Animal models of catheter-induced intimal hyperplasia in type 1 and type 2 diabetes and the effects of pharmacologic intervention

Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology

Volumn 87, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 37-50

  McNamara, D B ^a   Murthy, S N ^a   Fonseca, A N ^a   Desouza, C V ^a   Kadowitz, P J ^a   Fonseca, V A ^b  

^a TULANE UNIVERSITY HEALTH SCIENCES CENTER   (United States)

^b VA NEBRASKA WESTERN IOWA HEALTH CARE SYSTEM   (United States)

Author keywords

Animal models; Catheter injury; Diabetes; Hyperglycemia; Incretin mimetics; Insulin; Intimal hyperplasia; Niacin; Ppar agonist; Sildenafil

Indexed keywords

ACARBOSE; ALPHA GLUCOSIDASE INHIBITOR; BIGUANIDE DERIVATIVE; CYCLIC GMP; EXENDIN 4; FENOFIBRATE; FLUINDOSTATIN; GLIBENCLAMIDE; GLITAZONE DERIVATIVE; GLUCOSE; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; INCRETIN; INSULIN DERIVATIVE; METFORMIN; MEVALONIC ACID; NICOTINIC ACID; NITRIC OXIDE; PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR ACTIVATED RECEPTOR ALPHA AGONIST; PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR ACTIVATED RECEPTOR GAMMA AGONIST; PLACEBO; PRAVASTATIN; REPAGLINIDE; ROSIGLITAZONE; SILDENAFIL; SIMVASTATIN;

ARTERY INTIMA PROLIFERATION; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; BLOOD VESSEL INJURY; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CATHETER; CATHETER COMPLICATION; CLINICAL TRIAL; COMPARATIVE STUDY; DIABETES MELLITUS; DRUG EFFICACY; DYSLIPIDEMIA; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL; HUMAN; INFLAMMATION; INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; NONHUMAN; PERCUTANEOUS TRANSLUMINAL ANGIOPLASTY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SINGLE DRUG DOSE; STREPTOZOCIN DIABETES;

ANIMALS; BALLOON DILATATION; BIGUANIDES; DIABETES MELLITUS, EXPERIMENTAL; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 1; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL-COA REDUCTASE INHIBITORS; HYPERPLASIA; HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS; NIACIN; NITRIC OXIDE; PPAR ALPHA; PPAR GAMMA; TUNICA INTIMA;

EID: 65249108099     PISSN: 00084212     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1139/Y08-098     Document Type: Review

References (118)

1. Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes Study Group, Gerstein, H.C., Miller, M.E., Byington, R.P., Goff, D.C., Jr., Bigger, J.T., Buse, J.B., et al. 2008. Effects of intensive glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes. N. Engl. J. Med. 358: 2545-2559. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0802743. PMID:18539917.
2. ADVANCE Collaborative Group, Patel, A., MacMahon, S., Chalmers, J., Neal, B., Billot, L., et al. 2008. Intensive blood glucose control and vascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. N. Engl. J. Med. 358: 2560-2572. doi:10.1056/ NEJMicm066227. PMID: 18539916.
3. Akbar, D.H. 2003. Diabetes mellitus and viral hepatitis: the unsolved mystery. Acta Diabetol. 40: 77-79. PMID:12861404.
4. Aloulou, I., Varlet- Marie, E., Mercier, J., and Brun, J.F. 2006. The hemorheological aspects of the metabolic syndrome are a combination of separate effects of insulin resistance, hyperinsuline- mia and adiposity. Clin. Hemorheol. Microcirc. 35: 113-119. PMID:16899914.
5. Amori, R.E., Lau, J., and Pittas, A.G. 2007. Efficacy and safety of incretin therapy in type 2 diabetes: systematic review and meta- analysis. JAMA, 298: 194-206. doi:10.1001/jama.298.2.194. PMID:17622601.
6. Aronson, D. 2002. Potential role of advanced glycosylation end products in promoting restenosis in diabetes and renal failure. Med. Hypotheses, 59: 297-301. doi:10.1016/S0306-9877(02) 00172-X. PMID:12208156.
7. Arulmozhi, D.K., Kurian, R., Bodhankar, S.L., and Veeranjaneyulu, A. 2008. Metabolic effects of various antidiabetic and hypolipi- daemic agents on a high-fat diet and multiple low-dose strepto- zocin (MLDS) mouse model of diabetes. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 60: 1167-1173. doi:10.1211/jpp.60.9.0008. PMID:18718120.
8. Azuma, K., Toyofuku, Y., Iesaki, T., Otsuka, A., Tanaka, A., Mita, T., et al. 2006. Acarbose, an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, improves endothelial dysfunction in Goto-Kakizaki rats exhibiting repetitive blood glucose fluctuation. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 345: 688-693. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.04.090. PMID:16696939.
