메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 6, Issue 1, 2002, Pages

Human-caused disturbance stimuli as a form of predation risk

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords


EID: 54249110616     PISSN: 17083087     EISSN: 17083087     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5751/es-00404-060111     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (1444)

References (94)
  • 1
    • 0027460980 scopus 로고
    • Why predation rate should not be proportional to predator density
    • Abrams, P. A. 1993. Why predation rate should not be proportional to predator density. Ecology 74:726-733.
    • (1993) Ecology , vol.74 , pp. 726-733
    • Abrams, P.A.1
  • 2
    • 0033744807 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Habitat selection of foraging bottlenose dolphins in relation to boat density near Clearwater, Florida
    • Allen, M. C., and A. J. Read. 2000. Habitat selection of foraging bottlenose dolphins in relation to boat density near Clearwater, Florida. Marine Mammal Science 16:815-824.
    • (2000) Marine Mammal Science , vol.16 , pp. 815-824
    • Allen, M.C.1    Read, A.J.2
  • 3
    • 0024191518 scopus 로고
    • Dose-response relationship between human disturbance and brown pelican breeding success
    • Anderson, D. W. 1988. Dose-response relationship between human disturbance and brown pelican breeding success. Wildlife Society Bulletin 16:339-345.
    • (1988) Wildlife Society Bulletin , vol.16 , pp. 339-345
    • Anderson, D.W.1
  • 4
    • 0025622092 scopus 로고
    • Energetic cost of maninduced disturbance to staging snow geese
    • Bélanger, L., and J. Bédard. 1990. Energetic cost of maninduced disturbance to staging snow geese. Journal of Wildlife Management 54:36-41.
    • (1990) Journal of Wildlife Management , vol.54 , pp. 36-41
    • Bélanger, L.1    Bédard, J.2
  • 5
    • 0025956082 scopus 로고
    • Pregnancy incentives, predation constraints and habitat shifts: Experimental and field evidence for wild bighorn sheep
    • Berger, J. 1991. Pregnancy incentives, predation constraints and habitat shifts: experimental and field evidence for wild bighorn sheep. Animal Behaviour 41:61-77.
    • (1991) Animal Behaviour , vol.41 , pp. 61-77
    • Berger, J.1
  • 6
    • 0020664336 scopus 로고
    • Pronghorn foraging economy and predator avoidance in a desert ecosystem: Implications for the conservation of large mammalian herbivores
    • Berger J., D. Daneke, J. Johnson, and S. H. Berwick. 1983. Pronghorn foraging economy and predator avoidance in a desert ecosystem: implications for the conservation of large mammalian herbivores. Biological Conservation 25:193-208.
    • (1983) Biological Conservation , vol.25 , pp. 193-208
    • Berger, J.1    Daneke, D.2    Johnson, J.3    Berwick, S.H.4
  • 7
    • 0028177615 scopus 로고
    • Mountain sheep (Ovis canadensis) and helicopter surveys: Ramifications for the conservation of large mammals
    • Bleich, V. C., R. T. Bowyer, A. M. Pauli, M. C. Nicholson, and R. W. Anthes. 1994. Mountain sheep (Ovis canadensis) and helicopter surveys: ramifications for the conservation of large mammals. Biological Conservation 70:1-7.
    • (1994) Biological Conservation , vol.70 , pp. 1-7
    • Bleich, V.C.1    Bowyer, R.T.2    Pauli, A.M.3    Nicholson, M.C.4    Anthes, R.W.5
  • 8
    • 0030464981 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of distance to burrow on flight initiation distance on the woodchuck, Marmota monax
    • Bonenfant, M., and D. L. Kramer. 1996. The influence of distance to burrow on flight initiation distance on the woodchuck, Marmota monax. Behavioral Ecology 7:299-303.
    • (1996) Behavioral Ecology , vol.7 , pp. 299-303
    • Bonenfant, M.1    Kramer, D.L.2
  • 9
    • 0033015834 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Escape responses of hauled out ringed seals Phoca hispida to aircraft disturbance
    • Born, E. W., F. F. Riget, R. Dietz, and D. Andriashek. 1999. Escape responses of hauled out ringed seals Phoca hispida to aircraft disturbance. Polar Biology 21:171-178.
    • (1999) Polar Biology , vol.21 , pp. 171-178
    • Born, E.W.1    Riget, F.F.2    Dietz, R.3    Andriashek, D.4
  • 10
    • 0000532593 scopus 로고
    • Rules of thumb for predation hazard assessment: Predictions from a dynamic model
    • Bouskila, A., and D. T. Blumstein. 1992. Rules of thumb for predation hazard assessment: predictions from a dynamic model. American Naturalist 139:161-176.
