Antipredator behavior in blackbirds: Habituation complements risk allocation

Behavioral Ecology

Volumn 20, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 371-377

  Rodriguez Prieto, Iñaki ^a   Fernández Juricic, Esteban ^b   Martín, José ^a   Regis, Yohana ^c  

^a MUSEO NACIONAL DE CIENCIAS NATURALES   (Spain)

^b CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c Fundación Naturaleza y Hombre   (Spain)

Author keywords

Antipredator behavior; Flight initiation distance; Predator density; Risk reduction

Indexed keywords

ANTIPREDATOR DEFENSE; BEHAVIORAL RESPONSE; ENCOUNTER RATE; HABITUATION; HUMAN ACTIVITY; PEDESTRIAN; RECREATIONAL ACTIVITY; RESOURCE ALLOCATION; SONGBIRD; SURVIVAL;

ANIMALIA; TURDUS MERULA;

EID: 64949193458     PISSN: 10452249     EISSN: 14657279     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arn151     Document Type: Article

References (37)

1. Abrams PA, Matsuda H. 1997. Prey evolution as a cause of predator-prey cycles. Evolution. 51:1742-1750.
2. Beale CM, Monaghan P. 2004. Behavioural responses to human disturbance: a matter of choice? Anim Behav. 68:1065-1069.
3. Blumstein DT. 2003. Flight initiation distance in birds is dependent on intruder starting distance. J Wildl Manage. 67:852-857.
4. Blumstein DT, Fernández-Juricic E, LeDee O, Larsen E, Rodríguez-Prieto I, Zugmeyer C. 2004. Avian risk assessment: effects of perching height and detectability. Ethology. 110:273-285.
5. Cooper WE Jr, Frederick WG. 2007. Optimal flight initiation distance. J Theor Biol. 244:59-67.
6. Cooper WE Jr, Pérez-Mellado V, Baird T, Baird TA, Caldwell JP, Vitt LJ. 2003. Effects of risk, cost, and their interaction on optimal escape by nonrefuging Bonaire whiptail lizards (Cnemidophorus murinus). Behav Ecol. 14:288-293.
7. Cresswell W. 1998. Diurnal and seasonal mass variation in blackbirds Turdus merula: consequences for mass-dependent predation-risk. J Anim Ecol. 67:78-90.
8. Evans DM, Day KR. 2001. Does shooting disturbance affect diving ducks wintering on large shallow lakes? A case study on Loch Neagh, Northern Ireland. Biol Conserv. 98:315-323.
9. Fernández-Juricic E. 2000. Bird community composition patterns in urban parks of Madrid: the role of age, size and isolation. Ecol Res. 15:373-383.
10. Fernández-Juricic E, Jiménez MD, Lucas E. 2001. Bird tolerance to human disturbance in urban parks of Madrid. Spain. Management Implications. In: Marzluff JM, Bowman R, Donnelly R, editors. Avian ecology and conservation in an urbanizing world. Norwell (MA): Kluwer Academic. p. 261-275.
11. Fernández-Juricic E, Jiménez MD, Lucas E. 2002. Factors affecting intra- and inter-specific variations in the difference between alert distances and flight distances for birds in forested habitats. Can J Zool. 80:1212-1220.
12. Fernández-Juricic E, Tellería JL. 2000. Effects of human disturbance on spatial and temporal feeding patterns of Blackbird Turdus merula in urban parks in Madrid, Spain. Bird Study. 47:13-21.
13. Fowler GS. 1999. Behavioural and hormonal responses of Magellanic penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus) to tourism and nest site visitations. Biol Conserv. 90:143-149.
14. Frid A, Dill LM. 2002. Human-caused disturbance stimuli as a form of predation risk. Conserv Ecol. 6:11.
15. Gill JA, Norris K, Sutherland WJ. 2001. Why behavioral responses may not reflect the population consequences of human disturbance. Biol Conserv. 97:265-268.
16. Greenwood PJ, Harvey PH. 1978. Foraging and territory utilization of blackbirds (Turdus merula) and song trushes (Turdus philomelos). Anim Behav. 26:1222-1236.
17. Hamilton IM, Heithaus MR. 2001. The effects of temporal variation in predation risk on anti-predator behaviour: an empirical test using marine snails. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 268:1585-2588.
18. Ikuta LA, Blumstein DT. 2003. Do fences protect birds from human disturbance? Biol Conserv. 112:447-452.
19. Krivan V, Vrkoc I. 2004. Should 'handled' prey be considered? Some consequences for functional response, predator-prey dynamics and optimal foraging theory. J Theor Biol. 227:167-174.
20. Labra A, Leonard R. 1999. Intraspecific variation in antipredator responses of three species of lizards (Liolaemus): possible effects of human presence. J Herpetol. 33:441-448.
21. Lima SL, Bednekoff PA. 1999. Temporal variation in danger drives antipredator behavior: the predation risk allocation hypothesis. Am Nat. 153:649-659.
22. Lima SL, Dill LM. 1990. Behavioral decisions made under the risk of predation: a review and prospectus. Can J Zool. 68:619-640.
23. Louis S, Le Berre M. 2000. Ajustement des distances de fuite à l'homme chez Marmota marmota. Can J Zool. 78:556-563.
24. MacLeod R, Barnett P, Clark JA, Cresswell W 2005. Body mass change strategies in blackbirds Turdus merula: the starvation-predation risk trade-off. J Anim Ecol. 74:292-302.
25. Madsen J. 1998. Experimental refuges for migratory waterfowl in Danish wetlands II: Tests of hunting disturbance effects. J Appl Ecol. 35:398-417.
26. Magle S, Zhu J, Crooks KR 2005. Behavioral responses to repeated human intrusion by black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus). J Mammal. 86:524-530.
27. Mirza RS, Mathis A, Chivers DP. 2006. Does temporal variation in predation risk influence the intensity of antipredator responses? A test of the risk allocation hypothesis. Ethology. 112:44-51.
28. Pecor KW, Hazlett BA. 2003. Frequency of encounter with risk and the trade-off between pursuit and antipredator behaviors in crayfish: a test of the risk allocation hypothesis. Ethology. 109: 97-106.
29. Prodon R, Lebreton JD. 1981. Breeding avifauna of a Mediterranean succession: the holm oak and the cork oak series in the eastern Pyrénées. 1: analysis and modelling of the structure gradient. Oikos. 37:21-38.
30. Rodriguez-Prieto I, Fernández-Juricic E, Martín J. 2008. To run or to fly: low cost versus low risk escape strategies in blackbirds. Behaviour. 145:1125-1138.
31. Schenk D, Bersier LF, Bacher S. 2005. An experimental test of the nature of predation: neither preynor ratio-dependent. J Anim Ecol. 74:86-91.
32. Sih A, Englund G, Wooster D. 1998. Emergent impacts of multiple predators on prey. Trends Ecol Evol. 13:350-355.
33. Sih A, McCarthy TM. 2002. Prey responses to pulses of risk and safety: testing the risk allocation hypothesis. Anim Behav. 63:437-443.
34. Stankowich T, Blumstein D. 2005. Fear in animals: a meta-analysis and review of risk assessment. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 272: 2627-2634.
35. Thompson RF, Spencer WA. 1966. Habituation: a model phenomenon for the study of neuronal substrates of behavior. Psychol Rev. 76:16-43.
36. Webb NV, Blumstein DT. 2005. Variation in human disturbance differentially affects predation risk assessment in western gulls. Condor. 107:178-181.
37. Ydenberg RC, Dill LM. 1986. The economics of fleeing from predators. Adv Study Behav. 16:229-249.