9. Bandoh, T., Mitani, H., Niihashi, M., Kusumi, Y., Ishikawa, J., Kimura, M., et al. 1996. Inhibitory effect of fluvastatin at doses insufficient to lower serum lipids on the catheter-induced thickening of intima in rabbit femoral artery. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 315: 37-12. doi:10.1016/S0014-2999(96)00573-0. PMID:8960862.
10. Bavenholm, P.N., and Efendic, S. 2006. Postprandial hyperglycae- mia and vascular damage: the benefits of acarbose. Diab. Vasc. Dis. Res. 3: 72-79. doi:10.3132/dvdr.2006.017. PMID:17058626.
11. Berceli, S.A., Jiang, Z., Klingman, N.V., Pfahni, C.L., Abouhamze, Z.S., Frase, C.D., et al. 2004. Differential expression and activity of matrix metalloproteinases during flow-modulated vein graft remodeling. J. Vasc. Surg. 39: 1084-1090. doi:10.1016/j. jvs.2003.12.031. PMID:15111865.
12. Buettner, C., Davis, R.B., Leveille, S.G., Mittleman, M.A., and Mukamal, K.J. 2008. Prevalence of musculoskeletal pain and statin use. J. Gen. Intern. Med. 23: 1182-1186. doi:10.1007/s11606-008-0636-7. PMID:18449611.
13. Carley, A.N., and Severson, D.L. 2005. Fatty acid metabolism is enhanced in type 2 diabetic hearts. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1734: 112-126. Published online 2005 Apr 9. PMID:15904868.
14. Carulli, L., Rondinella, S., Lombardini, S., Canedi, I., Loria, P., and Carulli, N. 2005. Review article: diabetes, genetics and ethnicity. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 22(Suppl. 2): 16-19. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2005.02588. x. PMID:16225465.
15. Catchpole, B., Kennedy, L.J., Davidson, L.J., and Ollier, W.E. 2008. Canine diabetes mellitus: from phenotype to genotype. J. Small Anim. Pract. 49: 4-10. PMID:17617163. Chen, X.P., Falkner, D.H., and Morel, P.A. 2005. Impaired IL-4 production by CD8+ T cells in NOD mice is related to a defect of c-Maf binding to the IL-4 promoter. Eur. J. Immunol. 35: 1408-1417. doi:10.1002/eji.200425483. PMID:15832295.
16. Choudhury, R.P., Carrelli, A.L., Stern, J.D., Chereshnev, I., Soccio, R., Elmalem, V.I., et al. 2004. Effects of simvastatin on plasma lipoproteins and response to arterial injury in wild-type and apo- lipoprotein- E- deficient mice. J. Vasc. Res. 41: 75-83. doi:10.1159/000076436. PMID:14752252.
17. Cizek, S.M., Bedri, S., Talusan, P., Silva, N., Lee, H., and Stone, J.R. 2007. Risk factors for atherosclerosis and the development of preatherosclerotic intimal hyperplasia. Cardiovasc. Pathol. 16: 344-350. doi:10.1016/j.carpath.2007.05.007. PMID:18005873.
18. Clee, S.M., and Atti, A.D. 2007. The genetic landscape of type 2 diabetes in mice. Endocr. Rev. 28: 48-83. doi:10.1210/er.2006-0035. PMID:17018838.
19. Das Evcimen, N., and King, G.L. 2007. The role of protein kinase C activation and the vascular complications of diabetes. Pharmacol. Res. 55: 498-510. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2007.04.016. PMID: 17574431.
20. de Aguiar, L.G., Bahia, L.R., Villela, N., Laflor, C., Sicuro, F., Wiernsperger, N., et al. 2006. Metformin improves endothelial vascular reactivity in first-degree relatives of type 2 diabetic patients with metabolic syndrome and normal glucose tolerance. Diabetes Care, 29: 1083-1089. doi:10.2337/dc05-2146. PMID: 16644641.
21. de Vriese, A.S., Tilton, R.G., Elger, M., Stephan, C.C., Kriz, W., and Lameire, N.H. 2001. Antibodies against vascular endothelial growth factor improve early renal dysfunction in experimental diabetes. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 12: 993-1000. PMID:11316858.
22. Desouza, C., Parulkar, A., Lumpkin, D., Akers, D., and Fonseca, V.A. 2002. Acute and prolonged effects of sildenafil on brachial artery flow-mediated dilatation in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care, 25: 1336-1339. doi:10.2337/diacare.25.8.1336. PMID:12145231.