    • (1992) American Naturalist , vol.139 , pp. 161-176
    • Bouskila, A.1    Blumstein, D.T.2
  • 11
    • 0032466783 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Energetic implications of disturbance caused by petroleum exploration to woodland caribou
    • Bradshaw, C. J. A., S. Boutin, and D. M. Hebert. 1998. Energetic implications of disturbance caused by petroleum exploration to woodland caribou. Canadian Journal of Zoology 76:1319-1324.
    • (1998) Canadian Journal of Zoology , vol.76 , pp. 1319-1324
    • Bradshaw, C.J.A.1    Boutin, S.2    Hebert, D.M.3
  • 12
    • 0001346990 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The ecology of fear: Optimal foraging, game theory, and trophic interactions
    • Brown, J. S., J. W. Laundre, and M. Gurung. 1999. The ecology of fear: optimal foraging, game theory, and trophic interactions. Journal of Mammalogy 80:385-399.
    • (1999) Journal of Mammalogy , vol.80 , pp. 385-399
    • Brown, J.S.1    Laundre, J.W.2    Gurung, M.3
  • 14
    • 0031878298 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of motorboats and personal watercraft on flight behavior over a colony of common terns
    • Burger, J. 1998. Effects of motorboats and personal watercraft on flight behavior over a colony of common terns. Condor 100:528-534.
    • (1998) Condor , vol.100 , pp. 528-534
    • Burger, J.1
  • 15
    • 0001392054 scopus 로고
    • Discrimination of the threat of direct versus tangential approach to the nest by incubating herring and great black-backed gulls
    • Burger, J., and M. Gochfeld. 1981. Discrimination of the threat of direct versus tangential approach to the nest by incubating herring and great black-backed gulls. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 95:676-684.
    • (1981) Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology , vol.95 , pp. 676-684
    • Burger, J.1    Gochfeld, M.2
  • 16
    • 0025524920 scopus 로고
    • Risk discrimination of direct versus tangential approach by basking black iguanas (Ctenosaura similis): Variation as a function of human exposure
    • Burger, J., and M. Gochfeld. 1990. Risk discrimination of direct versus tangential approach by basking black iguanas (Ctenosaura similis): variation as a function of human exposure. Journal of Comparative Psychology 104:388-394.
    • (1990) Journal of Comparative Psychology , vol.104 , pp. 388-394
    • Burger, J.1    Gochfeld, M.2
  • 17
    • 0031944163 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of ecotourists on bird behaviour at Loxahatchee National Wildlife Refuge, Florida
    • Burger, J., and M. Gochfeld. 1998. Effects of ecotourists on bird behaviour at Loxahatchee National Wildlife Refuge, Florida. Environmental Conservation 25:13-21.
    • (1998) Environmental Conservation , vol.25 , pp. 13-21
    • Burger, J.1    Gochfeld, M.2
  • 18
    • 0031823439 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Central-place forager effects on food web dynamics and spatial pattern in northern California meadows
    • Chase, J. M. 1998. Central-place forager effects on food web dynamics and spatial pattern in northern California meadows. Ecology 79:1236-1245.
    • (1998) Ecology , vol.79 , pp. 1236-1245
    • Chase, J.M.1
  • 19
    • 0025623103 scopus 로고
    • The risks of parenthood. I. General theory and applications
    • Clark, C. W., and R. C. Ydenberg. 1990. The risks of parenthood. I. General theory and applications. Evolutionary Ecology 4:21-34.
    • (1990) Evolutionary Ecology , vol.4 , pp. 21-34
    • Clark, C.W.1    Ydenberg, R.C.2
  • 20
    • 0002430929 scopus 로고
    • Parental investment
    • J. R. Krebs and N. B. Davies, editors. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, UK
    • Clutton-Brock, T., and C. Godfray. 1991. Parental investment. Pages 234-262 in J. R. Krebs and N. B. Davies, editors. Behavioural ecology: an evolutionary approach. Third edition. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, UK.
    • (1991) Behavioural Ecology: An Evolutionary Approach. Third Edition , pp. 234-262
    • Clutton-Brock, T.1    Godfray, C.2
  • 21
    • 8544264539 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Threat factors affecting antipredatory behavior in the broad-headed skink (Eumeces laticeps): Repeated approach, change in predator path, and predator's field of view
    • Cooper, W. E. 1997. Threat factors affecting antipredatory behavior in the broad-headed skink (Eumeces laticeps): repeated approach, change in predator path, and predator's field of view. Copeia 1997:613-619.
