatry center. Comp Psychiatry 2004; 45 (2): 148-54.
114. Fedorowicz VJ, Fombonne E. Metabolic side effects of atypical antipsychotics in children: A literature review. J Psychopharmacol 2005; 19 (5): 533-50.