23. Desouza, C.V., Murthy, S.N., Diez, J., Dunne, B., Matta, A.S., Fonseca, V.A., and McNamara, D.B. 2003. Differential effects of peroxisome proliferator activator receptor-alpha and gamma ligands on intimal hyperplasia after balloon catheter-induced vascular injury in Zucker rats. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. Ther. 8:297-305. doi:10.1177/107424840300800407. PMID:14740079.
24. Dishy, V., Sofowora, G., Harris, P.A., Kandcer, M., Zhan, F., Wood, A.J., and Stein, C.M. 2001. The effect of sildenafil on nitric oxide-mediated vasodilation in healthy men. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 70: 270-279. doi:10.1067/mcp.2001.117995. PMID: 11557915.
25. Dolezalová, R., Haluzík, M.M., Bosanská, L., Lacinová, Z., Kasalová, Z., Stulc, T., and Haluzík, M. 2007. Effect of PPAR- gamma agonist treatment on markers of endothelial dysfunction in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Physiol. Res. 56: 741-748. PMID:17087601.
26. Dormandy, J.A., Charbonnel, B., Eckland, D.J., Erdmann, E., Massi- Benedetti, M., Moules, I.K., et al. 2005. Secondary prevention of macrovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes in the PROactive study (PROspective pioglitAzone clinical trial in macroVascular events): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet, 366: 1279-1289. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67528-9. PMID:16214598.
27. Drucker, D.J., and Nauck, M.A. 2006. The incretin system: Glucagon- like peptide-1 receptor agonists and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors in type 2 diabetes. Lancet, 368: 1696-1705. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69705-5. PMID:17098089.
28. 2+ handling defects in cardiomyocytes of ob/ob mice. Diabetes, 54: 2375-2381. doi:10.2337/diabetes.54. 8.2375. PMID:16046304.
29. Flórez, H. 1997. Steps toward the primary prevention of type II diabetes mellitus: various epidemiological considerations. Invest. Clin. 38: 39-52. PMID:9235072.
30. Fonseca, V., Jawa, A., and Asnani, S. 2006. Commentary: The PROactive study- the glass is half full. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Me- tab. 91: 25-27. doi:10.1210/jc.2005-2450. PMID:16303829.
31. Franconi, F., Seghieri, G., Canu, S., Straface, E., Campesi, I., and Malorni, W. 2008. Are the available experimental models of type 2 diabetes appropriate for a gender perspective? Pharmacol. Res. 57: 6-18. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2007.11.007. PMID:18221886.
32. Freeman, H., and Cox, R.D. 2006. type 2 diabetes: a cocktail of genetic discovery. Hum. Mol. Genet. 15: R202-R209. doi:10.1093/ hmg/ddl191. PMID:16987885.
33. Ganji, S.H., Tavintharan, S., Zhu, D., Xing, Y., Kamanna, V.S., and Kashyap, M.L. 2004. Niacin noncompetively inhibits DGAT2 but not DGAT1 activity in HepG2 cells. J. Lipid Res. 45: 1835-1845. doi:10.1194/jlr.M300403- JLR200. PMID:15258194.
34. Genolet, R., Wahli, W., and Michalik, L. 2004. PPARs as drug targets to modulate inflammatory responses? Curr. Drug Targets Inflamm. Allergy, 3: 361-375. doi:10.2174/1568010042634578. PMID:15584886.
35. Granberry, M.C., and Fonseca, V.A. 2005. Cardiovascular risk factors associated with insulin resistance: effects of oral antidiabetic agents. Am. J. Cardiovasc. Drugs, 5: 201-209. doi:10.2165/00129784-200505030-00006. PMID:15901207.
36. cp) model of type 2 diabetes. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 293: F1605-F1613. doi:10.1152/ajprenal.00511.2006. PMID:17728379.
37. Gu, K., Cowie, C.C., and Harris, M.I. 1998. Mortality in adults with and without diabetes in a national cohort of the U.S. population, 1971-1993. Diabetes Care, 21: 1138-1145. doi:10.2337/ diacare.21.7.1138. PMID:9653609.
38. Hanefeld, M. 2006. Treatment of impaired glucose tolerance with acarbose and its effect on intima- media thickness: a substudy of the STOP-NIDDM trial (study to prevent non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus). Endocr. Pract. 12(Suppl. 1): 56-59. PMID:16627382.
39. Hanefeld, M., and Schaper, F. 2004. Postprandial hyperglycemia as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease: therapy improves prognosis. Herz, 29: 480-487. doi:10.1007/s00059-004-2608-y. PMID:15340733.
40. Hanefeld, M., and Schaper, F. 2008. Acarbose: oral anti-diabetes drug with additional cardiovascular benefits. Expert Rev. Cardi- ovasc. Ther. 6: 153-163. doi:10.1586/14779072.6.2.153. PMID:18248270.