    • (1997) Copeia , vol.1997 , pp. 613-619
    • Cooper, W.E.1
  • 22
    • 0032327480 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Direction of predator turning, a neglected cue to predation risk
    • Cooper, W. E. 1998. Direction of predator turning, a neglected cue to predation risk. Behaviour 135:55-64.
    • (1998) Behaviour , vol.135 , pp. 55-64
    • Cooper, W.E.1
  • 23
    • 0031428069 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Grizzly bear (Ursus arctos) attacks and nanny-kid separation on mountain goats (Oreamnos americanus)
    • Côté, S. D., and C. Beaudoin. 1997. Grizzly bear (Ursus arctos) attacks and nanny-kid separation on mountain goats (Oreamnos americanus). Mammalia 6:614-617.
    • (1997) Mammalia , vol.6 , pp. 614-617
    • Côté, S.D.1    Beaudoin, C.2
  • 24
    • 0030613576 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nonadditive effects of terrestrial and aquatic predators on juvenile estuarine fish
    • Crowder, L. B., D. D. Squires, and J. A. Rice. 1997. Nonadditive effects of terrestrial and aquatic predators on juvenile estuarine fish. Ecology 78:1796-1804.
    • (1997) Ecology , vol.78 , pp. 1796-1804
    • Crowder, L.B.1    Squires, D.D.2    Rice, J.A.3
  • 26
    • 0034015115 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of human activities on wild pygmy marmosets in Ecuadorian Amazonia
    • de la Torre S., C. T. Snowdon, and M. Bejarano. 2000. Effects of human activities on wild pygmy marmosets in Ecuadorian Amazonia. Biological Conservation 94:153-163.
    • (2000) Biological Conservation , vol.94 , pp. 153-163
    • De La Torre, S.1    Snowdon, C.T.2    Bejarano, M.3
  • 27
    • 0016280154 scopus 로고
    • The escape response of the zebra danio (Brachydanio rerio). I. The stimulus for escape
    • Dill, L. M. 1974a. The escape response of the zebra danio (Brachydanio rerio). I. The stimulus for escape. Animal Behaviour 22:711-722.
    • (1974) Animal Behaviour , vol.22 , pp. 711-722
    • Dill, L.M.1
  • 28
    • 0016283287 scopus 로고
    • The escape response of the zebra danio (Brachydanio rerio). II. The effect of experience
    • Dill, L. M. 1974b. The escape response of the zebra danio (Brachydanio rerio). II. The effect of experience. Animal Behaviour 22:723-730.
    • (1974) Animal Behaviour , vol.22 , pp. 723-730
    • Dill, L.M.1
  • 29
    • 0024568245 scopus 로고
    • The influence of distance to refuge on flight initiation distance in the gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis)
    • Dill, L. M, and R. Houtman. 1989. The influence of distance to refuge on flight initiation distance in the gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis). Canadian Journal of Zoology 67:233-235.
    • (1989) Canadian Journal of Zoology , vol.67 , pp. 233-235
    • Dill, L.M.1    Houtman, R.2
  • 30
    • 0033792155 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Responses of woodland caribou to winter ecotourism in the Charlevoix Biosphere Reserve, Canada
    • Duchesne M., S. Côté, and C. Barrette. 2000. Responses of woodland caribou to winter ecotourism in the Charlevoix Biosphere Reserve, Canada. Biological Conservation 96:311-317.
    • (2000) Biological Conservation , vol.96 , pp. 311-317
    • Duchesne, M.1    Côté, S.2    Barrette, C.3
  • 32
    • 0020872180 scopus 로고
    • Diet shifts in moose due to predator avoidance
    • Edwards, J. 1983. Diet shifts in moose due to predator avoidance. Oecologia 60:185-189.
    • (1983) Oecologia , vol.60 , pp. 185-189
    • Edwards, J.1
  • 33
    • 0024857149 scopus 로고
    • Predator vigilance and group size in mammals and birds: A critical review of the empirical evidence
    • Elgar, M. A. 1989. Predator vigilance and group size in mammals and birds: a critical review of the empirical evidence. Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 64:12-33.
    • (1989) Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society , vol.64 , pp. 12-33
    • Elgar, M.A.1
  • 35
  • 36
    • 0031405027 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of motorized tourboats on the behavior of non-breeding American flamingos in Yucatan, Mexico
    • Galicia, E., and G. A. Baldassarre. 1997. Effects of motorized tourboats on the behavior of non-breeding American flamingos in Yucatan, Mexico. Conservation Biology 11:1159-1165.