41. Heise, M., Schmidt, S., Kruger, U., Ruckert, R., Rosler, S., et al. 2004. Flow patterns and shear stress distribution of distal end-to- side anastomoses. A comparison of the instaneous velocity fields obtained by particle image velocimetry. J. Biomech. 37: 1043-1051. doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2003.11. 030. PMID:15165874.
42. Henson, M.S., and O'Brien, T.D. 2006. Feline models of type 2 diabetes mellitus. ILAR J. 47: 234-242. PMID:16804198.
43. Home, P.D., Pocock, S.J., Beck-Nielsen, H., Gomis, R., Hanefeld, M., Jones, N.P., et al. 2007. RECORD Study Group: rosiglitazone evaluated for cardiovascular outcomes - an interim analysis. N. Engl. J. Med. 357: 28-38. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa073394. PMID:17551159.
44. Hui, D.Y. 2008. Intimal hyperplasia in murine models. Curr. Drug Targets, 9: 251-260. doi:10.2174/138945008783755601. PMID:18336244.
45. Indolfi, C., Torella, D., Cavuto, L., Davalli, A.M., Coppola, C., Esposito, G., et al. 2001. Effects of balloon injury on neointimal hyperplasia in streptozotocin-induced diabetes and in hyperinsu- linemic nondiabetic pancreatic islet-transplanted rats. Circulation, 103: 2980-2986. PMID:11413090.
46. Jadhav, S., Ferrell, W., Greer, I.A., Petrie, J.R., Cobbe, S.M., and Sattar, N. 2006. Effects of metformin on microvascular function and exercise tolerance in women with angina and normal coronary arteries: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 48: 956-963. doi:10.1016/j.jacc. 2006.04.088. PMID:16949486.
47. Kaiura, T.L., Itoh, H., and Kent, K.C. 1999. The role of mitogen- activated protein kinase and protein kinase C in fibronectin production in human vascular smooth cells. J. Surg. Res. 84:212-217. doi:10.1006/jsre.1999. 5646. PMID:10357922.
48. Katakami, N., Yamasaki, Y., Hayaishi-Okano, R., Ohtoshi, K., Kaneto, H., Matsuhisa, M., et al. 2004. Metformin or gliclazide, rather than glibenclamide, attenuate progression of carotid intima- media thickness in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia, 47: 1906-1913. doi:10.1007/s00125-004-1547-8. PMID:15565373.
49. Khurana, R., Zhuang, Z., Bhardwaj, S., Murakami, M., De Muinck, E., Yla-Herttuala, S., et al. 2004. Angiogenesis- dependent and independent phases of intimal hyperplasia. Circulation, 110: 2436-2443. doi:10.1161/01.CIR. 0000145138.25577.F1. PMID:15477408.
50. Kobayashi, T., Harb, G., and Rayat, G.R. 2005. Prolonged survival of microencapsulated neonatal porcine islets in mice treated with a combination of anti-CD154 and anti-LFA-1 monoclonal antibodies. Transplantation, 80: 821-827. doi:10.1097/01.TP. 0000173773.01811.88. PMID:16210971.
51. Koulmanda, M., Quipo, A., Chebrolu, S., O'Neill, J., Auchincloss, H., and Smith, R.N. 2003. The effect of low versus high dose of streptozotocin in cynomologus monkies (Macaca fasciluaris). Am. J. Transplant. 3: 267-272. doi:10.1034/j.1600-6143.2003. 00040.x. PMID:12614280.
52. Landgraf, R. 2000. Meglitinide analogues in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Drugs Aging, 17: 411-425. doi:10.2165/ 00002512-200017050-00007. PMID:11190420.
53. Lange, R.A., Flores, E.D., and Hillis, L.D. 1991. Restenosis after coronary balloon angioplasty. Annu. Rev. Med. 42: 127-132. doi:10.1146/annurev.me.42.020191.001015. PMID:2035958.
54. Leiter, E.H., and Lee, C.H. 2005. Mouse models and the genetics of diabetes: is there evidence for genetic overlap between type 1 and type 2 diabetes? Diabetes, 54(Suppl. 2): S151-S158. doi:10.2337/diabetes.54. suppl-2.S151. PMID:16306333.
55. Leiter, E.H., and von Herrath, M. 2004. Animal models have little to teach us about type 1 diabetes: 2. In opposition to this proposal. Diabetologia, 47: 1657-1660. doi:10.1007/s00125-004- 1518-0. PMID:15502929.
56. Leroith, D., and Accili, D. 2008. Mechanisms of disease: using genetically altered mice to sudy concepts of type 2 diabetes. Nat. Clin. Pract. Endocrinol. Metab. 4: 164-172. doi:10.1038/ ncpendmet0729. PMID:18212763.
57. Li, S., Zhang, H.Y., Lawrence, F., Gallagher, K.E., Surapeanei, A., Estrem, S.T., et al. 2008. Assessment of diet-induced obese rats as an obesity model by comparative genomics. Obesity (Silver Spring), 16: 811-818. doi:10.1038/oby.2007.116.PMID:18239588.
58. Liao, Y.J., Ueno, M., Nakagawa, T., Huang, C., Kanenishi, K., Onodera, M., and Sakamoto, H. 2005. Oxidative damage in cerebral vessels of diabetic db/db mice. Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev. 21: 554-559. doi:10.1002/dmrr.579. PMID:16021652.
59. Lin, C.S., Lin, G., Xin, Z.C., and Lue, T.F. 2006. Expression, distribution and regulation of phosphodiesterase 5. Curr. Pharm. Des. 12: 3439-3457. doi:10.2174/138161206778343064. PMID:17017938.
60. Lorenzen, A., Stannek, C., Lang, H., Andrianov, V., Kalvinsh, I., and Schwabe, U. 2001. Characterization of G protein-coupled receptor for nicotinic acid and hepatic triglyceride synthesis. Mol. Pharmacol. 59: 349-357. PMID:11160872.
61. Loutfi, M., Mulvihill, N.T., Boccalatte, M., Farah, B., Fajadet, J., and Marco, J. 2003. Impact of restenosis and disease progression on clinical outcome after multivessel stenting in diabetic patients. Catheter. Cardiovasc. Interv. 58: 451-454. doi:10.1002/ ccd.10455. PMID:12652493.
62. Lund, S.S., Tarnow, L., Stehouwer, C.D., Schalkwijk, C.G., Teerlink, T., Gram, J., et al. 2008. Impact of metformin versus repaglinide on non- glycaemic cardiovascular risk markers related to inflammation and endothelial dysfunction in non-obese patients with type 2 diabetes. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 158: 631-641.doi:10.1530/EJE-07-0815. PMID:18426821.
63. McCloud, L.L., Parkerson, J.B., Zou, L., Rao, R.N., and Catravas, J.D. 2004. Reduced pulmonary endothelium-bound angiotensin converting enzyme activity in diabetic rabbits. Vascul. Pharmacol. 41: 159-165. doi:10.1016/j.vph.2004.08.004. PMID:15607499.
64. Min, K.M., Park, S.W., Cho, K.Y., Song, M.S., Kim, D.K., Park, G.S., and Lee, M.K. 2002. Troglitazone improves blood flow by inhibiting neointimal formation after balloon injury in Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima fatty rats. Metabolism, 51: 998-1002. doi:10.1053/meta.2002.34027. PMID:12145772.
65. Molnar, J., Yu, S., Mzhavia, N., Pau, C., Chereshnev, J., and Dansky, H.M. 2005. Diabetes induces endothelial dysfunction but does not increase neointimal formation in high-fat diet fed C57BL/6J mice. Circ. Res. 96: 1178-1184. doi:10.1161/01.RES. 0000168634.74330.ed. PMID:15879311.
66. Mordes, J.P., and Rossini, A.A. 1981. Animal models of diabetes. Am. J. Med. 70: 353-360. doi:10.1016/0002-9343(81)90772-5. PMID:6451172.
67. Morgan, J.M., Carey, C.M., Lincoff, A., and Capuzzi, D.M. 2004. The effects of niacin on lipoprotein subclass distribution. Prev. Cardiol. 7: 182-187. doi:10.1111/j.1520-037X.2004.3129.x. PMID:15539965.
68. Müller, A., Smith, L., Parker, M., and Mulhall, J.P. 2007. Analysis of the efficacy and safety of sildenafil citrate in the geriatric population. BJU Int. 100: 117-121. doi:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2007. 06915.x. PMID:17552959.
69. Murthy, S.N., Obregon, D.F., Chattergoon, N.N., Fonseca, N.A., Mondal, D., Dunne, J.B., et al. 2005. Rosiglitazone reduces serum homocysteine levels, smooth muscle proliferation, and in- timal hyperplasia in Sprague- Dawley rats fed a high methionine diet. Metabolism, 54: 645-652. doi:10.1016/j. metabol.2004.12. 008. PMID:15877295.
70. Nissen, S.E., and Wolski, K. 2007. Effect of rosiglitazone on the risk of myocardial infarction and death from cardiovascular causes. N. Engl. J. Med. 356: 2457-2471. doi:10.1056/ NEJMoa072761. PMID:17517853.