    • (1997) Conservation Biology , vol.11 , pp. 1159-1165
    • Galicia, E.1    Baldassarre, G.A.2
  • 37
    • 0027042962 scopus 로고
    • Some elements on vertical avoidance of fish schools to a vessel during acoustic surveys
    • Gerlotto, F., and P. Fréon. 1992. Some elements on vertical avoidance of fish schools to a vessel during acoustic surveys. Fisheries Research 14:251-259.
    • (1992) Fisheries Research , vol.14 , pp. 251-259
    • Gerlotto, F.1    Fréon, P.2
  • 38
    • 0033826762 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Parental investment strategies in two species of nuthatch vary with stage-specific predation risk and reproductive effort
    • Ghalambor, C. K., and T. E. Martin. 2000. Parental investment strategies in two species of nuthatch vary with stage-specific predation risk and reproductive effort. Animal Behaviour 60:263-267.
    • (2000) Animal Behaviour , vol.60 , pp. 263-267
    • Ghalambor, C.K.1    Martin, T.E.2
  • 39
    • 0035176060 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Why behavioural responses may not reflect the population consequences of human disturbance
    • Gill J. A., K. Norris, and W. J. Sutherland. 2001. Why behavioural responses may not reflect the population consequences of human disturbance. Biological Conservation 97:265-268.
    • (2001) Biological Conservation , vol.97 , pp. 265-268
    • Gill, J.A.1    Norris, K.2    Sutherland, W.J.3
  • 40
    • 0002829218 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predicting the consequences of human disturbance from behavioural decisions
    • L. M. Gosling and W. J. Sutherland, editors. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK
    • Gill, J. A., and W. J. Sutherland. 2000. Predicting the consequences of human disturbance from behavioural decisions. Pages 51-64 in L. M. Gosling and W. J. Sutherland, editors. Behaviour and Conservation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
    • (2000) Behaviour and Conservation , pp. 51-64
    • Gill, J.A.1    Sutherland, W.J.2
  • 41
    • 0030304912 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A method to quantify the effects of human disturbance on animal populations
    • Gill, J. A., W. J. Sutherland, and A. R. Watkinson. 1996. A method to quantify the effects of human disturbance on animal populations. Journal of Applied Ecology 33:786-792.
    • (1996) Journal of Applied Ecology , vol.33 , pp. 786-792
    • Gill, J.A.1    Sutherland, W.J.2    Watkinson, A.R.3
  • 42
    • 0023510715 scopus 로고
    • Habitat selection under predation hazard: Test of a model with foraging minows
    • Gilliam, J. F., and D. F. Fraser. 1987. Habitat selection under predation hazard: test of a model with foraging minows. Ecology 68:1856-1862.
    • (1987) Ecology , vol.68 , pp. 1856-1862
    • Gilliam, J.F.1    Fraser, D.F.2
  • 43
    • 0001627525 scopus 로고
    • Effects of human intrusion on song occurrence and singing consistency in subalpine birds
    • Gutzwiller, K. J., R. T. Wiedemann, K. L. Clements, and S. H. Anderson. 1994. Effects of human intrusion on song occurrence and singing consistency in subalpine birds. Auk 111:28-37.
    • (1994) Auk , vol.111 , pp. 28-37
    • Gutzwiller, K.J.1    Wiedemann, R.T.2    Clements, K.L.3    Anderson, S.H.4
  • 44
    • 0024189732 scopus 로고
    • Disturbance behaviour of chamois in an alpine tourist area of Austria
    • Hamr, J. 1988. Disturbance behaviour of chamois in an alpine tourist area of Austria. Mountain Research and Development 8:65-73.
    • (1988) Mountain Research and Development , vol.8 , pp. 65-73
    • Hamr, J.1
  • 45
    • 0027063887 scopus 로고
    • Calving success of woodland caribou exposed to low-level jet fighter overflights
    • Harrington, F. H., and A. M. Veitch. 1992. Calving success of woodland caribou exposed to low-level jet fighter overflights. Arctic 45:213-218.
    • (1992) Arctic , vol.45 , pp. 213-218
    • Harrington, F.H.1    Veitch, A.M.2
  • 46
    • 84970585962 scopus 로고
    • Does risk of predation influence population dynamics?
    • Hik, D. S. 1995. Does risk of predation influence population dynamics? Wildlife Research 22:115-129.
    • (1995) Wildlife Research , vol.22 , pp. 115-129
    • Hik, D.S.1
  • 47
    • 0028583491 scopus 로고
    • Fish and game: A game theoretic approach to habitat selection by predators and prey
    • Hugie, D. M., and L. M. Dill. 1994. Fish and game: a game theoretic approach to habitat selection by predators and prey. Journal of Fish Biology 45:151-169.