71. O'Brien, T.D., Wagner, J.D., Litwak, K.N., Carlson, C.S., Cefalu, W.T., Jordan, K., et al. 1996. Islet amyloid and islet amyloid polypeptide in cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis): an animal model of human non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Vet. Pathol. 33: 479-485. PMID:8885173.
72. Okamoto, T., Kanemoto, N., Ohbuchi, Y., Okano, M., Fukui, H., and Sudo, T. 2008. Characterization of STZ- induced type 2 diabetes in zucker fatty rats. Exp. Anim. 57: 335-345. doi:10.1538/expanim.57.335. PMID:18633156.
73. Ozanne, S.E., and Constancia, M. 2007. Mechanisms of disease: the developmental origins of disease and the role of the epigen- otype. Nat. Clin. Pract. Endocrinol. Metab. 3: 539-546. doi:10. 1038/ncpendmet0531. PMID:17581623.
74. Pan, J., Lin, M., Kesala, R.L., Van, J., and Charles, M.A. 2002. Niacin treatment of the atherogenic lipid profile and Lp(a)in diabetes. Diabetes Obes. Metab. 4: 255-261. doi:10.1046/j. 1463-1326.2002.00205.x. PMID:12099974.
75. Papaccio, G., Graziano, A., d'Aquino, R., De Francesco, F., Puca, A., and Pedulla, M. 2006. An early but intense cytokine production within the islets may be predictive for type 1 diabetes occurrence in the Bio Breeding (BB) rat. J. Cell. Physiol. 209:1016-1020. doi:10.1002/jcp.20809. PMID:16972262.
76. Parulkar, A.A., Pendergrass, M.L., Granda-Ayala, R., Lee, T.R., and Fonseca, V.A. 2001. Nonhypoglycemic effects of thiazolidi- nediones. Ann. Intern. Med. 134: 61-71. PMID:11187421.
77. Post, M.J., Borst, C., Pasterkamp, G., and Haudenschild, C.C. 1995. Arterial remodeling in atherosclerosis and restenosis: a vague concept of a distinct phenomenon. Atherosclerosis, 118(Suppl.): S115-S123. PMID:8821471.
78. Poynter, M.E., and Daynes, R.A. 1998. Peroxisome proliferator- activated receptor alpha activation modulates cellular redox status, represses nuclear factor- kappaB signaling, and reduces inflammatory cytokine production in aging. J. Biol. Chem. 273:32833-32841. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.49.32833. PMID:9830030.
79. Przewlocki, T., Pieniazek, P., Ryniewicz, W., Kostkiewicz, M., Olszowska, M., Podolec, P., et al. 2000. Long- termoutcome ofcor- onary balloon angioplasty in diabetic patients. Int. J. Cardiol. 76:716. doi:10.1016/S0167-5273(00)00365-X. PMID:11121591.
80. Reddy, S., Elliott, R.B., Chang, M., Hsu, T., Rodrigues, J.A., Qiao, L., and Robinson, E. 2008. Newly weaned nonobese diabetic mice show heightened early diabetes sensitivity to multiple low doses of streptozotocin than nondiabetes- prone CD-1 mice: initial beta-cell damage a key trigger for type 1 diabetes? Pancreas, 37: e8-e19. PMID:18580436.
81. Ridray, S. 1995. Hyperinsulinemia and smooth muscle cell proliferation. Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. 19(Suppl. 1): S39-S51. PMID:7550537.
82. Roep, B.O., and Atkinson, M. 2004. Animal models have little to teach us about type 1 diabetes: In support of this proposal. Dia- betologia, 47: 1650-1656. doi:10.1007/s00125-004-1517-1. PMID:15490110.
83. Roep, B.O., Atkinson, M., and von Herrath, M. 2004. Satisfaction (not) guaranteed: re-evaluating the use of animal models in type I diabetes. Natl. Rev. 4: 989-997. PMID:15573133.
84. Rolandsson, O., Haney, M.F., Hagg, E., Biber, B., and Lernmark, A. 2002. Streptozotocin induced diabetes in minipig: a case report of a possible model for type 1 diabetes? Autoimmunity, 35:261-264. doi:10.1080/ 0891693021000010703. PMID:12482194.
85. Russell, J.C., and Proctor, S.D. 2006. Small animal models of cardiovascular disease: tools for the study of the roles of metabolic syndrome, dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis. Cardiovasc. Pathol. 15:318-330. doi:10.1016/j.carpath.2006.09.001. PMID:17113010.
86. Saroyan, R.M., Roberts, M.P., Light, J.T., Jr., Chen, I.L., Vaccarella, M.Y., Bang, D.J., et al. 1992. Differential recovery of prostacyclin and endothelium- derived relaxing factor after vascular injury. Am. J. Physiol. 262(5 Pt 2): H1449-H1457. PMID:1590450.
87. Schiffer, M., Susztak, K., Ranalletta, M., Raff, A.C., Bottinger, E.P., and Charron, M.J. 2005. Localization of the GLUT8 glucose transporter in murine kidney and regulation in vivo in nondiabetic and diabetic conditions. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 289:F186-F193. doi:10.1152/ajprenal.00234.2004. PMID:15741607.
88. Schiller, N.K., and McNamara, D.B. 1999. Balloon catheter vascular injury of the alloxan- induced diabetic rabbit: the role of insulin-like growth factor. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 202: 159-167. doi:10.1023/A:1007005919319. PMID:10706006.
89. Schiller, N.K., Timothy, A.M., Chen, I.L., Rice, J.C., Akers, D.L., Kadowitz, P.J., and McNamara, D.B. 1999. Endothelial cell re- growth and morphology after balloon catheter injury of alloxan- induced diabetic rabbits. Am. J. Physiol. 277: H740-H748. PMID:10444501.
90. Schiller, N.K., Akers, D.L., Burke, B., Timothy, A.M., Bedi, B., and McNamara, D.B. 2001. A study of vascular wound healing in a rabbit model of type I diabetes. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 498: 87-96. PMID:11900406.
91. Schmith, V.D., and Floss, J.F. 2008. Effects of inflammation on pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics: increasing recognition of it contribution to variability in response. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 83: 809-811. doi:10.1038/clpt.2008.62. PMID:18488052.
92. Schmoelzer, I., and Wascher, T.C. 2006. Effect of repaglinide on endothelial dysfunction during a glucose tolerance test in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. Cardiovasc. Diabetol. 5: 9. doi:10.1186/1475-2840-5-9. PMID:16606452.
93. Scott, N.A. 2006. Restenosis following implantation of bare metal coronary stents: pathophysiology and pathways involved in the vascular response to injury. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 58: 358-376. doi:10.1016/j.addr.2006.01. 015. PMID:16733073.
94. Shimabukuro, M., Higa, N., Chinen, I., Yamakawa, K., and Takasu, N. 2006. Effects of a single administration of acarbose on postprandial glucose excursion and endothelial dysfunction in type 2 diabetic patients: a randomized crossover study. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 91: 837-842. doi:10.1210/jc.2005-1566. PMID:16368744.
95. Skrha, J., Prázný, M., Hilgertová, J., Kvasnicka, J., Kalousová, M., and Zima, T. 2007. Oxidative stress and endothelium influenced by metformin in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 63: 1107-1114. doi:10.1007/s00228-007-0378-1. PMID:17874238.
96. S0ndergaard, H.M., B0tker, H.E., B0ttcher, M., and Nielsen, T.T. 2003. Percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with diabetes mellitus. Ugeskr. Laeger, 165: 111-115. PMID:12553090.
97. Spellman, C.W. 2007. Islet cell dysfunction in progression to diabetes mellitus. J. Am. Osteopath. Assoc. 107(Suppl.): S1-S5. PMID:17724012.
98. Standl, E. 2005. Aetiology and consequences of the metabolic syndrome. Eur. Heart J. Suppl. 7(Suppl. D.): D10-D13. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/sui023.
99. Stocker, D.J., Taylor, A.J., Langley, R.W., Jezior, M.R., and Vigersky, R.A. 2007. A randomized trial of the effects of rosi- glitazone and metformin on inflammation and subclinical atherosclerosis in patients with type 2 diabetes. Am. Heart J. 153:445.e1-6. doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2006.11.005. PMID:17307426.
100. Subbotin, V.M. 2007. Analysis of arterial intimal hyperplasia: review and hypothesis. Theor. Biol. Med. Model. 4: 41. doi:10.1186/1742-4682-4-41. PMID:17974015.
101. Tamura, K., Kanzaki, T., Tashiro, J., Yokote, K., Mori, S., Ueda, S., et al. 2000. Increased atherogenesis in Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima fatty rats before the onset of diabetes mellitus: association with overexpression of PDGF beta-receptors in aortic smooth muscle cells. Atherosclerosis, 149: 351-358. doi:10. 1016/S0021-9150(99)00349-4. PMID:10729385.
102. Tavintharan, S., and Kashyap, M.L. 2001. The benefits of niacin in atherosclerosis. Curr. Atheroscler. Rep. 3: 74-82. doi:10.1007/s11883- 001-0014-y. PMID:11123852.
103. Taylor, A.J., Sullenberger, L.E., Lee, H.J., Lee, J.K., and Grace, K.A. 2004. Arterial Biology for the Investigation of the Treatment Effects of Reducing Cholesterol (ARBITER) 2: a double- blind, placebo-controlled study of extended-release niacin on atherosclerosis progression in secondary prevention patients treated with statins. Circulation, 110: 3512-3517. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000148955.19792.8D. PMID:15537681.