    • (1994) Journal of Fish Biology , vol.45 , pp. 151-169
    • Hugie, D.M.1    Dill, L.M.2
  • 48
    • 0001700071 scopus 로고
    • Mountain goat population changes in relation to energy exploration along Montana's Rocky Mountain front
    • G. Joslin, editor. Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks. Missoula, Montana, USA
    • Joslin, G. 1986. Mountain goat population changes in relation to energy exploration along Montana's Rocky Mountain front. Pages 253-266 in G. Joslin, editor. Proceedings of the Fifth Biennial Symposium of the Northern Wild Goat and Sheep Council. Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks. Missoula, Montana, USA.
    • (1986) Proceedings of the Fifth Biennial Symposium of the Northern Wild Goat and Sheep Council , pp. 253-266
    • Joslin, G.1
  • 49
    • 0028975983 scopus 로고
    • The effect of mating probability on risk taking: An experimental study in lekking great snipe
    • Kålås, J. A., P. Fiske, and S. A. Sæther. 1995. The effect of mating probability on risk taking: an experimental study in lekking great snipe. American Naturalist 146:59-71.
    • (1995) American Naturalist , vol.146 , pp. 59-71
    • Kålås, J.A.1    Fiske, P.2    Sæther, S.A.3
  • 50
    • 0032430580 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influences of hunting on the behavior of white-tailed deer: Implications for conservation of the Florida panther
    • Kilgo, J. C., R. F. Labisky, and D. E. Fritzen. 1998. Influences of hunting on the behavior of white-tailed deer: implications for conservation of the Florida panther. Conservation Biology 12:1359-1364.
    • (1998) Conservation Biology , vol.12 , pp. 1359-1364
    • Kilgo, J.C.1    Labisky, R.F.2    Fritzen, D.E.3
  • 51
    • 0034496816 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human disturbance of diving ducks on Long Point Bay, Lake Erie
    • Knapton, R. W., S. A. Petrie, and G. Herring. 2000. Human disturbance of diving ducks on Long Point Bay, Lake Erie. Wildlife Society Bulletin 28:923-930.
    • (2000) Wildlife Society Bulletin , vol.28 , pp. 923-930
    • Knapton, R.W.1    Petrie, S.A.2    Herring, G.3
  • 52
    • 0033379544 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predation risk affects trade-offs between nest guarding and foraging in Seychelles warblers
    • Komdeur, J., and R. K. H. Kats. 1999. Predation risk affects trade-offs between nest guarding and foraging in Seychelles warblers. Behavioral Ecology10:648-658.
    • (1999) Behavioral Ecology , vol.10 , pp. 648-658
    • Komdeur, J.1    Kats, R.K.H.2
  • 53
    • 0034874179 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Disturbance to wintering western snowy plovers
    • Lafferty, K. 2001. Disturbance to wintering western snowy plovers. Biological Conservation 101:315-325.
    • (2001) Biological Conservation , vol.101 , pp. 315-325
    • Lafferty, K.1
  • 54
    • 77956717127 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stress and decision making under the risk of predation: Recent developments from behavioral, reproductive, and ecological perspectives
    • Lima, S. L. 1998. Stress and decision making under the risk of predation: recent developments from behavioral, reproductive, and ecological perspectives. Advances in the Study of Behavior 27:215-290.
    • (1998) Advances in the Study of Behavior , vol.27 , pp. 215-290
    • Lima, S.L.1
  • 55
    • 0025252617 scopus 로고
    • Behavioural decisions made under the risk of predation
    • Lima, S. L., and L. M. Dill. 1990. Behavioural decisions made under the risk of predation. Canadian Journal of Zoology 68:619-640.
    • (1990) Canadian Journal of Zoology , vol.68 , pp. 619-640
    • Lima, S.L.1    Dill, L.M.2
  • 56
    • 0029669265 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Towards a behavioral ecology of ecological landscapes
    • Lima, S. L., and P. A. Zollner. 1996. Towards a behavioral ecology of ecological landscapes. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 11:131-135.
    • (1996) Trends in Ecology and Evolution , vol.11 , pp. 131-135
    • Lima, S.L.1    Zollner, P.A.2
  • 58
    • 0030751320 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of human activity on the behaviour of northern New Zealand dotterel (Charadrius obscurus aquilonius) chicks
    • Lord, A., J. R. Waas, and J. Innes. 1997. Effects of human activity on the behaviour of northern New Zealand dotterel (Charadrius obscurus aquilonius) chicks. Biological Conservation 82:15-20.