104. Taylor, A.J., Lee, H.J., and Sullenberger, L.E. 2006. The effect of 24 months of combination statin and extended-release niacin on carotid intima -media thickness: ARBITER 3. Curr. Med. Res. Opin. 22: 2243-2250. doi:10.1185/030079906X148508. PMID:17076985.
105. Taylor, A.J., Zhu, D., Sullenberger, L.E., Lee, H.J., Lee, J.K., and Grace, K.A. 2007. Relationship between glycemic status and progression of carotid intima- media thickness during treatment with combined statin and extended-release niacin in ARBITER 2. Vasc. Health Risk Manag. 3: 159-164. PMID:17583186.
106. Thompson, C.S. 2008. Animal models of diabetes mellitus: relavance to vascular complications. Curr. Pharm. Des. 14:309-324. doi:10.2174/138161208783497679. PMID:18289058.
107. Tilg, H., and Moschen, A.R. 2008. Inflammatory mechanisms in the regulation of insulin resistance. Mol. Med. 14: 222-231. doi:10.2119/2007-00119.Tilg. PMID:18235842.
108. Vosper, H., Khoudoli, G.A., Graham, T.L., and Palmer, C.N. 2002. Peroxisome proliferator- activated receptor agonists, hyperlipi- daemia, and atherosclerosis. Pharmacol. Ther. 95: 47-62. [Review.] doi:10.1016/S0163-7258(02)00232-2. PMID:12163127.
109. Wannamethee, S.G., Shaper, A.G., and Lennon, L. 2004. Cardiovascular disease incidence and mortality in older men with diabetes and in men with coronary heart disease. Heart, 90: 1398-1403. doi:10.1136/hrt.2003. 026104. PMID:15547012.
110. Whalen, B.J., Mordes, J.P., and Rossini, A.A. 2001. The BB rat as a model of human insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Curr. Protoc. Immunol. Unit 15.3. doi:10.1002/0471142735. im1503s19. PMID:18432735.
111. Wierzbicki, A.S. 2006. Fibrates after the FIELD study: some answers, more questions. Diab. Vasc. Dis. Res. 3: 166-171. doi:10.3132/dvdr.2006.025. PMID:17160911.
112. Wu, K.K., and Huan, Y. 2007. Diabetic atheroscledrosis mouse models. Atherosclerosis, 191: 241-249. doi:10.1016/j. atherosclerosis.2006.08. 030. PMID:16979174.
113. Wu, K.K., Wu, T.J., Chin, J., Mitnaul, L.J., Hernandez, M., Cai, T.Q., et al. 2005. Increased hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis in mice lacking both ApoE and leptin receptor. Atherosclerosis, 181: 251-259. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2005.01. 029. PMID:16039278.
114. Xu, C., Arinze, I.J., Johnson, J., Tuy, T.T., Bone, F., Ernsberger, P., and Massillon, D. 2008. Metabolic dysregulation in the SHROB rat reflects abnormal expression of transcription factors and enxymes that regulate carbohydrate metabolism. J. Nutr. Biochem. 19: 305-312. doi:10.1016/j.jnutbio.2007.05.001. PMID:17683927.
115. Yamagishi, S., Nakamura, K., and Takeuchi, M. 2005. Inhibition of postprandial hyperglycemia by acarbose is a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of patients with the metabolic syndrome. Med. Hypotheses, 65: 152-154. doi:10.1016/j.mehy. 2004.12.008. PMID:15893133.
116. Zhang, Q., Lu, L., Zhang, R., Shen, J., Zhu, Z., Hu, J., et al. 2007. Neointimal hypertension at six months after sirolimus- eluting stent implantation in diabetic porcine. Cardiovasc. Diabetol. 6:16-23. doi:10.1186/1475-2840-6-16. PMID:17550588.
117. Zhang, L.N., Parkinson, J.F., Haskell, C., and Wamg, Y. 2008. Mechanisms of intimal hyperplasia learned from a murine carotid artery ligation model. Curr. Vasc. Pharmacol. 6: 37-43. doi:10.2174/157016108783331321. PMID:18220938.
118. Zhao, W., Iskandar, S., Kooshki, M., Sharpe, J.G., Payne, V., and Robbins, M.E. 2007. Knocking out peroxisome proliferator- activated receptor (PPAR) alpha inhibits radiation-induced apop- tosis in the mouse kidney through activation of NF-kappa B and increased expression of IAPs. Radiat. Res. 167: 581-591.doi:10.1667/RR0814.1. PMID:17474796.