    • (1997) Biological Conservation , vol.82 , pp. 15-20
    • Lord, A.1    Waas, J.R.2    Innes, J.3
  • 59
    • 0013436768 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modelling energy and reproductive costs in caribou exposed to low flying military jet aircraft
    • Luick, J. A., J. A. Kitchens, R. G. White, and S. M. Murphy. 1996. Modelling energy and reproductive costs in caribou exposed to low flying military jet aircraft. Rangifer Special Issue 9: 209-211.
    • (1996) Rangifer , vol.9 , Issue.SPEC. ISSUE , pp. 209-211
    • Luick, J.A.1    Kitchens, J.A.2    White, R.G.3    Murphy, S.M.4
  • 60
    • 0030302619 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relationship among grizzly bears, roads, and habitat in the Swan Mountains, Montana
    • Mace, R. D., J. S. Waller, T. L. Manley, L. J. Lyon, and H. Zuuring. 1996. Relationship among grizzly bears, roads, and habitat in the Swan Mountains, Montana. Journal of Applied Ecology 33:1395-1404.
    • (1996) Journal of Applied Ecology , vol.33 , pp. 1395-1404
    • Mace, R.D.1    Waller, J.S.2    Manley, T.L.3    Lyon, L.J.4    Zuuring, H.5
  • 61
    • 0038094842 scopus 로고
    • Impacts of disturbance on migratory waterfowl
    • Madsen, J. 1994. Impacts of disturbance on migratory waterfowl. Ibis 137:567-574.
    • (1994) Ibis , vol.137 , pp. 567-574
    • Madsen, J.1
  • 62
    • 0031692494 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Experimental refuges for migratory waterfowl in Danish wetlands. II. Tests of hunting disturbance effects
    • Madsen, J. 1998. Experimental refuges for migratory waterfowl in Danish wetlands. II. Tests of hunting disturbance effects. Journal of Applied Ecology 35:398-417.
    • (1998) Journal of Applied Ecology , vol.35 , pp. 398-417
    • Madsen, J.1
  • 63
    • 0042232947 scopus 로고
    • Predation risk as a cost of reproduction
    • Magnhagen, C. 1991. Predation risk as a cost of reproduction. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 6:183-186.
    • (1991) Trends in Ecology and Evolution , vol.6 , pp. 183-186
    • Magnhagen, C.1
  • 65
    • 0023482693 scopus 로고
    • Starvation and predation as factors limiting population size
    • McNamara, J. M., and A. I. Houston. 1987. Starvation and predation as factors limiting population size. Ecology 68:1515-1519.
    • (1987) Ecology , vol.68 , pp. 1515-1519
    • McNamara, J.M.1    Houston, A.I.2
  • 66
    • 0038771562 scopus 로고
    • Management implications of behaviour in the large herbivorous mammals
    • V. Geist and F. Walther, editors. IUCN (International Union for the Conservation of Nature), Morges, Switzerland
    • McTaggart-Cowan, I. 1974. Management implications of behaviour in the large herbivorous mammals. Pages 921-934 in V. Geist and F. Walther, editors. The behaviour of ungulates and its relation to management. Volume II. IUCN (International Union for the Conservation of Nature), Morges, Switzerland.
    • (1974) The Behaviour of Ungulates and Its Relation to Management , vol.2 , pp. 921-934
    • McTaggart-Cowan, I.1
  • 67
    • 0022168419 scopus 로고
    • Risk of predation taken by parasitised fish under competition for food
    • Milinski, M. 1985. Risk of predation taken by parasitised fish under competition for food. Behaviour 93:203-216.
    • (1985) Behaviour , vol.93 , pp. 203-216
    • Milinski, M.1
  • 68
    • 0033850164 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Optimally foraging mice match patch use with habitat differences in fitness
    • Morris, D. W., and D. L. Davidson. 2000. Optimally foraging mice match patch use with habitat differences in fitness. Ecology 81:2061-2066.
    • (2000) Ecology , vol.81 , pp. 2061-2066
    • Morris, D.W.1    Davidson, D.L.2
  • 69
    • 0032457318 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cumulative impacts of an evolving oil-field complex on the distribution of calving caribou
    • Nellemann, C., and R. D. Cameron. 1998. Cumulative impacts of an evolving oil-field complex on the distribution of calving caribou. Canadian Journal of Zoology 76:1425-1430.
    • (1998) Canadian Journal of Zoology , vol.76 , pp. 1425-1430
    • Nellemann, C.1    Cameron, R.D.2
  • 70
    • 0034014128 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cumulative impacts of tourist resorts on wild reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) during winter
    • Nellemann, C., P. Jordøy, O.-G. Støen, and O. Strand. 2000. Cumulative impacts of tourist resorts on wild reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) during winter. Arctic 53:9-17.
    • (2000) Arctic , vol.53 , pp. 9-17
    • Nellemann, C.1    Jordøy, P.2    Støen, O.-G.3    Strand, O.4
  • 71
    • 0034876973 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Winter distribution of wild reindeer in relation to power lines, roads, and resorts
    • Nellemann C., I. Vistness, and P. J. Strand. 2001. Winter distribution of wild reindeer in relation to power lines, roads, and resorts. Biological Conservation 101:351-360.
    • (2001) Biological Conservation , vol.101 , pp. 351-360
    • Nellemann, C.1    Vistness, I.2    Strand, P.J.3
  • 72
    • 0000382383 scopus 로고
    • Observations of golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) predation on Dall sheep lambs
    • Nette, T., D. Burles, and M. Hoefs. 1984. Observations of golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) predation on Dall sheep lambs. Canadian Field Naturalist 98:252-254.
    • (1984) Canadian Field Naturalist , vol.98 , pp. 252-254
    • Nette, T.1    Burles, D.2    Hoefs, M.3
  • 73
  • 74
    • 0034000082 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reproductive success of elk following disturbance by humans during calving season
    • Phillips, G. E., and A. W. Alldredge. 2000. Reproductive success of elk following disturbance by humans during calving season. Journal of Wildlife Management 64:521-530.
    • (2000) Journal of Wildlife Management , vol.64 , pp. 521-530
    • Phillips, G.E.1    Alldredge, A.W.2
  • 75
    • 0000970226 scopus 로고
    • Effects of human disturbance on breeding Least and Crested Auklets at St. Lawrence Island, Alaska
    • Piatt, J. F., B. D. Roberts, W. W. Lidster, J. L. Wells, and S. A. Hatch. 1990. Effects of human disturbance on breeding Least and Crested Auklets at St. Lawrence Island, Alaska. Auk 107:342-350.
    • (1990) Auk , vol.107 , pp. 342-350
    • Piatt, J.F.1    Roberts, B.D.2    Lidster, W.W.3    Wells, J.L.4    Hatch, S.A.5
  • 78
    • 0028974712 scopus 로고
    • Population consequences of predation-sensitive foraging: The Serengeti wildebeest
    • Sinclair, A. R. E., and P. Arcese. 1995. Population consequences of predation-sensitive foraging: the Serengeti wildebeest. Ecology 76:882-891.
    • (1995) Ecology , vol.76 , pp. 882-891
    • Sinclair, A.R.E.1    Arcese, P.2
  • 79
    • 0030403456 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Responses of Bald Eagles to human activity during the summer in interior Alaska
    • Steidl, R. J., and R. G. Anthony. 1996. Responses of Bald Eagles to human activity during the summer in interior Alaska. Ecological Applications 6:482-491.
    • (1996) Ecological Applications , vol.6 , pp. 482-491
    • Steidl, R.J.1    Anthony, R.G.2
  • 80
    • 0034141977 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Experimental effects of human activity on breeding Bald Eagles
    • Steidl, R. J., and R. G. Anthony. 2000. Experimental effects of human activity on breeding Bald Eagles. Ecological Applications 10:258-268.
    • (2000) Ecological Applications , vol.10 , pp. 258-268
    • Steidl, R.J.1    Anthony, R.G.2
  • 81
    • 0026062831 scopus 로고
    • Conflicts in national parks: A case study of helicopters and bighorn sheep time budgets at the Grand Canyon
    • Stockwell, C. A., G. C. Bateman, and J. Berger. 1991. Conflicts in national parks: a case study of helicopters and bighorn sheep time budgets at the Grand Canyon. Biological Conservation 56:317-328.
    • (1991) Biological Conservation , vol.56 , pp. 317-328
    • Stockwell, C.A.1    Bateman, G.C.2    Berger, J.3
  • 82
    • 0034926209 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Flush responses of Mexican spotted owls to recreationists
    • Swarthout, E. C. H., and R. J. Steidl. 2001. Flush responses of Mexican spotted owls to recreationists. Journal of Wildlife Management 65:312-317.
    • (2001) Journal of Wildlife Management , vol.65 , pp. 312-317
    • Swarthout, E.C.H.1    Steidl, R.J.2
  • 83
    • 0030480932 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predation or starvation: Consequences of foraging decisions by porcupines (Erethizon dorsatum)
    • Sweitzer, R. A. 1996. Predation or starvation: consequences of foraging decisions by porcupines (Erethizon dorsatum). Journal of Mammalogy 77:1068-1077.
    • (1996) Journal of Mammalogy , vol.77 , pp. 1068-1077
    • Sweitzer, R.A.1
  • 84
    • 0001217675 scopus 로고
    • Effects of human disturbance on breeding of Black-crowned Night Herons
    • Tremblay, J., and L. Ellison. 1979. Effects of human disturbance on breeding of Black-crowned Night Herons. Auk 96:364-369.
    • (1979) Auk , vol.96 , pp. 364-369
    • Tremblay, J.1    Ellison, L.2
  • 85
    • 0034872083 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Experimental evidence of effects of human disturbance on foraging and parental care in oystercatchers
    • Verhulst S., K. Oosterbeek, and B. J. Ens. 2001. Experimental evidence of effects of human disturbance on foraging and parental care in oystercatchers. Biological Conservation 101:375-380.
    • (2001) Biological Conservation , vol.101 , pp. 375-380
    • Verhulst, S.1    Oosterbeek, K.2    Ens, B.J.3
  • 86
    • 0034777936 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Avoidance of cabins, roads, and power lines by reindeer during calving
    • Vistness I., and C. Nellemann. 2001. Avoidance of cabins, roads, and power lines by reindeer during calving. Journal of Wildlife Management 65:915-925.
    • (2001) Journal of Wildlife Management , vol.65 , pp. 915-925
    • Vistness, I.1    Nellemann, C.2
  • 87
    • 84956457977 scopus 로고
    • Flight behaviour and avoidance of predators in Thomson's gazelle (Gazella thomsoni: Guenther 1884)
    • Walther, F. R. 1969. Flight behaviour and avoidance of predators in Thomson's gazelle (Gazella thomsoni: Guenther 1884). Behaviour 34:184-221.
    • (1969) Behaviour , vol.34 , pp. 184-221
    • Walther, F.R.1
  • 88
    • 0030822625 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predictors of vigilance for American Crows foraging in an urban environment
    • Ward, C., and B. S. Low. 1997. Predictors of vigilance for American Crows foraging in an urban environment. Wilson Bulletin 109:481-489.
    • (1997) Wilson Bulletin , vol.109 , pp. 481-489
    • Ward, C.1    Low, B.S.2
  • 89
    • 0032965794 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Response of fall-staging brant and Canada geese to aircraft overflights in southwestern Alaska
    • Ward, D. H., R. A. Stehn, W. P. Erickson, and D. V. Derksen. 1999. Response of fall-staging brant and Canada geese to aircraft overflights in southwestern Alaska. Journal of Wildlife Management 63:373-381.
    • (1999) Journal of Wildlife Management , vol.63 , pp. 373-381
    • Ward, D.H.1    Stehn, R.A.2    Erickson, W.P.3    Derksen, D.V.4
  • 90
    • 0345120847 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Potential energetic effects of mountain climbers on foraging grizzly bears
    • White, D., Jr., K. C. Kendall, and H. D. Picton. 1999. Potential energetic effects of mountain climbers on foraging grizzly bears. Wildlife Society Bulletin 27:146-151.
    • (1999) Wildlife Society Bulletin , vol.27 , pp. 146-151
    • White Jr., D.1    Kendall, K.C.2    Picton, H.D.3
  • 91
    • 0021034057 scopus 로고
    • Foraging patterns and their multiplier effects on productivity of northern ungulates
    • White, R. G. 1983. Foraging patterns and their multiplier effects on productivity of northern ungulates. Oikos 40:377-384.
    • (1983) Oikos , vol.40 , pp. 377-384
    • White, R.G.1
  • 92
    • 0000434142 scopus 로고
    • Behavior responses and reproduction of mule deer, Odocoileus hemionus, does following experimental harassment with an all-terrain vehicle
    • Yarmoloy, C., M. Bayer, and V. Geist. 1988. Behavior responses and reproduction of mule deer, Odocoileus hemionus, does following experimental harassment with an all-terrain vehicle. Canadian Field Naturalist 102:425-429.
    • (1988) Canadian Field Naturalist , vol.102 , pp. 425-429
    • Yarmoloy, C.1    Bayer, M.2    Geist, V.3
  • 94
    • 0030799769 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Landscape level perceptual abilities in white-footed mice: Perceptual range and the detection of forested habitat
    • Zollner, P. A., and S. L. Lima. 1997. Landscape level perceptual abilities in white-footed mice: perceptual range and the detection of forested habitat. Oikos 80:51-60.
    • (1997) Oikos , vol.80 , pp. 51-60
    • Zollner, P.A.1    Lima, S.L.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.